CN102918997A - Harvesting and processing method of Carya illinoensis - Google Patents
Harvesting and processing method of Carya illinoensis Download PDFInfo
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- CN102918997A CN102918997A CN2012104360789A CN201210436078A CN102918997A CN 102918997 A CN102918997 A CN 102918997A CN 2012104360789 A CN2012104360789 A CN 2012104360789A CN 201210436078 A CN201210436078 A CN 201210436078A CN 102918997 A CN102918997 A CN 102918997A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a harvesting and processing method of Carya illinoensis. The method includes the following steps that an ethephon preparation with concentration of 200 mg/kg is sprayed to bearing branches for one time four weeks before harvesting of the Carya illinoensis, and Ca(OH)2 is used for adjusting a power of hydrogen (PH) value to be 7.0; when the ethephon preparation is sprayed for two weeks and 70% of fruit episperm is cracked, the Carya illinoensis is harvested; deadwood and sundries under trees are cleared away, and a black mesh fabric is spread; a machine shakes the bearing branches, fruits falling on the mesh fabric are timely collected, sundries are removed, episperm which is not cracked is removed in a huller, and the fruits are washed by running water; and rinsing, ozone disinfection and drying with a drying machine are performed so that moisture contents of the fruits are lower than 4.3%, and storage is finally performed. By means of the harvesting and processing method, fruit maturity periods of the Carya illinoensis can be unified, natural fruit drop is reduced, a launch date of the fruits is shifted to be earlier, output is improved, fruit cracking and fruit color changing caused by solarization are avoided, and qualities of the fruits are improved so that selling prices of the Carya illinoensis are effectively increased.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of harvesting and processing method of apocarya, but be a kind of harvesting and processing method of Effective Raise apocarya price specifically.
Background technology
Apocarya [Carya illinoensis (Wangech.) K.Koch], have another name called green fruit, pecan tree, pecan, originate in the U.S., it is one of dry fruit tree variety of in the world most important, most worthy, fruits nutrition is worth abundant, unsaturated fatty acid contained in the kernel is also higher than olive, is 4 times of walnut (Juglans regia), also is rich in each seed amino acid and Cobastab to the human body beneficial
1, B
2, not only can eat raw but also can extract oil.In recent years, along with the raising of living standards of the people with to the progressively understanding of apocarya, people increase year by year to the needs of apocarya, consume at least 200,000 tons of fruits present domestic every year, and the cultivated area of apocarya is also increasing year by year fast.
Apocarya walnut timely collecting is extremely important, gathers too early, and rascal is difficult for peeling off, plants that benevolence is not full, kernel percent and oil yield are low, and storage endurance not; Gathered evening, fruit easily comes off, and simultaneously, stops overlong time in the tree behind the rascal cracking, can increase the chance that is subjected to mycotic infection, causes nut quality to descend.But, because there are the problems such as the relative disunity of maturation time in shortage and the apocarya itself of correlative study and supporting technology, present the gathering and process and also generally adopt original method of apocarya, as estimated general ripe just to receive, bamboo pole is beaten, solarization etc.Such collecting method exists " the picking fruit maturity differs greatly ", " large to the damage of tree body ", " in advance shedding production loss ", " end product quality is poor " to reach problems such as " Time To Market are concentrated ", causes price to reduce.
Institute of Botany since last century six the seventies just introducing a fine variety of apocarya, grow directly from seeds the seed selection and cultivation work.The present invention proposes a kind of advanced person's apocarya fruit harvesting processing method, unified fruit maturity by the apocarya cultivation experience that the summary inventor accumulates for many years, the gather ahead of time time, reduce production loss, improve the fruit quality appearance, but Effective Raise apocarya price.
Summary of the invention
The problem that the present invention mainly solves be disclose unified apocarya fruit maturity, ahead of time the fruit maturation time, reduce production loss, improve end product quality, thereby can improve the harvesting and processing method of price.
Adopt following technical scheme for solving this technology:
1. said preparation was with Ca (OH) to the fruit bearing shoot ethrel preparation that to spray concentration be 200mg/kg 4 weeks before gathering
2Regulate pH value to 7.0;
2. after spraying for two weeks, when fruit exosper 70% cracking, gather;
3. before gathering, the deadwood under setting and foreign material are cleared up, spread the screen cloth of black;
4. machine jolts fruit bearing shoot, the fruit that drops on the screen cloth is in time packed up, choose except the large foreign material such as branch, the wind lighter foreign material such as go to fall leaves, slough uncracked exosper in the peeling machine, flowing water cleans mashed skin, earth and other pollutants that fruit is removed the nut remained on surface, and its method is packed in the frame or in other containers, place pond or flowing water, stir with bamboo broom and wash; Serious to indivedual fruit surface pollutions, also use brush and scrub one by one, in time change water when in the pond, cleaning.
5. optional step: bleaching: first the 0.5kg bleaching powder is added warm water 3～4kg and melt, then the elimination residue is converted clear water 30～40kg and is made into bleaching liquid in ceramic cylinder, again washed nut is put into bleaching liquid, stir 8～10min, when the shell face bleaches, clean up after pulling out.
6. ozonization: be that the Ozone Water of 5～10ppm is cleaned 5min with concentration;
7. dry: every layer of thickness that shakeouts walnut of little hothouse baking does not spread out blocked up excessively thinly about 15cm; Temperature is controlled at front 2 hours 30 ℃, then heats 4-70 hour 35 ℃ of lower continuation, makes the fruit moisture be lower than 4.3%.Baking will all be opened ventilation hole early stage, so that the evaporation of steam is got rid of, after 2-5 to be heated hour, ventilation hole is covered tightly again; When walnut was just gone up a heatable brick bed, institute's water content was many, can not turn.When the moisture that is baked to the walnut surface is dried, just can turn, generally turn 1 time every 2～3h.
The fruit moisture is lower than 4.3%, and determination methods can be used the intuitive analysis method.Method is knocked shell open gently for getting at random 10 fruits, and clear such as fragmentation shows that moisture has reached further sale or storage requirement, and be not clear and melodious such as the sound of fragmentation, or kernel broken into pieces when shell shake is opened outside, then need continue oven dry.
8. in the thick polythene film bag of the 0.15mm that walnut after the drying packed into, and to be filled with concentration in packaging bag be 95% nitrogen, then tightens sack and put into 0 ℃ and preserve;
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
The in advance listing of 1 apocarya can be met the need of market, and brings very large huge economic benefit to the peasant, yet fruit is about to ripe front 20 days, is the peak period that nut weight, kernel percent, oil content and other main nutrient composition increase.If harvest in advance is difficult to take off rascal, kind benevolence is not full, and oil content is low, puckery, and commodity rate is not high, there are some researches show, and 2 weeks gathered before the most suitable harvest date, and single fruit weight reduces by 14.3%, and benevolence heavily descends 18.3%, and kernel percent reduces by 4.2%; Early adopted for 3 weeks, single fruit weight reduces by 22.25%, benevolence heavily descends 19.45%, kernel percent descends 8.35%, often cause the phenomenon of " high yield do not have a good harvest ", the foreign scholar also has the ethrel of employing to accelerate the ripening, and tends to cause a large amount of early fallouts of blade and weakens tree vigo(u)r, in addition, also making easily bud sprout then and affect lower annual production passes the winter safely with the tree body.The domestic utilization of the method is less.The inventor has selected the ethrel of suitable concn and has regulated pH value method according to for many years achievement in research and practical experience, makes carpopodium place formation absciss layer, and exocarp ftractures in advance, fruit quality is neat, maturation time is unified.Exocarp ftractures in advance and is conducive to ahead of time fruit harvesting Time To Market, improves the fruit price.Fruit quality is neatly carried out subsequent treatment easily.The maturation time unification can once be gathered rather than repeatedly gather, and saves artificial and equipment cost.In a word, be conducive to save production cost and improve apocarya fruit price.Exosper is ftractureed in advance, promote fruit maturation, can not cause again falling leaves, the snapshot of oneself rings substance accumulation and time annual bearing, thereby has obtained the good result of going on the market ahead of time, improve price.Spray the ethrel preparation apocarya is gone on the market about 2 weeks ahead of time, but the price of Effective Raise fruit.
Ethrel preparation test example
For research ethrel preparation ftractures, uses the rear blade situation to the apocarya exosper, the situation that affects of leaf presenility and time annual bearing, respectively to independent ethrel preparation, ethrel alkali is regulated preparation and is set the body spraying test, the sharp alkali of therein ethylene is regulated formulation concentrations and is 200mg/kg, and the result is as follows:
After the ethrel preparation squirts, the fruit quality experiment:
| ? | During the relatively large listing of single fruit weight | During the relatively large listing of kernel percent | The heavy relatively large listing of benevolence |
| Adopt ethrel [Ca (OH) 2 regulates] | 98％ | 97.3％ | 95.4％ |
Can find out from result of the test, spray ethrel preparation 200mg/kg[Ca (OH) 2 and regulate pH value to 7.0] can do sth. in advance the exosper cracking time, heavy substantially without impact on blade, inferior annual bearing, single fruit weight, kernel percent and benevolence simultaneously.
More 2 present walnuts adopt ethrel to soak behind the stack retting rod and strike and slough rascal.Because inclined to one side morning of picking time, Chuan Dao, hillside tree are gathered simultaneously, together stack retting, add the stack retting poor timing, the stack retting overlong time often occurs, flow out black juice and pollute shell, the corrosion kernel, walnut after the decortication fails in time to clean, even after the washing, because autumn is cloudy and drizzly for days on end, airing is untimely or inadequate, airing only seven, when most probably doing just the pack storage sell, cause nutmeat to darken or mouldy becoming mildewed, reduced artificially quality.The present invention adopts the ethrel that sprayed in 4 weeks with after the slaked lime price modification ph value before gathering, squirted for two weeks after, the fruit exosper namely has the cracking more than 70%, saves the process that stack retting goes green grass or young crops.
3 when exosper 70% cracking in good time harvest in advance, be conducive to prevent the precocious fruit shedding of part, improved output.Gather front cleaning foreign material and spread the black screen cloth are conducive to reduce fruit contamination, guarantee fruit quality, are conducive to the later stage store.
4 with respect to traditional sun method for airing, adopts drying machine drying moisture, the dehiscent fruit that can reduce is exposed to the sun causes, protection fruit color of shell, shorten process time, save artificial, thereby the Effective Raise fruit quality.Though determination of moisture can be adopted instrument test, instrumentation is complicated, and the time spent is also very long.The inventor provides a kind of simple and effective intuitive analysis method simultaneously according to production experience for many years, does not need complex instrument, and is simple to operation, is conducive to the peasant and uses in actual production.
Fruit moisture intuitive analysis method embodiment
For the judgement of fruit drying time, ripe when gathering in the tree such as fruits, and just such as being drenched by external conditions such as rainwater, the drying time general control just can son at 6～8 hours.If fruit full maturity not, moisture mainly concentrates on the kernel part so, then the time of oven dry often need long, sometimes even need 72 hours time moisture could be dropped to below 4.5%.Get at random 10 fruits, knock gently shell open, broken clear, measuring moisture is 3.5%.The kernel water-content indicator is comparatively reasonable, has both suppressed going mouldy of microorganism, has suppressed again the fat rancidity of cathay hickory in drying is processed; The finished product fruit maturity is neat, and fruit color is good, and water content is low, and quality is superior.
5 on " disinfecting ", Ozone Water is carried out cleaning treatment to the cathay hickory raw material, can effectively kill the harmful microorganism such as bacterium, mould of fruit surface, reduce harmful germ mutually infecting during raw-material storing, reduce the generation of going mouldy, residual without any chemical agent again, obtained preferably sterilization effect.Pack and directly be filled with the nitrogen of high concentration with the thick PE bag film of 0.15mm, both effectively stoped the generation of " moisture regain " phenomenon, reduce to greatest extent again contacting of oxygen and raw material, avoid in the raw material unsaturated fatty acid owing to becoming sour that autoxidation causes, reduce the generation of free fatty acid, storage test after 1 year the acid value increase only be 20.5% of common process, the peroxide value increase only is 27.4% of common process, good fruit rate remains on more than 98%, kept preferably commodity value, realized the purpose to the storage of hickory process rough material anniversary and supply, simultaneously, the inventive method less investment, with low cost, suitable numerous orchard workers, manufacturing enterprise uses.
6. the technology of the present invention comes from scientific research and testing and production practices, technical system system, scientific and reasonable.Adopt the present invention to the apocarya processing of gathering, can make the fruit maturity of gathering unified, make the fruit maturation harvest time ahead of time more than 2 weeks, the production loss that the shedding of ripen in advance fruit caused when the minimizing nature was gathered, avoid the problems such as dehiscent fruit that natural drying brings and fruit look shoal, fruit moisture is unified controlled, improves production and quality, thereby finally can Effective Raise apocarya price, increase peasant income.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
1.9 4 weeks before gathering in the first tenday period of a month in month, it is 200mg/kg usefulness Ca (OH) that 10 years of normal growth livings apocaryas tree fruit bearing shoot are sprayed a concentration
2Regulate the ethrel preparation of pH value to 7.0;
2. after spraying for two weeks, when fruit exosper 70% cracking, gather;
3. before gathering, the deadwood under setting and foreign material are cleared up, spread the screen cloth of black;
4. machine jolts fruit bearing shoot, the fruit that drops on the screen cloth is in time packed up, and chooses except the large foreign material such as branch the wind lighter foreign material such as go to fall leaves, slough uncracked exosper in the peeling machine, flowing water cleans mashed skin, earth and other pollutants that fruit is removed the nut remained on surface.Its method is packed in the frame or in other containers, is placed pond or flowing water, stirs with bamboo broom and washes; Serious to indivedual fruit surface pollutions, also use brush and scrub one by one.To in time change water when in the pond, cleaning.
5. alternatively: bleaching: first the 0.5kg bleaching powder is added warm water 3～4kg and melt, then the elimination residue is converted clear water 30～40kg and is made into bleaching liquid in ceramic cylinder, again washed nut is put into bleaching liquid, stir 8～10min, when the shell face bleaches, clean up after pulling out.
6. ozonization: be that the Ozone Water of 5～10ppm is cleaned 5min with concentration;
7. dry: every layer of thickness that shakeouts walnut of little hothouse baking does not spread out blocked up excessively thinly about 15cm; Temperature is controlled at front 2 hours 30 ℃, then heats 4-70 hour 35 ℃ of lower continuation, makes the fruit moisture be lower than 4.3%.Baking will all be opened ventilation hole early stage, so that the evaporation of steam is got rid of, after 2-5 to be heated hour, ventilation hole is covered tightly again; When walnut was just gone up a heatable brick bed, institute's water content was many, can not turn.When the moisture that is baked to the walnut surface is dried, just can turn, generally turn 1 time every 2～3h.
The fruit moisture is lower than 4.3%, and determination methods can be used the intuitive analysis method.Method is for getting at random 10 fruits, knock gently shell open, clear such as fragmentation, the easy-to-use hand rubbing of diaphragm is broken, kind of benevolence color of the leather is become when light yellow or faint yellow by milky, shows that moisture has reached one step of limit and sold or the storage requirement, and is not clear and melodious such as the sound of fragmentation, or kernel broken into pieces when shell shake is opened outside, then need continue oven dry.
The finished product fruit maturity is neat, and fruit color is good, and water content is low, and quality is superior.List marketing, compared with normal Time To Market 15～20 days in advance, 120 yuan/kilogram of edge of a field procurement prices.Relatively large Time To Market is compared, 90 yuan/kilogram of market price.
8. in the thick polythene film bag of the 0.15mm that walnut after the drying packed into, and to be filled with concentration in packaging bag be 95% nitrogen, then tightens sack and put into 0 ℃ and preserve;
Preserve after 12 months, the acid value increase only is 20.5% of common process, and the peroxide value increase only is 27.4% of common process, and good fruit rate remains on more than 98%, has kept preferably commodity value.
And the apocarya blade is without situations such as early ageing and leaf are yellow, lopsided, and without impact, economic characters and output are the highest on inferior annual bearing, suits kind to promote the use of producing.
Claims (3)
1. the harvesting and processing method of an apocarya is characterized in that:
(1) described preparation was with Ca (OH) to the fruit bearing shoot ethrel preparation that to spray concentration be 200mg/kg 4 weeks before gathering
2Regulate pH value to 7.0;
(2) sprayed for two weeks after, when fruit exosper 70% cracking, gather;
(3) gather before, the deadwood under setting and foreign material are cleared up, spread the screen cloth of black;
(4) machine jolts fruit bearing shoot, and the fruit that drops on the screen cloth is in time packed up, and chooses except branch, fallen leaves, sloughs uncracked exosper in the peeling machine, and flowing water cleans; The method that described flowing water cleans is: mashed skin, earth and other pollutants of removing the nut remained on surface; Pack into fruit in the frame or in other containers, place pond or flowing water, stir with bamboo broom and wash.
(5) ozonization: be that the Ozone Water of 5～10ppm is cleaned 5min with concentration;
(6) drying: every layer of thickness that shakeouts walnut of hothouse baking is about 15cm, and temperature is controlled at 30 ℃ of bakings 2 hours, then continues baking 4-70 hour at 35 ℃, makes the fruit moisture be lower than 4.3%.The ventilation hole of barn all to be opened during baking, so that the evaporation of steam after 2 hours to be heated, covers tightly ventilation hole, be turned 1 time every 2～3 hours again.
(7) walnut after the drying is packed in the thick polythene film bag of 0.15mm, and to be filled with concentration in packaging bag be 95% nitrogen, then tighten sack and put into 0 ℃ and preserve.
2. the harvesting and processing method of described apocarya according to claim 1, it is characterized in that to add bleaching process before the ozonization, the steps include: that first the 0.5kg bleaching powder being added warm water 3～4kg melts, the elimination residue, then in ceramic cylinder, convert clear water 30～40kg and be made into bleaching liquid, more washed fruit is put into bleaching liquid, stir 8～10min, when fruit shell face bleaches, clean up after pulling out.
3. the harvesting and processing method of described apocarya according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the intuitive analysis method of moisture is in the described step (6): get at random 10 fruits, knock gently shell open, the broken clear moisture that shows has reached requirement, sound such as fragmentation is not clear and melodious, then need continue oven dry.
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN104770264A (en) * | 2015-04-03 | 2015-07-15 | 金华市农业科学研究院 | Tea tree cultivation method for increasing yield of tea seeds |
| CN105815039A (en) * | 2015-11-05 | 2016-08-03 | 北京林业大学 | Method for harvesting castanea mollissima blume by applying ethephon |
| CN106478185A (en) * | 2016-10-31 | 2017-03-08 | 普洱宏伟园艺有限公司 | A kind of implantation methods of walnut |
| CN109007733A (en) * | 2018-07-26 | 2018-12-18 | 广西浙缘农业科技有限公司 | A kind of processing method of macadamia |
| CN109820208A (en) * | 2018-09-30 | 2019-05-31 | 山东农业工程学院 | A kind of method for peeling green peel of walnut |
| CN112056484A (en) * | 2020-08-17 | 2020-12-11 | 安徽万利生态农业有限公司 | Apocarya storage method |
| CN112493308A (en) * | 2020-11-28 | 2021-03-16 | 安徽省农业科学院农业工程研究所 | Method for preserving thin-shell pecan fruits |
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| CN102326853A (en) * | 2011-06-30 | 2012-01-25 | 华南农业大学 | Sword bean sheller and sword bean shelling method |
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104770264A (en) * | 2015-04-03 | 2015-07-15 | 金华市农业科学研究院 | Tea tree cultivation method for increasing yield of tea seeds |
| CN105815039A (en) * | 2015-11-05 | 2016-08-03 | 北京林业大学 | Method for harvesting castanea mollissima blume by applying ethephon |
| CN106478185A (en) * | 2016-10-31 | 2017-03-08 | 普洱宏伟园艺有限公司 | A kind of implantation methods of walnut |
| CN109007733A (en) * | 2018-07-26 | 2018-12-18 | 广西浙缘农业科技有限公司 | A kind of processing method of macadamia |
| CN109820208A (en) * | 2018-09-30 | 2019-05-31 | 山东农业工程学院 | A kind of method for peeling green peel of walnut |
| CN112056484A (en) * | 2020-08-17 | 2020-12-11 | 安徽万利生态农业有限公司 | Apocarya storage method |
| CN112493308A (en) * | 2020-11-28 | 2021-03-16 | 安徽省农业科学院农业工程研究所 | Method for preserving thin-shell pecan fruits |
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