CN102980709A - Gas pressure and flow testing device and application thereof - Google Patents
Gas pressure and flow testing device and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN102980709A CN102980709A CN2012105129626A CN201210512962A CN102980709A CN 102980709 A CN102980709 A CN 102980709A CN 2012105129626 A CN2012105129626 A CN 2012105129626A CN 201210512962 A CN201210512962 A CN 201210512962A CN 102980709 A CN102980709 A CN 102980709A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a pressure and flow testing device which comprises the following three structures: 1, the first structure comprises a gas source, a first gas reservoir, a second gas reservoir, a third gas reservoir, a first flow meter, a second flow meter, a first pressure gauge, a second pressure gauge, a data processor, a first gas output pipe and a second gas output pipe; 2, based on the first structure, the second structure further comprises an air compressor, an air dryer and a supercharger; and 3, based on the second structure, the third structure further comprises a third gas output pipe and a fourth gas output pipe. The gas pressure and flowing testing device provided by the invention can be applied in a gas permeation simulation test, and also can be applied in a dissolution cavity inner pressure simulation test.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to gaseous tension and flow rate test field, particularly a kind of device for the test of the simulation of infiltration under the coal petrography gas pressure and the test of rock gas gas storage internal pressure change modeling.
Background technology
Usually contain methane gas in the coal of land burial, and has a certain pressure, in progress of coal mining to the disturbance of coal and rock, can cause coal and rock inside crackle and failure to occur, when the pressure of assembling along coal and rock crack passage when the methane gas in the coal and concentration reach certain value, then can cause the disaster accidents such as Gas Outburst and gas explosion in certain space.Therefore, how rest in the coal underground mining process high gas pressure to the mechanical behavior impact of coal and rock by test, and the coal and rock that the exploitation disturbance causes is destroyed gas infiltrative impact in coal and rock, not only for how effectively the generation of disaster prevention accident research is particularly important, also needs especially a difficult problem that solves in the current experimental test.
In addition, in the operation process of underground rock gas gas storage, press in the molten chamber and be periodic high pressure and low pressure recycle, can cause cavity's surrounding rock fatigue damage to occur, how by test the fatigue properties of molten chamber in interior pressure cyclical variation process to be carried out simulation test, and the laboratory to gas exploitation course in the course of cracks forming and distribution characteristics simulate and study, yet lack at present the relevant device that can carry out Validity Test.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide gaseous tension and flow testing device; this device not only can carry out gas pressure simulation test and the test of rock gas gas storage internal pressure change modeling; and solved in the gas pressure simulation test methane gas is added the difficult problem that gentleness adds high pressure, and solved and in simulation test, prevent from causing the partial failure of test specimen diaphragm to cause three axle confined pressure liquid to enter the gas permeation system causes damage to flowmeter a difficult problem because applying confined pressure pressure.
Pressure of the present invention and flow testing device have following three kinds of structures, but it belongs to a total inventive concept.
1, the gaseous tension of the first structure and flow testing device
This kind gaseous tension and flow testing device comprise source of the gas, the first gas reservoir, the second gas reservoir, the 3rd gas reservoir, first flow meter, the second flowmeter, the first tensimeter, the second tensimeter, data processor, the first gas output tube and the second gas output tube; Described the first gas reservoir, first flow meter are connected in series by pipe fitting, described the first tensimeter is connected by the second pipeline of the triaxial cell that pipe fitting is connected with the triaxial compression test machine with the first flow meter respectively, described the second tensimeter by pipe fitting respectively with the triaxial compression test machine in the triaxial cell the first pipeline be connected flowmeter and be connected, the second flowmeter also is connected with total air escape pipe, is provided with the 3rd reduction valve at total air escape pipe; Be provided with the second reduction valve on the pipe fitting between the first gas reservoir and the first flow meter, be provided with the first stop valve on the pipe fitting between first flow meter and the first tensimeter, be provided with the second stop valve on the pipe fitting between the first tensimeter and the triaxial cell, be provided with the 3rd stop valve on the pipe fitting between triaxial cell and the second tensimeter, be provided with the 4th stop valve on the pipe fitting between the second tensimeter and the second flowmeter, be connected with the first test tube on the pipe fitting between the second stop valve and the triaxial cell, be provided with the 5th stop valve on described the first test tube, be connected with the second test tube on the pipe fitting between triaxial cell and the 3rd stop valve, be provided with the 6th stop valve on described the second test tube; Described source of the gas is connected with the first gas reservoir by the first gas output tube, is provided with the first reduction valve on the first gas output tube; Described the second gas reservoir is connected on the pipe fitting between the second reduction valve and the first flow meter by pipe fitting, is provided with the 7th stop valve at the pipe fitting that connects the second gas reservoir; Described the 3rd gas reservoir is connected with total air escape pipe by pipe fitting, and it connects the site between the 3rd reduction valve and the second flowmeter, is provided with the 8th stop valve at the pipe fitting that connects the 3rd gas reservoir; Described the first gas reservoir is connected with vacuum pump, and is connected with total air escape pipe by the second gas output tube, is provided with the 4th reduction valve at the second gas output tube; The interface of described data processor is connected with first flow meter, the second flowmeter, the first tensimeter, the second tensimeter respectively, is shown after the gas flow that receives and gas electric pressure signal are processed and stores.
2, the gaseous tension of the second structure and flow testing device
This kind gaseous tension and flow testing device comprise air compressor, blast dryer, supercharger, source of the gas, the first gas reservoir, the second gas reservoir, the 3rd gas reservoir, first flow meter, the second flowmeter, the first tensimeter, the second tensimeter, data processor, the first gas output tube and the second gas output tube; Described the first gas reservoir, first flow meter are connected in series by pipe fitting, described the first tensimeter is connected by the second pipeline of the triaxial cell that pipe fitting is connected with the triaxial compression test machine with the first flow meter respectively, described the second tensimeter by pipe fitting respectively with the triaxial compression test machine in the triaxial cell the first pipeline be connected flowmeter and be connected, the second flowmeter also is connected with total air escape pipe, is provided with the 3rd reduction valve at total air escape pipe; Be provided with the second reduction valve on the pipe fitting between the first gas reservoir and the first flow meter, be provided with the first stop valve on the pipe fitting between first flow meter and the first tensimeter, be provided with the second stop valve on the pipe fitting between the first tensimeter and the triaxial cell, be provided with the 3rd stop valve on the pipe fitting between triaxial cell and the second tensimeter, be provided with the 4th stop valve on the pipe fitting between the second tensimeter and the second flowmeter, be connected with the first test tube on the pipe fitting between the second stop valve and the triaxial cell, be provided with the 5th stop valve on described the first test tube, be connected with the second test tube on the pipe fitting between triaxial cell and the 3rd stop valve, be provided with the 6th stop valve on described the second test tube; Described air compressor, blast dryer, supercharger are connected in series successively, the gas delivery port of supercharger is connected with the first gas reservoir by pipe fitting, described source of the gas is connected with supercharger by the first gas output tube, is provided with the first reduction valve at the first gas output tube; Described the second gas reservoir is connected on the pipe fitting between the second reduction valve and the first flow meter by pipe fitting, is provided with the 7th stop valve at the pipe fitting that connects the second gas reservoir; Described the 3rd gas reservoir is connected with total air escape pipe by pipe fitting, and it connects the site between the 3rd reduction valve and the second flowmeter, is provided with the 8th stop valve at the pipe fitting that connects the 3rd gas reservoir; Described the first gas reservoir is connected with vacuum pump, is provided with safety valve, and is connected with total air escape pipe by the second gas output tube, is provided with the 4th reduction valve at the second gas output tube; The interface of described data processor is connected with first flow meter, the second flowmeter, the first tensimeter, the second tensimeter respectively, is shown after the gas flow that receives and gas electric pressure signal are processed and stores.
3, the gaseous tension of the third structure and flow testing device
This kind gaseous tension and flow testing device comprise air compressor, blast dryer, supercharger, source of the gas, the first gas reservoir, the second gas reservoir, the 3rd gas reservoir, first flow meter, the second flowmeter, the first tensimeter, the second tensimeter, data processor, the first gas output tube, the second gas output tube, the 3rd gas output tube and the 4th gas output tube; Described the first gas reservoir, first flow meter are connected in series by pipe fitting, described the first tensimeter is connected by the second pipeline of the triaxial cell that pipe fitting is connected with the triaxial compression test machine with the first flow meter respectively, described the second tensimeter by pipe fitting respectively with the triaxial compression test machine in the triaxial cell the first pipeline be connected flowmeter and be connected, the second flowmeter also is connected with total air escape pipe, is provided with the 3rd reduction valve at total air escape pipe; Be provided with the second reduction valve on the pipe fitting between the first gas reservoir and the first flow meter, be provided with the first stop valve on the pipe fitting between first flow meter and the first tensimeter, be provided with the second stop valve on the pipe fitting between the first tensimeter and the triaxial cell, be provided with the 3rd stop valve on the pipe fitting between triaxial cell and the second tensimeter, be provided with the 4th stop valve on the pipe fitting between the second tensimeter and the second flowmeter, be connected with the first test tube on the pipe fitting between the second stop valve and the triaxial cell, be provided with the 5th stop valve on described the first test tube, be connected with the second test tube on the pipe fitting between triaxial cell and the 3rd stop valve, be provided with the 6th stop valve on described the second test tube; Described air compressor, blast dryer, supercharger are connected in series successively, the gas delivery port of supercharger is connected with the first gas reservoir by pipe fitting, described source of the gas is connected with supercharger by the first gas output tube, be provided with the first reduction valve and the 9th stop valve at the first gas output tube, the first reduction valve is near source of the gas, and the 9th stop valve is near supercharger; One end of described the 3rd gas output tube is connected with source of the gas, and its other end is connected with total air escape pipe, is provided with the 5th reduction valve at the 3rd gas output tube; One end of described the 4th gas output tube is connected with the first gas output tube, it connects the site between the first reduction valve and the 9th stop valve, the other end of the 4th gas output tube is connected on the pipe fitting between the second reduction valve and the first flow meter, is provided with the tenth stop valve at the 4th gas output tube; Described the second gas reservoir is connected with the 4th gas output tube by pipe fitting, and it connects the site after the tenth stop valve; Described the 3rd gas reservoir is connected with the 3rd gas output tube by pipe fitting, and it connects the site after the 5th reduction valve, is provided with the 8th stop valve at the described pipe fitting that connects the 3rd gas output tube and the 3rd gas reservoir; Described the first gas reservoir is connected with vacuum pump, is provided with safety valve, and is connected with total air escape pipe by the second gas output tube, is provided with the 4th reduction valve at the second gas output tube; The interface of described data processor is connected with first flow meter, the second flowmeter, the first tensimeter, the second tensimeter respectively, is shown after the gas flow that receives and gas electric pressure signal are processed and stores.
Above-mentioned three kinds of gaseous tensions and flow testing device, its data processor is computing machine or single-chip microcomputer.
When above-mentioned three kinds of gaseous tensions and flow testing device pressing mold in carrying out gas permeation simulation test and molten chamber is intended test, need the triaxial compression test machine to cooperate.
The first gas reservoir, the second gas reservoir, the 3rd gas reservoir, first flow meter, the second flowmeter, the first tensimeter, the second tensimeter that relate in above-mentioned three kinds of gaseous tensions and the flow testing device, and air compressor, blast dryer, supercharger all have the commercial goods, can buy by market.
Gaseous tension of the present invention and flow testing device can be used in the gas permeation simulation test, also can intend using in the test by pressing mold in molten chamber.
The present invention has following beneficial effect:
1, the present invention provides new proving installation for the test of gas pressure simulation test and rock gas gas storage internal pressure change modeling.
2, proving installation of the present invention both can be used for the gas pressure simulation test, can be used for again the test of rock gas gas storage internal pressure change modeling, and easy to operate.
3, proving installation of the present invention can be heated or/and add high pressure to the simulation methane gas, has solved in the gas pressure simulation test methane gas is added the difficult problem that gentleness adds high pressure.
4, because proving installation of the present invention is provided with the first test tube and the second test tube, thereby be convenient to find to apply the test specimen diaphragm partial failure problem that confined pressure pressure causes in the simulation test, be conducive to the protection of flowmeter.
5, proving installation setting of the present invention can also be expanded and is applied to rock causes formation Fracture Networks in the rock under the gas circulation change under high pressure, low pressure pressure break modeling effort.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the first structural representation of gaseous tension of the present invention and flow testing device;
Fig. 2 is the second structural representation of gaseous tension of the present invention and flow testing device;
Fig. 3 is the third structural representation of gaseous tension of the present invention and flow testing device;
Fig. 4 is that structural representation and the test specimen of the triaxial cell in the triaxial compression test machine installed and the line arrangement synoptic diagram;
Fig. 5 is the synoptic diagram that pressing mold is intended the used test specimen of test in the molten chamber.
Among the figure, 1-air compressor; 2-blast dryer; 3-source of the gas; 4-supercharger; the 5-the first gas reservoir; 6-vacuum pump; 7-first flow meter; the 8-the first tensimeter; the 9-the second tensimeter; the 10-the second flowmeter; 11-data processor; 12-safety valve; the 13-the second gas reservoir; the 14-the three gas reservoir; 15-triaxial cell; the 16-the five reduction valve; the 17-the first reduction valve; the 18-the second reduction valve; the 19-the four reduction valve; the 20-the nine stop valve; the 21-the ten stop valve; the 22-the seven stop valve; the 23-the eight stop valve; the 24-the first stop valve; the 25-the second stop valve; the 26-the five stop valve; the 27-the six stop valve; the 28-the three stop valve; the 29-the four stop valve; the 30-the three reduction valve; the 31-the three gas output tube; the 32-the first gas output tube; the 33-the four gas output tube; the 34-the second gas output tube; 35-total air escape pipe; the 36-the first test tube; 37 second test tubes; 38-loading column; 39-triaxial pressure chamber enclosure; 40-top loads pressure head; 41-protection glued membrane; 42-gas permeation imitation specimen; 43-bottom loads pressure head; 44-confined pressure pipeline; 45-triaxial cell base; the 46-the first pipeline; the 47-the second pipeline; pressing mold is intended the used test specimen of test in the 48-molten chamber; pressing mold is intended the center pit of the used test specimen of test in the 49-molten chamber.
Embodiment
Also by reference to the accompanying drawings structure and the use of gaseous tension of the present invention and flow testing device are described further below by embodiment.
In the present embodiment, the structure of gaseous tension and flow testing device comprises source of the gas 3 as shown in Figure 1, the first gas reservoir 5, the second gas reservoir 13, the 3rd gas reservoir 14, first flow meter 7, the second flowmeter 10, the first tensimeter 8, the second tensimeter 9, data processor 11, the first gas output tube 32, the second gas output tube 34, the first reduction valve 17, the second reduction valve 18, the 3rd reduction valve 30, the 4th reduction valve 19, the first stop valve 24, the second stop valve 25, the 3rd stop valve 28, the 4th stop valve 29, the 5th stop valve 26, the 6th stop valve 27, the 7th stop valve 22, the 8th stop valve 23, vacuum pump 6, the first test tube 36 and the second test tube 37.Source of the gas 3 is air feed bottle, and its original pressure is 12MPa; The first gas reservoir 5 is for disposing the high temperature high voltage resistant buffer container of Heating system, and the temperature of stored-gas can reach 150 ℃, and pressure can reach 25MPa; Data processor 11 is computing machine, and the software that is shown and store after the gas flow that will receive and gas electric pressure signal are processed is installed.
In the present embodiment, the triaxial compression test machine model of using is produced as MTS815(American MTS company).
The operation of carrying out the gas permeation simulation test with the described gaseous tension of present embodiment and flow testing device and triaxial compression test machine is as follows:
1, the operation of preparatory stage
The gas permeation imitation specimen 42 that 1. will be enclosed with protection glued membrane 41 is installed on the sample bench of triaxial cell 15 of triaxial compression test machine (as shown in Figure 4), the second pipeline 47 of the triaxial cell in the triaxial compression test machine is connected the first tensimeter 8 by the described gaseous tension of pipe fitting and present embodiment to be connected with flow testing device, the first pipeline 46 of the triaxial cell in the triaxial compression test machine is connected the second tensimeter 9 by the described gaseous tension of pipe fitting and present embodiment to be connected (such as Fig. 1 with flow testing device, shown in Figure 4), then gas permeation imitation specimen 42 is applied confined pressure pressure;
2. gas permeation imitation specimen 42 is being applied in the process of confined pressure pressure, make the second stop valve 25 and the 3rd stop valve 28 be in opening, make the first stop valve 24, the 4th stop valve 29, the 5th stop valve 26 and the 6th stop valve 27 are in closed condition, whether pressure increases to observe the first tensimeter 8 and the second tensimeter 9, if pressure increases, show that then test specimen protection glued membrane may be damaged, need open the 5th stop valve 26 and the 6th stop valve 27 that links to each other with tensimeter this moment, seeing if there is confined pressure liquid discharges, if discharge without confined pressure liquid, show that then test specimen protection glued membrane is intact, if confined pressure liquid is arranged discharges, show that then test specimen protection glued membrane is damaged, if test specimen protection glued membrane is damaged, need to change test specimen;
3. the confined pressure pressure-loaded in the triaxial cell 15 of triaxial compression test machine is to the target confined pressure, make source of the gas 3, the 3rd reduction valve 30, the 5th stop valve 26 and the 6th stop valve 27 in the described gaseous tension of present embodiment and the flow testing device be in closed condition, other all stop valves and reduction valve all are in opening, then starting 6 pairs of pipelines of vacuum pump, each gas reservoir and test specimen vacuumizes, make Pressure Drop to 0.08 ~ 0.1 MPa, vacuumize and close vacuum pump 6 and all stop valve of having opened and reduction valve after finishing;
The operation in 2, gas permeation simulation test stage
1. adjust the first reduction valve 17 to 8MPa and open this valve, open the switch of source of the gas 3 again, the methane gas of output enters in the first gas reservoir 5 by the first gas output tube 32 after 17 decompressions of the first reduction valve;
2. when adopting the steady state method test, keep the 7th stop valve 22, the 8th stop valve 23, the 5th stop valve 26 and the 6th stop valve 27 to be in closed condition, make the first stop valve 24, the second stop valve 25, the 3rd stop valve 28 and the 4th stop valve 29 be in opening, the second reduction valve 18 is adjusted to 3MPa and opens this valve, open the 3rd reduction valve 30, begin to test, and 11 receptions of log-on data processor, processing and record data;
When carrying out the Transient Method test, keep the 5th stop valve 26, the 6th stop valve 27 and the 3rd reduction valve 30 are in closed condition, make the 7th stop valve 22, the 8th stop valve 23, the first stop valve 24 and the 4th stop valve 29 are in opening, the second reduction valve 18 is adjusted to 4MPa, the 4th reduction valve 19 is adjusted to 7MPa and opens, make the second gas reservoir 13, storing respectively full pressure in the 3rd gas reservoir 14 is the methane gas of 4MPa and 7MPa, continue after close the second reduction valve 18 and the 4th reduction valve 19, open simultaneously the second stop valve 25 and the 3rd stop valve 28, begin to test, and log-on data processor 11 receives, process and record data.
It is as follows to carry out the operation that pressing mold in the molten chamber intends test with the described gaseous tension of present embodiment and flow testing device and triaxial compression test machine:
1, the operation of preparatory stage
Intend on the sample bench of triaxial cell 15 that test specimen 48 is installed in the triaxial compression test machine being enclosed with pressing mold in the molten chamber of protection glued membrane 41, other operation with above-mentioned when carrying out the gas permeation simulation test operation of preparatory stage identical.
2, the operation of pressing mold plan experimental stage in the molten chamber
1. adjust the first reduction valve 17 to 9MPa and open this valve, open the switch of source of the gas 3 again, the gas of output enters in the first gas reservoir 5 by the first gas output tube 32 after 17 decompressions of the first reduction valve;
2. keep the second reduction valve 18, the 8th stop valve 23, the second stop valve 25, the 5th stop valve 26 and the 6th stop valve 27 to be in closed condition, make the 3rd stop valve 28, the 4th stop valve 29 be in opening, regulate the 4th reduction valve 19 to 8MPa and open this valve, make the air pressure in the test specimen in the triaxial cell 15 48 be retained to schedule time 30min, continue after close the 4th reduction valve 19, the 3rd reduction valve 30 pressure are adjusted to 3MPa and unlatching, and the pressure in the release test specimen 48 is to 3MPa; Repeat aforesaid operations 30 times;
Or keep the 4th reduction valve 19, the 7th stop valve 22, the 8th stop valve 23, the 5th stop valve 26 and the 6th stop valve 27 to be in closed condition, make the first stop valve 24, the second stop valve 25, the 3rd stop valve 28 and the 4th stop valve 29 be in opening, regulate the second reduction valve 18 to 8MPa and open this valve, make the air pressure in the test specimen in the triaxial cell 15 48 be retained to schedule time 30min, continue after close the second reduction valve 18, the 3rd reduction valve 30 pressure are adjusted to 3MPa and unlatching, and the pressure in the release test specimen 48 is to 3MPa; Repeat aforesaid operations 30 times;
In the test process, 11 receptions of log-on data processor, processing and record data.
In the present embodiment, the structure of gaseous tension and flow testing device comprises air compressor 1 as shown in Figure 2, blast dryer 2, supercharger 4, source of the gas 3, the first gas reservoir 5, the second gas reservoir 13, the 3rd gas reservoir 14, first flow meter 7, the second flowmeter 10, the first tensimeter 8, the second tensimeter 9, data processor 11, the first gas output tube 32, the second gas output tube 34, the first reduction valve 17, the second reduction valve 18, the 3rd reduction valve 30, the 4th reduction valve 19, the first stop valve 24, the second stop valve 25, the 3rd stop valve 28, the 4th stop valve 29, the 5th stop valve 26, the 6th stop valve 27, the 7th stop valve 22, the 8th stop valve 23, vacuum pump 6, the first test tube 36 and the second test tube 37.Source of the gas 3 is air feed bottle, and its original pressure is 12MPa; The first gas reservoir 5 is for disposing the high temperature high voltage resistant buffer container of Heating system, and the temperature of stored-gas can reach 150 ℃, and pressure can reach 25MPa; Data processor 11 is computing machine, and the software that is shown and store after the gas flow that will receive and gas electric pressure signal are processed is installed.
In the present embodiment, the triaxial compression test machine model of using is produced as MTS815(American MTS company).
The operation of carrying out the gas permeation simulation test with the described gaseous tension of present embodiment and flow testing device and triaxial compression test machine is as follows:
1, the operation of preparatory stage
The operation of preparatory stage is identical with the operation of gas permeation simulation test preparatory stage among the embodiment 1.
The operation in 2, gas permeation simulation test stage
1. starting 1 pair of air of air compressor compresses, and the air input air dryer 2 after will compressing carries out drying, then open the switch of source of the gas 3, methane gas in the source of the gas 3 through the first reduction valve 17 input superchargers 4, is input in the first gas reservoir 5 after with dried air methane gas being pressurized to 18MPa;
Or 1 pair of air of startup air compressor compresses, and the air input air dryer 2 after will compressing carries out drying, then open the switch of source of the gas 3, methane gas in the source of the gas 3 is inputted superchargers 4 through the first reduction valve 17, be input in the first gas reservoir 5 after with dried air methane gas being pressurized to 18MPa, then the methane gas after the supercharging heated to 120 ℃;
2. when carrying out the steady state method penetration testing, keep the 7th stop valve 22, the 8th stop valve 23, the 5th stop valve 26, the 6th stop valve 27 to be in closed condition, make the first stop valve 24, the second stop valve 25, the 3rd stop valve 28, the 4th stop valve 29 be in opening, regulate the second reduction valve 18 to 10MPa and open, open the 3rd reduction valve 30, begin to test, and 11 receptions of log-on data processor, processing and record data;
When carrying out the Transient Method test, keep the 5th stop valve 26, the 6th stop valve 27, the 3rd reduction valve 30 is in closed condition, make the 7th stop valve 22, the 8th stop valve 23, the first stop valve 24, the 4th stop valve 29 is in opening, regulate the second reduction valve 18 to target seepage pressure 4MPa, the 4th reduction valve 19 to target seepage pressure 8MPa, make the second gas reservoir 13, store respectively the methane gas of full 4MPa and 8MPa in the 3rd gas reservoir 14, then close the second reduction valve 18, the 4th reduction valve 19, open simultaneously again the second stop valve 25, the 3rd stop valve 28, begin to test, and log-on data processor 11 receives, process and record data.
It is as follows to carry out the operation that pressing mold in the molten chamber intends test with the described gaseous tension of present embodiment and flow testing device and triaxial compression test machine:
1, the operation of preparatory stage
Intend on the sample bench of triaxial cell 15 that test specimen 48 is installed in the triaxial compression test machine being enclosed with pressing mold in the molten chamber of protection glued membrane 41, other operation with above-mentioned when carrying out the gas permeation simulation test operation of preparatory stage identical.
2, the operation of pressing mold plan experimental stage in the molten chamber
1. starting 1 pair of air of air compressor compresses, and the air input air dryer 2 after will compressing carries out drying, then open the switch of source of the gas 3, gas in the source of the gas 3 through the first reduction valve 17 input superchargers 4, after being pressurized to 17MPa, the gas of source of the gas being exported with dried air is input in the first gas reservoir 5;
Or 1 pair of air of startup air compressor compresses, and the air input air dryer 2 after will compressing carries out drying, then open the switch of source of the gas 3, gas in the source of the gas 3 is inputted superchargers 4 through the first reduction valve 17, be input in the first gas reservoir 5 after with dried air the gas of source of the gas output being pressurized to 17MPa, then to the gas heating to 120 after being pressurized to ℃;
2. keep the second reduction valve 18 and the 8th stop valve 23, the second stop valve 25, the 5th stop valve 26, the 6th stop valve 27 to be in closed condition, make the 3rd stop valve 28, the 4th stop valve 29 be in opening, regulate the 4th reduction valve 19 to 14MPa and unlatching, make the air pressure in the test specimen 48 in the triaxial cell 15 keep reaching schedule time 30min, then close the 4th reduction valve 19, the 3rd reduction valve 30 pressure are adjusted to 6MPa and unlatching, and the pressure in the release test specimen 48 is to 6MPa; Repeat aforesaid operations 25 times;
Or keep the 4th reduction valve 19 and the 7th stop valve 22, the 8th stop valve 23, the 5th stop valve 26, the 6th stop valve 27 to be in closed condition, make the first stop valve 24, the second stop valve 25, the 3rd stop valve 28, the 4th stop valve 29 be in opening, regulate the second reduction valve 18 to 14MPa and unlatching, make the air pressure in the test specimen 48 in the triaxial cell 15 keep reaching schedule time 30min, then close the second reduction valve 18, the 3rd reduction valve 30 pressure are adjusted to 6MPa and unlatching, and the pressure in the release test specimen 48 is to 6MPa; Repeat aforesaid operations 25 times;
In the test process, 11 receptions of log-on data processor, processing and record data.
In the present embodiment, the structure of gaseous tension and flow testing device comprises air compressor 1 as shown in Figure 3, blast dryer 2, supercharger 4, source of the gas 3, the first gas reservoir 5, the second gas reservoir 13, the 3rd gas reservoir 14, first flow meter 7, the second flowmeter 10, the first tensimeter 8, the second tensimeter 9, data processor 11, the first gas output tube 32, the second gas output tube 34, the 3rd gas output tube 31, the 4th gas output tube 33, the first reduction valve 17, the second reduction valve 18, the 3rd reduction valve 30, the 4th reduction valve 19, the 5th reduction valve 16, the first stop valve 24, the second stop valve 25, the 3rd stop valve 28, the 4th stop valve 29, the 5th stop valve 26, the 6th stop valve 27, the 7th stop valve 22, the 8th stop valve 23, vacuum pump 6, the first test tube 36 and the second test tube 37.Source of the gas 3 is air feed bottle, and its original pressure is 12MPa; The first gas reservoir 5 is for disposing the high temperature high voltage resistant buffer container of Heating system, and the temperature of stored-gas can reach 150 ℃, and pressure can reach 25MPa; Data processor 11 is computing machine, and the software that is shown and store after the gas flow that will receive and gas electric pressure signal are processed is installed.
In the present embodiment, the triaxial compression test machine model of using is produced as MTS815(American MTS company).
The operation of carrying out the gas permeation simulation test with the described gaseous tension of present embodiment and flow testing device and triaxial compression test machine is as follows:
1, the operation of preparatory stage
The operation of preparatory stage is identical with the operation of gas permeation simulation test preparatory stage among the embodiment 1.
The operation in 2, gas permeation simulation test stage
1. do not start air compressor 1, blast dryer 2 and supercharger 4, keep the 9th stop valve 20, the second reduction valve 18 and the 4th reduction valve 19 to be in closed condition;
When carrying out the steady state method penetration testing, keep the 5th reduction valve 16, the 7th stop valve 22, the 8th stop valve 23, the 5th stop valve 26, the 6th stop valve 27 to be in closed condition, make the tenth stop valve 21, the first stop valve 24, the second stop valve 25, the 3rd stop valve 28, the 4th stop valve 29 be in opening, regulate the first reduction valve 17 to pressure 5MPa, open source of the gas 3 and the 3rd reduction valve 30, begin to test, and 11 receptions of log-on data processor, processing and record data;
When carrying out the Transient Method test, keep the 5th stop valve 26, the 6th stop valve 27 and the 3rd reduction valve 30 are in closed condition, make the tenth stop valve 21, the 7th stop valve 22, the 8th stop valve 23, the first stop valve 24, the 4th stop valve 29 is in opening, regulate the 5th reduction valve 16 to 3MPa, the first reduction valve 17 is to pressure 5MPa and open, then open source of the gas 3, make the second gas reservoir 13, storing respectively full pressure in the 3rd gas reservoir 14 is the methane gas of 5MPa and 3MPa, then close the 5th reduction valve 16, the first reduction valve 17, open simultaneously again the second stop valve 25, the 3rd stop valve 28, begin to test, and log-on data processor 11 receives, process and record data;
2. keep the tenth stop valve 21 and the 5th reduction valve 16 to be in closed condition, starting 1 pair of air of air compressor compresses, and the air input air dryer 2 after will compressing carries out drying, then open the switch of source of the gas 3, methane gas in the source of the gas 3 through the first reduction valve 17, the 9th stop valve 20 input superchargers 4, is input in the first gas reservoir 5 after with dried air methane gas being pressurized to 15MPa;
When carrying out the steady state method penetration testing, keep the 4th reduction valve 19, close the 7th stop valve 22, the 8th stop valve 23, the 5th stop valve 26, the 6th stop valve 27 be in closed condition, make the first stop valve 24, the second stop valve 25, the 3rd stop valve 28, the 4th stop valve 29 be in opening, regulate the second reduction valve 18 to seepage pressure 6MPa, open the 3rd reduction valve 30, begin to test, and 11 receptions of log-on data processor, processing and record data;
When carrying out the Transient Method test, keep the 5th stop valve 26, the 6th stop valve 27 and the 3rd reduction valve 30 are in closed condition, make the 7th stop valve 22, the 8th stop valve 23, the first stop valve 24, the 4th stop valve 29 is in opening, regulate the second reduction valve 18 to target seepage pressure 6MPa, the 4th reduction valve 19 is to target seepage pressure 8MPa and open, make the second gas reservoir 13, store respectively the gas of full 6MPa and 8MPa in the 3rd gas reservoir 14, then close the second reduction valve 18, the 4th reduction valve 19, open simultaneously again the second stop valve 25, the 3rd stop valve 28, begin to test, and log-on data processor 11 receives, process and record data.
3. keep the tenth stop valve 21 and the 5th reduction valve 16 to be in closed condition, starting 1 pair of air of air compressor compresses, and the air input air dryer 2 after will compressing carries out drying, then open the switch of source of the gas 3, methane gas in the source of the gas 3 is inputted superchargers 4 through the first reduction valve 17, the 9th stop valve 20, be input in the first gas reservoir 5 after with dried air methane gas being pressurized to 15MPa, then the air after being pressurized to heated to 100 ℃ again;
When carrying out the steady state method penetration testing, keep the 4th reduction valve 19, close the 7th stop valve 22, the 8th stop valve 23, the 5th stop valve 26, the 6th stop valve 27 be in closed condition, make the first stop valve 24, the second stop valve 25, the 3rd stop valve 28, the 4th stop valve 29 be in opening, regulate the second reduction valve 18 to seepage pressure 6MPa, open the 3rd reduction valve 30, begin to test, and 11 receptions of log-on data processor, processing and record data;
When carrying out the Transient Method test, keep the 5th stop valve 26, the 6th stop valve 27 and the 3rd reduction valve 30 are in closed condition, make the 7th stop valve 22, the 8th stop valve 23, the first stop valve 24, the 4th stop valve 29 is in opening, regulate the second reduction valve 18 to target seepage pressure 6MPa, the 4th reduction valve 19 is to target seepage pressure 8MPa and open, make the second gas reservoir 13, store respectively the gas of full 6MPa and 8MPa in the 3rd gas reservoir 14, then close the second reduction valve 18, the 4th reduction valve 19, open simultaneously again the second stop valve 25, the 3rd stop valve 28, begin to test, and log-on data processor 11 receives, process and record data.
It is as follows to carry out the operation that pressing mold in the molten chamber intends test with the described gaseous tension of present embodiment and flow testing device and triaxial compression test machine:
1, the operation of preparatory stage
Intend on the sample bench of triaxial cell 15 that test specimen 48 is installed in the triaxial compression test machine being enclosed with pressing mold in the molten chamber of protection glued membrane 41, other operation with above-mentioned when carrying out the gas permeation simulation test operation of preparatory stage identical.
2, the operation of pressing mold plan experimental stage in the molten chamber
1. do not start air compressor 1, blast dryer 2 and supercharger 4, keep the 9th stop valve 20, the second reduction valve 18, the 4th reduction valve 19 to be in closed condition;
Keep the first reduction valve 17 and the 8th stop valve 23, the second stop valve 25, the 5th stop valve 26, the 6th stop valve 27 to be in closed condition, make the 3rd stop valve 28, the 4th stop valve 29 be in opening, regulate the 5th reduction valve 16 to 6MPa, make the air pressure in the test specimen 48 in the triaxial cell 15 keep reaching schedule time 30min, then close the 5th reduction valve 16, the 3rd reduction valve 30 pressure are adjusted to 3MPa and unlatching, and the pressure in the release test specimen 48 is to 3MPa; Repeat aforesaid operations 30 times;
Or keep the 5th reduction valve 16 and the 7th stop valve 22, the 8th stop valve 23, the 5th stop valve 26, the 6th stop valve 27 to be in closed condition, make the tenth stop valve 21, the first stop valve 24, the second stop valve 25, the 3rd stop valve 28, the 4th stop valve 29 be in opening, regulate the first reduction valve 17 to 6MPa, make the air pressure in the test specimen 48 in the triaxial cell 15 keep reaching schedule time 30min, then close the first reduction valve 17, the 3rd reduction valve 30 pressure are adjusted to 3MPa and unlatching, and the pressure in the release test specimen 48 is to 3MPa; Repeat aforesaid operations 30 times;
In the experimentation, 11 receptions of log-on data processor, processing and record data.
2. keep the tenth stop valve 21, the 7th stop valve 22, the 8th stop valve 23 and the 5th reduction valve 16 to be in closed condition, starting 1 pair of air of air compressor compresses, and the air input air dryer 2 after will compressing carries out drying, then open the switch of source of the gas 3, gas in the source of the gas 3 through the first reduction valve 17, the 9th stop valve 20 input superchargers 4, is input in the first gas reservoir 5 to 17MPa with the gas boosting of dried air to source of the gas output;
Keep the second reduction valve 18 and the second stop valve 25, the 5th stop valve 26, the 6th stop valve 27 to be in closed condition, make the 3rd stop valve 28, the 4th stop valve 29 be in opening, regulate the 4th reduction valve 19 to 13MPa, make the air pressure in the test specimen 48 in the triaxial cell 15 keep reaching schedule time 30min, then close the 4th reduction valve 19, the 3rd reduction valve 30 pressure are adjusted to 6MPa and unlatching, and the pressure in the release test specimen 48 is to 6MPa; Repeat aforesaid operations 30 times;
Or keep the 4th reduction valve 19 and the 7th stop valve 22, the 8th stop valve 23, the 5th stop valve 26, the 6th stop valve 27 to be in closed condition, make the first stop valve 24, the second stop valve 25, the 3rd stop valve 28, the 4th stop valve 29 be in opening, regulate the second reduction valve 18 to 13MPa, make the air pressure in the test specimen 48 in the triaxial cell 15 keep reaching schedule time 30min, then close the second reduction valve 18, the 3rd reduction valve 30 pressure are adjusted to 6MPa and unlatching, and the pressure in the release test specimen 48 is to 6MPa; Repeat aforesaid operations 30 times;
In the experimentation, 11 receptions of log-on data processor, processing and record data.
3. keep the tenth stop valve 21, the 7th stop valve 22, the 8th stop valve 23 and the 5th reduction valve 16 to be in closed condition, starting 1 pair of air of air compressor compresses, and the air input air dryer 2 after will compressing carries out drying, then open the switch of source of the gas 3, gas in the source of the gas 3 is inputted superchargers 4 through the first reduction valve 17, the 9th stop valve 20, be input in the first gas reservoir 5 to 17MPa with the gas boosting of dried air to source of the gas output, and to the gas heating to 60 after the supercharging ℃;
Keep the second reduction valve 18 and the second stop valve 25, the 5th stop valve 26, the 6th stop valve 27 to be in closed condition, make the 3rd stop valve 28, the 4th stop valve 29 be in opening, regulate the 4th reduction valve 19 to 13MPa, make the air pressure in the test specimen 48 in the triaxial cell 15 keep reaching schedule time 30min, then close the 4th reduction valve 19, the 3rd reduction valve 30 pressure are adjusted to 6MPa and unlatching, and the pressure in the release test specimen 48 is to 6MPa; Repeat aforesaid operations 30 times;
Or keep the 4th reduction valve 19 and the 7th stop valve 22, the 8th stop valve 23, the 5th stop valve 26, the 6th stop valve 27 to be in closed condition, make the first stop valve 24, the second stop valve 25, the 3rd stop valve 28, the 4th stop valve 29 be in opening, regulate the second reduction valve 18 to 13MPa, make the air pressure in the test specimen 48 in the triaxial cell 15 keep reaching schedule time 30min, then close the second reduction valve 18, the 3rd reduction valve 30 pressure are adjusted to 6MPa and unlatching, and the pressure in the release test specimen 48 is to 6MPa; Repeat aforesaid operations 30 times;
In the experimentation, 11 receptions of log-on data processor, processing and record data.
The corresponding gas permeation rate with the pressure data substitution of the flow theory of computation formula of the methane gas that data processor in the gas permeation simulation test is recorded, can calculate the gas permeation rate of test specimen under test mode, deformation data and stress data in conjunction with the test specimen of triaxial compression test machine record can obtain the corresponding gas permeation rate of test specimen different distortion state.
Pressing mold is intended gas flow that data processor records in the test test specimen bears and is combined deformation data and the stress data of the test specimen that the triaxial compression test machine records with pressure data in the molten chamber, can obtain the relation of pressure change frequency, cumulative time and test specimen distortion that test specimen bears, and can scan with Industrial CT Machine test specimen to the internal injury distribution before and after its test, thereby can obtain test specimen inside damage distribution characteristics before and after the test of pressing mold plan in carrying out the molten chamber of rock gas gas storage.
Above-mentioned data have important directive function for the security of research coal mining and the safe operation of underground rock gas gas storage.
Claims (6)
1. a gaseous tension and flow testing device is characterized in that comprising source of the gas (3), the first gas reservoir (5), the second gas reservoir (13), the 3rd gas reservoir (14), first flow meter (7), the second flowmeter (10), the first tensimeter (8), the second tensimeter (9), data processor (11), the first gas output tube (32) and the second gas output tube (34);
Described the first gas reservoir (5), first flow meter (7) is connected in series by pipe fitting, described the first tensimeter (8) is connected by second pipeline (47) of the triaxial cell (15) that pipe fitting is connected with the triaxial compression test machine with first flow meter (7) respectively, described the second tensimeter (9) by pipe fitting respectively with the triaxial compression test machine in triaxial cell (15) the first pipeline (46) be connected flowmeter (10) and be connected, the second flowmeter (10) also is connected with total air escape pipe (35), is provided with the 3rd reduction valve (30) at total air escape pipe (35);
Be provided with the second reduction valve (18) on the pipe fitting between the first gas reservoir (5) and the first flow meter (7), be provided with the first stop valve (24) on the pipe fitting between first flow meter (7) and the first tensimeter (8), be provided with the second stop valve (25) on the pipe fitting between the first tensimeter (8) and triaxial cell (15), be provided with the 3rd stop valve (28) on the pipe fitting between triaxial cell (15) and the second tensimeter (9), be provided with the 4th stop valve (29) on the pipe fitting between the second tensimeter (9) and the second flowmeter (10), be connected with the first test tube (36) on the pipe fitting between the second stop valve (25) and triaxial cell (15), be provided with the 5th stop valve (26) on described the first test tube, be connected with the second test tube (37) on the pipe fitting between triaxial cell (15) and the 3rd stop valve (28), be provided with the 6th stop valve (27) on described the second test tube;
Described source of the gas (3) is connected with the first gas reservoir (5) by the first gas output tube (32), is provided with the first reduction valve (17) on the first gas output tube;
Described the second gas reservoir (13) is connected on the pipe fitting between the second reduction valve (18) and the first flow meter (7) by pipe fitting, is provided with the 7th stop valve (22) at the pipe fitting that connects the second gas reservoir (13);
Described the 3rd gas reservoir (14) is connected with total air escape pipe (35) by pipe fitting, it connects the site between the 3rd reduction valve (30) and the second flowmeter (10), is provided with the 8th stop valve (23) at the pipe fitting that connects the 3rd gas reservoir (14);
Described the first gas reservoir (5) is connected with vacuum pump (6), and is connected with total air escape pipe (35) by the second gas output tube (34), is provided with the 4th reduction valve (19) at the second gas output tube (34);
The interface of described data processor (11) is connected with first flow meter (7), the second flowmeter (10), the first tensimeter (8), the second tensimeter (9) respectively, is shown after the gas flow that receives and gas electric pressure signal are processed and stores.
2. a gaseous tension and flow testing device is characterized in that comprising air compressor (1), blast dryer (2), supercharger (4), source of the gas (3), the first gas reservoir (5), the second gas reservoir (13), the 3rd gas reservoir (14), first flow meter (7), the second flowmeter (10), the first tensimeter (8), the second tensimeter (9), data processor (11), the first gas output tube (32) and the second gas output tube (34);
Described the first gas reservoir (5), first flow meter (7) is connected in series by pipe fitting, described the first tensimeter (8) is connected by second pipeline (47) of the triaxial cell (15) that pipe fitting is connected with the triaxial compression test machine with first flow meter (7) respectively, described the second tensimeter (9) by pipe fitting respectively with the triaxial compression test machine in triaxial cell (15) the first pipeline (46) be connected flowmeter (10) and be connected, the second flowmeter (10) also is connected with total air escape pipe (35), is provided with the 3rd reduction valve (30) at total air escape pipe (35);
Be provided with the second reduction valve (18) on the pipe fitting between the first gas reservoir (5) and the first flow meter (7), be provided with the first stop valve (24) on the pipe fitting between first flow meter (7) and the first tensimeter (8), be provided with the second stop valve (25) on the pipe fitting between the first tensimeter (8) and triaxial cell (15), be provided with the 3rd stop valve (28) on the pipe fitting between triaxial cell (15) and the second tensimeter (9), be provided with the 4th stop valve (29) on the pipe fitting between the second tensimeter (9) and the second flowmeter (10), be connected with the first test tube (36) on the pipe fitting between the second stop valve (25) and triaxial cell (15), be provided with the 5th stop valve (26) on described the first test tube, be connected with the second test tube (37) on the pipe fitting between triaxial cell (15) and the 3rd stop valve (28), be provided with the 6th stop valve (27) on described the second test tube;
Described air compressor (1), blast dryer (2), supercharger (4) are connected in series successively, the gas delivery port of supercharger (4) is connected with the first gas reservoir (5) by pipe fitting, described source of the gas (3) is connected with supercharger (4) by the first gas output tube (32), is provided with the first reduction valve (17) at the first gas output tube;
Described the second gas reservoir (13) is connected on the pipe fitting between the second reduction valve (18) and the first flow meter (7) by pipe fitting, is provided with the 7th stop valve (22) at the pipe fitting that connects the second gas reservoir (13);
Described the 3rd gas reservoir (14) is connected with total air escape pipe (35) by pipe fitting, it connects the site between the 3rd reduction valve (30) and the second flowmeter (10), is provided with the 8th stop valve (23) at the pipe fitting that connects the 3rd gas reservoir (14);
Described the first gas reservoir (5) is connected with vacuum pump (6), is provided with safety valve (12), and is connected with total air escape pipe (35) by the second gas output tube (34), is provided with the 4th reduction valve (19) at the second gas output tube (34);
The interface of described data processor (11) is connected with first flow meter (7), the second flowmeter (10), the first tensimeter (8), the second tensimeter (9) respectively, is shown after the gas flow that receives and gas electric pressure signal are processed and stores.
3. a gaseous tension and flow testing device is characterized in that comprising air compressor (1), blast dryer (2), supercharger (4), source of the gas (3), the first gas reservoir (5), the second gas reservoir (13), the 3rd gas reservoir (14), first flow meter (7), the second flowmeter (10), the first tensimeter (8), the second tensimeter (9), data processor (11), the first gas output tube (32), the second gas output tube (34), the 3rd gas output tube (31) and the 4th gas output tube (33);
Described the first gas reservoir (5), first flow meter (7) is connected in series by pipe fitting, described the first tensimeter (8) is connected by second pipeline (47) of the triaxial cell (15) that pipe fitting is connected with the triaxial compression test machine with first flow meter (7) respectively, described the second tensimeter (9) by pipe fitting respectively with the triaxial compression test machine in triaxial cell (15) the first pipeline (46) be connected flowmeter (10) and be connected, the second flowmeter (10) also is connected with total air escape pipe (35), is provided with the 3rd reduction valve (30) at total air escape pipe (35);
Be provided with the second reduction valve (18) on the pipe fitting between the first gas reservoir (5) and the first flow meter (7), be provided with the first stop valve (24) on the pipe fitting between first flow meter (7) and the first tensimeter (8), be provided with the second stop valve (25) on the pipe fitting between the first tensimeter (8) and triaxial cell (15), be provided with the 3rd stop valve (28) on the pipe fitting between triaxial cell (15) and the second tensimeter (9), be provided with the 4th stop valve (29) on the pipe fitting between the second tensimeter (9) and the second flowmeter (10), be connected with the first test tube (36) on the pipe fitting between the second stop valve (25) and triaxial cell (15), be provided with the 5th stop valve (26) on described the first test tube, be connected with the second test tube (37) on the pipe fitting between triaxial cell (15) and the 3rd stop valve (28), be provided with the 6th stop valve (27) on described the second test tube;
Described air compressor (1), blast dryer (2), supercharger (4) are connected in series successively, the gas delivery port of supercharger (4) is connected with the first gas reservoir (5) by pipe fitting, described source of the gas (3) is connected with supercharger (4) by the first gas output tube (32), be provided with the first reduction valve (17) and the 9th stop valve (20) at the first gas output tube, the first reduction valve (17) is near source of the gas, and the 9th stop valve (20) is near supercharger;
One end of described the 3rd gas output tube (31) is connected with source of the gas (3), and its other end is connected with total air escape pipe (35), is provided with the 5th reduction valve (16) at the 3rd gas output tube;
One end of described the 4th gas output tube (33) is connected with the first gas output tube (32), it connects the site between the first reduction valve (17) and the 9th stop valve (20), the other end of the 4th gas output tube (33) is connected on the pipe fitting between the second reduction valve (18) and the first flow meter (7), is provided with the tenth stop valve (21) at the 4th gas output tube (33);
Described the second gas reservoir (13) is connected with the 4th gas output tube (33) by pipe fitting, and it connects the site at the tenth stop valve (21) afterwards;
Described the 3rd gas reservoir (14) is connected with the 3rd gas output tube (31) by pipe fitting, it connects the site at the 5th reduction valve (16) afterwards, is provided with the 8th stop valve (23) at the described pipe fitting that connects the 3rd gas output tube and the 3rd gas reservoir (14);
Described the first gas reservoir (5) is connected with vacuum pump (6), is provided with safety valve (12), and is connected with total air escape pipe (35) by the second gas output tube (34), is provided with the 4th reduction valve (19) at the second gas output tube (34);
The interface of described data processor (11) is connected with first flow meter (7), the second flowmeter (10), the first tensimeter (8), the second tensimeter (9) respectively, is shown after the gas flow that receives and gas electric pressure signal are processed and stores.
4. the according to claim 1 described a kind of gaseous tension of arbitrary claim and flow testing device in 3 is characterized in that described data processor (11) is computing machine or single-chip microcomputer.
5. the described a kind of gaseous tension of arbitrary claim and the application of flow testing device in the gas permeation simulation test in the claim 1 to 4.
6. the application during the described a kind of gaseous tension of arbitrary claim and flow testing device pressing mold in molten chamber is intended testing in the claim 1 to 4.
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| CN102980709B (en) | 2014-12-17 |
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