CN1028058C - 保持偏振的单模光纤 - Google Patents

保持偏振的单模光纤 Download PDF

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CN1028058C
CN1028058C CN90107014.9A CN90107014A CN1028058C CN 1028058 C CN1028058 C CN 1028058C CN 90107014 A CN90107014 A CN 90107014A CN 1028058 C CN1028058 C CN 1028058C
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optical fiber
fibre core
refractive index
axis
covering
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CN1049563A (zh
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彼得·克劳斯·巴赫曼
吉奥克·迪扬·科
凯发尔·约翰·马汉
汉斯-于尔根·里丁
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Plasma Optical Fibre BV
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/105Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type having optical polarisation effects
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03BMANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B37/00Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
    • C03B37/01Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/012Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/01205Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments starting from tubes, rods, fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/01211Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments starting from tubes, rods, fibres or filaments by inserting one or more rods or tubes into a tube
    • C03B37/01217Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments starting from tubes, rods, fibres or filaments by inserting one or more rods or tubes into a tube for making preforms of polarisation-maintaining optical fibres
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03BMANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B37/00Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
    • C03B37/01Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/012Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/01205Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments starting from tubes, rods, fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/01225Means for changing or stabilising the shape, e.g. diameter, of tubes or rods in general, e.g. collapsing
    • C03B37/01228Removal of preform material
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03BMANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B37/00Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
    • C03B37/01Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/012Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/014Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments made entirely or partially by chemical means, e.g. vapour phase deposition of bulk porous glass either by outside vapour deposition [OVD], or by outside vapour phase oxidation [OVPO] or by vapour axial deposition [VAD]
    • C03B37/018Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments made entirely or partially by chemical means, e.g. vapour phase deposition of bulk porous glass either by outside vapour deposition [OVD], or by outside vapour phase oxidation [OVPO] or by vapour axial deposition [VAD] by glass deposition on a glass substrate, e.g. by inside-, modified-, plasma-, or plasma modified- chemical vapour deposition [ICVD, MCVD, PCVD, PMCVD], i.e. by thin layer coating on the inside or outside of a glass tube or on a glass rod
    • C03B37/01861Means for changing or stabilising the diameter or form of tubes or rods
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03BMANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B2201/00Type of glass produced
    • C03B2201/06Doped silica-based glasses
    • C03B2201/08Doped silica-based glasses doped with boron or fluorine or other refractive index decreasing dopant
    • C03B2201/12Doped silica-based glasses doped with boron or fluorine or other refractive index decreasing dopant doped with fluorine
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03BMANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B2201/00Type of glass produced
    • C03B2201/06Doped silica-based glasses
    • C03B2201/30Doped silica-based glasses doped with metals, e.g. Ga, Sn, Sb, Pb or Bi
    • C03B2201/31Doped silica-based glasses doped with metals, e.g. Ga, Sn, Sb, Pb or Bi doped with germanium
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03BMANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B2203/00Fibre product details, e.g. structure, shape
    • C03B2203/30Polarisation maintaining [PM], i.e. birefringent products, e.g. with elliptical core, by use of stress rods, "PANDA" type fibres

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Optical Fibers, Optical Fiber Cores, And Optical Fiber Bundles (AREA)
  • Manufacture, Treatment Of Glass Fibers (AREA)

Abstract

一种单偏振模式的光纤,其中光以一种偏振模行进,该光纤由单模四重包层光纤构成,其中该光纤在垂直于其轴线的第一方向上的导光部分的尺寸与该光纤在垂直于其轴线和第一方向上的第二方向上的导光部分的尺寸不同。

Description

本发明涉及一种单模式光纤,在这种光纤中,光以一个偏振模式(单偏振模式)行进,本发明还涉及制造这种光纤的一种方法。本发明特别涉及这样一种光纤,在这种光纤中,发射人光纤中的光的一个偏振模式被传输出去,其它偏振模式的光则被衰减。
本发明的目的是用一种简单的方法来制造这种一种光纤,在这一方法中无需使用向光纤加应力所获取的双折射。
根据本发明,这个目的是以这样一种光纤加以实现的,该光纤包括一纤芯和至少一折射率小于纤芯的包层,其特征在于,该光纤包括至少四个包层,这四个包层环绕着纤芯,且从纤芯向外看起时,其交替地具有小于纤芯的折射率和大于毗邻包层的但仍小于纤芯的折射率,还在于该光纤在垂直于其轴线的第一方向上的至少导光部分的尺寸与垂直于其轴线和第一方向的第二方向上的导光部分的尺寸不同。
本发明是基于这样的发现:在一宽的波长范围内色散极微的所谓单模四重包层光纤,当其直径减小时一部分光不能通过。
本发明还基于这样的发现:当上述单模四重包层光纤的直径只在垂直于光纤轴线的方向上减小时也会产生上述效果。
据本申请人调查所知,在一宽的波长范围内色散极微的四重包层型单模光纤第一次是由Cohen和Mammel在1982年11月25日第18卷第24期的《Elecrtonic    letters》第1023和1024页中刊登一篇题为“在1.28微米-1.65微米波长范围内色散低于2微微秒/公里,毫微米的低损耗四重包层单模光导”的文章中介绍的。
根据上述刊物和公布的英国专利申请GB2116744,具有至少四包层且在光纤设计波长范围内色散极微的单模光纤可介绍如下。
这种光纤有一个折射率为nc、半径为Rc的纤芯,纤芯周围设有至少四个包层,各包层的折射率和半径以(n1,R1)、(n2、R2)、(n3、R3)、(n4、R4)表示,其中
nc>n2>n4>n3>n1,且
R4>R3>R2>R1>Rc
上述那种光纤包括一导光纤芯和一由第二包层形成的导光环。所述导光环传导由纤芯通过第一包层漏出的光。纤芯和第一包层的尺寸尤其要取得使色散减小到最小程度,第二、第三和第四包层的尺寸尤其要取得使在长的波长时损耗减小到最小程度。
适当选择这些参数,这种光纤就可以设计使得光例如在1.3微米至1.6微米的波长范围内以极微的色散和低损耗传输。在本技术领域中,这种光纤也可叫做单模色散平坦型(Lattened    type)光纤。
采用上述英国专利申请类似的术语,本发明的光纤可以描述如下。本发明的光纤有一个折射率为nc且横截面为椭圆的纤芯椭圆截面的长轴为2ac短轴为2bc,其中ac>bc),该纤芯周围环绕有至少四个包层,各包层具有相应形状的横截面,各包层的折射率分别为n1、n2、n3和n4,长短轴分别为(2a1,2b1)、(2a2,2b2)、(2a3、3b3)、(2a4,2b4),其中对各长短轴(2an、2bn)来说,不等式an>bn成立,且其中:
nc>n2>n4>n3>n1
a4>a3>a2>a1>ac
b4>b3>b2>b1>bc
椭圆横截面应这样理解,它是指将一个圆柱体在垂直于轴线的方向上压缩,同时,垂直于该轴和该压缩方向的方向上伸展所得出的横截面。
通过适当选择轴an、与bn之间的比值可以实现这样的情况,使得在a方向通过、色散极微、损耗低的波长范围与在b方向通过、色散极微、损耗低的波长范围不同。
举例说,在一个方向上,光纤可能适宜通过色散极微且损耗低的光例如可达1700毫微米,在另一方向上,则达1500毫微米的光。就波长范围在1500与1700毫微米之间的光而论,我们知道,主要传送出去的是只有一种偏振模式的光,其它偏振模式的光有效地衰减了。
现在借助于例举的一个实施例并参照附图更详细地介绍本发明,特别是制造本发明的光纤的方法。
图1至3是光纤在某一系列制造工序中的横向剖视图。
图1是本发明光纤的横向剖视图,该光纤具有一个纤芯c和一系列包层1一直包括5,纤芯c和包层1至4的横截面为椭圆形。图中的坐标系(A,B)用虚线表示。各轴线ac和bc以及an和bn分别与轴线A和B重合,n值为1至4。从图中可看出,纤芯和四个包层1至4的横截面为椭圆形。厚度可变的包层5系这样包绕着该组合件,使得光纤的外部横截面呈圆形。但在原理上,对光纤运行来说并不需要这样。图1中所示的光纤横截面是使用本发明的方法时获得的。
图2是拉制本发明的光纤用的实心预制件。这种预制件可制取如下。
首先在石英玻璃(由石英晶体制成或用合成法制成)管4内淀积一层合成石英玻璃4A,然后再淀积一层折射率小于石英玻璃的掺杂石英玻璃层3,例如掺氟的石英玻璃。接着再淀积上一层折射率大于石英玻璃的掺杂石英玻璃层2,例如掺氧化锗的石英玻璃。在所述层2上淀积一层折射率小于石英玻璃的掺杂石英玻璃层1,例如与层3一样的掺氟的石英玻璃。然后设置一层折射率大于石英玻璃的纤芯材料c,这一层和层2一样,四例如掺氧化锗的石英玻璃组成。各不同层中掺杂物的量和各淀积层的厚度取决于分别在预制件成品和光纤成品中想要达到的折射率和较厚的厚度,后两者则取于获取极微色散和低损耗所在的波长范围。这种选择方法是熟悉本技术领域的人士所熟知的,上述文献中也在这方面作了清楚的介绍,参看例如上述英国专利申请GB2116744。然后将石英玻璃管压制(iscollapsed)成实心预制件,得到横截面如图2中所示的预制件。
下一步是将预制件的有关部分平行于轴线研磨掉。应研磨掉的部分最好限制到材料4,可能的话限制到4A,见图3。所形成的研磨面平行并对称于预制件的轴线延伸。它们与包层3相切或正好不相切。
然后将得到的预制件放入石英管中并按一般方式拉制,从而形成横截面如图1所示的光纤。光纤的外横截面是圆的,纤芯和从气相淀积制取的各包层,其横截面则为椭圆形。
本发明的光纤在制造和运行方面都有许多优点:无需遵循复杂的掺杂方案和(或)无需实行一系列特殊的制造工序,而向光纤加应力获取双折射的方法往往就需要这样做。光纤在运行期间保持其原来的偏振模式。若光纤中所要求的偏振模式局部受干扰,光纤本身就能进行校正,使不希望有的偏振模式在光纤的整个长度上衰减。

Claims (4)

1、一种单偏振模光纤,它包括至少一纤芯和至少一折射率小于纤芯的包层,其特征在于,该光纤包括至少四个包层,这四个包层环绕着纤芯,且从纤芯向外看起时,其交替地具有小于纤芯的折射率和大于毗邻包层的但仍小于纤芯的折射率,还在于该光纤在垂直于其轴线的第一方向上的至少导光部分的尺寸与垂直其轴线第一方向的第二方向上的导光部分的尺寸不同。
2、如权利要求1所述的光纤,其特征在还在于,该光纤有一个折射率为nc且横截面为椭圆的纤芯,其椭圆的长轴为2ac,短轴为2bc,其中ac>bc,纤芯周围环绕有至少四个包层,各包层具有相应形状的横截面,各包层的折射率分别为n1、n2、n3和n4,长短轴分别为(2a1,2b1)、(2a2,2b2)、(2a3、3b3)、(2a4,2b4),其中对各长短轴来说,不等式an>bn成立,且其中:
nc>n2>n4>n3>n1
a4>a3>a2>a1>ac
b4>b3>b2>b1>bc
3、制造单偏振模光纤的一种方法,其特征在于,在第一工序中制造包括一个纤芯和至少四个包层的光纤的实心预制件,按例行作法依次在内部横截面为圆形的石英玻璃管内淀积包层材料和纤芯材料,接着将该组合件压制成实心预制件,然后在所述预件上经研磨形成两个平行并对称于管轴线延伸的平行面,再在下一工序中将该预制件拉制成光纤。
4、如权利要求3所述的制造单编振模光纤的方法,其特征还在于,从预制件上磨去的玻璃的量恰使所形成的面与第三包层基本相切。
CN90107014.9A 1989-08-16 1990-08-13 保持偏振的单模光纤 Expired - Lifetime CN1028058C (zh)

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EP0413387A1 (de) 1991-02-20
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JPH0389204A (ja) 1991-04-15

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