CN102713456B

CN102713456B - Multi-tube solar thermal receiver

Info

Publication number: CN102713456B
Application number: CN201080055134.3A
Authority: CN
Inventors: P·L·约翰逊; R·J·汉森; W·M·康龙
Original assignee: Areva Solar Inc
Current assignee: Areva Solar Inc
Priority date: 2009-10-07
Filing date: 2010-10-06
Publication date: 2015-05-27
Anticipated expiration: 2030-10-06
Also published as: AU2010303499A1; AU2010303499B2; US20120234311A1; CN102713456A; IL219017A0; EP2486341A2; WO2011044281A3; WO2011044281A9; MA33722B1; WO2011044281A2

Abstract

Systems, methods, and apparatus by which solar energy may be collected as heat are disclosed. Some systems include an elevated solar receiver comprising multiple tubes arranged lengthwise in the receiver in a side-by-side parallel configuration across a transverse dimension of the receiver. The receiver comprises an inlet section configured to receive a heat transfer fluid into the tubing arrangement and an outlet section configured to output heated heat transfer fluid from the tubing arrangement. The multiple tubes of the tubing arrangement define together a flowing circuit between the inlet section and the outlet section from the outer tube or tubes to the inner tube or tubes. The solar energy collector system further includes an instrumentation and control system for controlling the orientation of at least one orientable reflector to provide in operation a concentrated illuminated area comprising a peaked profile across the transverse dimension of the receiver.

Description

Multi-pipeline solar heat receiver

The cross reference of related application

This application claims the priority of following application: submit on October 7th, 2009, title is " Multi-Tube Solar Thermal Receiver(multi-pipeline solar heat receiver) ", patent application serial numbers 61/249, 562, inventor Peter L.Johnson, Robert J.Hanson, with the U.S. Provisional Patent Application of WilliamM.Conlon, and submit on February 11st, 2010, title is " Multi-Tube Solar Thermal Receiver(multi-pipeline solar heat receiver) ", patent application serial numbers 61/303, 615, inventor Peter L.Johnson, the U.S. Provisional Patent Application of Robert J.Hanson and WilliamM.Conlon, for all objects proposed hereinafter, each described application is incorporated by reference in their entirety to herein.

Technical field

The application relates generally to the collection to solar energy, and relates more particularly to the collection to solar energy for generation heat energy or the object of steam.

Background technology

In order to the ever-increasing population of lasting supply and energy demand all over the world, need extra energy source.Solar energy easily obtains and can be used for generating or provide heat for industry and inhabitation purposes in some geographic area.Although can use such as electrooptical device that solar energy is converted into electricity, alternatively, can to gather solar energy as heat is converted into useful work.The solar energy gathered as heat can be used for such as producing steam for generation electric power or for other industrial process.

Summary of the invention

Disclosed herein is and can gather solar energy as heat system, method and device used.

In first aspect, this document describes solar collector system, such as linear Fresnel reflector solar array.In some variations, solar collector system comprises the high solar receiver of frame, described receiver comprises pipe arrangement, described pipe arrangement is included in receiver the multiple pipelines arranged along the longitudinal direction on the lateral dimension of receiver with side by side parallel configuration, and wherein multiple pipeline comprises the second external pipe of internal pipeline, the first external pipe in the side of internal pipeline and the side relative with the first external pipe at internal pipeline.Solar collector system also comprises at least one orientable reflector, and described reflector can run to guide incident solar radiation thus on pipe arrangement, form cover district.Solar collector system also comprises detection and control system to control the direction of at least one orientable reflector thus to be in operation and to provide cover district, and described cover district comprises the curve distribution of band peak value on the lateral dimension of receiver.Receiver includes mouth region and outlet area, and described inlet region is configured to receive the heat-transfer fluid entering pipe arrangement, and described outlet area is configured to export the heat-transfer fluid through heating from pipe arrangement.Multiple pipelines of pipe arrangement collectively define the flow circuits from external pipe to internal pipeline between inlet region and outlet area.

In some variations, pipe arrangement is configured so that cover district distributes the heat-transfer fluid of hot-fluid to pipe arrangement inside, thus is in operation, and is inversely proportional to the hot-fluid being passed to this pipeline in the fluid density of the pipe interior of pipe arrangement.

When solar collector system comprises linear Fresnel reflector solar array, receiver comprises the high linear pattern receiver of frame, orientable reflector be contained in reflector capable among, capable being arranged in of described reflector is parallel to receiver and incident radiation is assembled on the receiver, and cover district comprises line focus.

In some variations, pipe arrangement can be or can not be the longitudinal centre line symmetry about receiver.

In some variations, system can comprise flow control apparatus enters pipe arrangement mass flow with Heat Transfer Control fluid on flow circuits.

In some variations, pipe arrangement comprises one or more thermal expansion district, and described thermal expansion district adapts to the thermal expansion of pipe arrangement.In one example, at least one thermal expansion district extends in the plane limited by multiple parallelpiped.In another example, at least one thermal expansion district extends to outside the plane that limited by multiple parallelpiped.Also having in another example, thermal expansion district comprises the suspending mechanism with at least one fixture, one of described fixture pipeline maintaining pipe arrangement, suspending mechanism is connected to slip or tourelle, described slip or tourelle are by rail support, and described track and receiver architecture are connected to each other and are that described slip or tourelle define the path being parallel to duct length.

In some modification of system, heat-transfer fluid enters pipe arrangement to enter the first external pipe by the first inlet region, thus flow in a first direction to arrive revolution collector, described revolution collector makes heat-transfer fluid alter course to enter the first internal pipeline, thus make heat-transfer fluid with antiparallel second flow direction of the first flow direction on flow to arrive the first outlet area, and cover district provides than to the more hot-fluid of the first external pipe to the first internal pipeline.In some variations, the first internal pipeline has the internal diameter larger than the internal diameter of the first external pipe.Flow rate control device can be utilized on the first entrance to control to enter the heat-transfer fluid mass flow of pipe arrangement.

In some variations, heat-transfer fluid enters pipe arrangement by the second inlet region, thus flowing in arrive the second revolution collector in the second external pipe on the first flow direction, described second revolution collector makes heat-transfer fluid alter course to enter the second internal pipeline and to flow to arrive the second outlet area on the second flow direction.

In some variations, heat-transfer fluid enters pipe arrangement by the second inlet region, thus flowing in arrive the second revolution collector in the second external pipe on the first flow direction, described second revolution collector makes heat-transfer fluid alter course to enter the first internal pipeline and to flow to arrive the first outlet area on the second flow direction.

In some variations, pipe arrangement comprises multiple pipeline parallel with the first external pipe, and heat-transfer fluid flows through the plurality of pipeline in a first direction to arrive revolution collector.

In some variations, pipe arrangement comprises multiple pipeline parallel with the first internal pipeline, and heat-transfer fluid flows through the plurality of pipeline in a second direction to arrive the first outlet area.

The pipe arrangement be used in some solar collector system can be included in the serpentine path between the first external pipe and the first internal pipeline, thus makes the flow path of heat-transfer fluid more than twice ground through cover district.

In second aspect, there is provided herein for method for collecting solar energy.In this aspect, method comprises makes heat-transfer fluid flow in the pipe arrangement of the high solar receiver of frame by inlet region, the lateral dimension that wherein pipe arrangement is included in receiver is arranged in along the longitudinal direction the multiple pipelines in receiver with side by side parallel configuration, multiple pipeline comprises the second external pipe of internal pipeline, the first external pipe in internal pipeline side and the side relative with the first external pipe at internal pipeline.Method also comprises and is focused on the high solar receiver of frame solar radiation to form cover district, described cover district is included in the curve distribution of the band peak value on the lateral dimension of receiver, wherein receiver includes mouth region and outlet area, described inlet region is configured to receive the heat-transfer fluid entering pipe arrangement, described outlet area is configured to export the heat-transfer fluid through heating from pipe arrangement, and multiple pipelines of pipe arrangement collectively define the flow circuits from external pipe to internal pipeline between inlet region and outlet area.

In some variations, pipe arrangement is configured so that cover district distributes the heat-transfer fluid of hot-fluid to pipe arrangement inside, thus makes to be in operation, and is inversely proportional to the hot-fluid being passed to this pipeline in the density of the fluid of the pipe interior of pipe arrangement.

In some variations, method also comprises the mass flow utilizing flow control apparatus to control the heat-transfer fluid entering pipe arrangement.

In some variations, method also comprises makes heat-transfer fluid be flowed in pipe arrangement by the first inlet region to enter the first external pipe, thus flow in a first direction to arrive revolution collector, described revolution collector makes heat-transfer fluid alter course to enter the first internal pipeline, thus make heat-transfer fluid with antiparallel second flow direction of the first flow direction on flow to arrive the first outlet area, and cover district provides than to the more hot-fluid of the first external pipe to the first internal pipeline.

In some variations, the first internal pipeline has the internal diameter larger than the internal diameter of the first external pipe.

When together with the accompanying drawing that first schematically illustrates with reference to detailed description hereafter time, these and other embodiment, feature and advantage will become more apparent for a person skilled in the art.

Accompanying drawing explanation

Fig. 1 illustrates the stereogram of the exemplary linear Fresnel solar energy collector comprising multi-pipeline solar heat receiver.

Fig. 2 illustrates the cross section of exemplary multi-pipeline solar heat receiver and the curve map of exemplary gathering solar radiation distribution on cross section.

Fig. 3 illustrates the exemplary dual path fluid flow pattern in multi-pipeline solar heat receiver.

Fig. 4 illustrates the exemplary four path fluid flow pattern in multi-pipeline solar heat receiver.

Fig. 5 A to Fig. 5 C illustrates the stereogram of exemplary multi-pipeline solar heat receiver, top view and block map respectively, and described multi-pipeline solar heat receiver can maintain the flow problem shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 6 illustrates the exemplary five-way road fluid flow pattern in multi-pipeline solar heat receiver.

Fig. 7 illustrates another the exemplary five-way road fluid flow pattern in multi-pipeline solar heat receiver.

Fig. 8 illustrates the exemplary six via fluid flow problems in multi-pipeline solar heat receiver.

Fig. 9 illustrates the exemplary three-way fluid flow pattern in multi-pipeline solar heat receiver.

Figure 10 illustrates another the exemplary three-way fluid flow pattern in multi-pipeline solar heat receiver.

Figure 11 A and Figure 11 B illustrates the curve map of the adoptable exemplary gathering solar radiation distribution of the flow problem of another exemplary four path fluid flow pattern in multi-pipeline solar heat receiver and Figure 11 A respectively.

Figure 12 illustrates the exemplary fluid flow problem of the multi-pipeline solar heat receiver connected by two fluids.

Figure 13 illustrates the schematic diagram of the example of the central receiver of solar collector, described collector is included in solar heat receiver on tower and sun reflection lens array, and heliostat described in each can around two axle adjusting angles to guide to solar heat receiver by solar radiation.

Figure 14 illustrates the schematic diagram of the exemplary solar heat receiver that can be used in the solar energy acquisition system of Figure 13.

Figure 15 illustrates the schematic diagram of another the exemplary solar heat receiver that can be used in the solar energy acquisition system of Figure 13.

Figure 16 A and Figure 16 B illustrates the adoptable exemplary gathering solar radiation distribution of the fluid flow pattern of another exemplary fluid flow problem and Figure 16 A respectively.

Figure 17 A and Figure 17 B illustrates the adoptable exemplary gathering solar radiation distribution of the fluid flow pattern of another exemplary fluid flow problem and Figure 17 A respectively.

Figure 18 A and Figure 18 B illustrates sensor and the mirror layout relative to solar heat receiver respectively, and the curve map of the signal produced by sensor, and described signal is used in the method controlled the calibration in mirror direction.

Figure 19 A to Figure 19 B illustrates the other example of the pipe arrangement with four path flow problems.

Figure 20 A to Figure 20 B illustrates the other example of the pipe arrangement with four path flow problems.

Figure 21 A to Figure 21 B illustrates the other example of the pipe arrangement with four path flow problems.

Figure 22 A to Figure 22 B illustrates the other example of the pipe arrangement with four path flow problems.

Figure 23 A to Figure 23 B illustrates the other example of the pipe arrangement with four path flow problems.

Figure 24 illustrates the other example of the pipe arrangement with binary channel flow problem.

Figure 25 A to Figure 25 C illustrates the other example of the pipe arrangement with binary channel flow problem.

Figure 26 A to Figure 26 B illustrates the block map of exemplary multi-pipeline solar heat receiver, and described receiver maintains the flow problem shown in Fig. 3, Figure 24 or Figure 25 A to Figure 25 C.

Figure 27 A to Figure 27 B illustrates the example of pipeline fixer.

Figure 28 illustrates the example of pipe arrangement, and in described pipe arrangement, the motion of some frequency is suppressed.

Figure 29 illustrates the example of pipe arrangement, and described pipe arrangement comprises the pipeline fixer being connected to spring.

Figure 30 illustrates the example of the rotary loop that can be used in pipe arrangement.

Figure 31 illustrates the example of the suspending mechanism of the thermal expansion adapting to pipeline.

Figure 32 illustrates another example of the suspending mechanism of the thermal expansion adapting to pipeline.

Figure 33 A to Figure 33 E illustrates the modification of the suspending mechanism of the thermal expansion adapting to pipeline.

Figure 34 A to Figure 34 E illustrates the modification of pipeline jig, and described fixture can be used for the such as suspending mechanism shown in Figure 31, Figure 32 and Figure 33 A to Figure 33 E.

Figure 35 A to Figure 35 B illustrates the example of pipeline, and described pipeline is clamped to suspending mechanism with accommodate thermal expansion.

Figure 36 A to Figure 36 B illustrates the modification of suspending mechanism, and described suspending mechanism adapts to the thermal expansion of pipeline.

Figure 37 A to Figure 37 C illustrates a modification of revolution collector, and described revolution collector such as can be used for the binary channel pipe arrangement shown in Fig. 3, Figure 24 or Figure 25 A to Figure 25 C.

Figure 38 A to Figure 38 L illustrates the modification of bearing assembly, and described bearing assembly is from lower support pipeline and accommodate thermal expansion.

Figure 39 A to Figure 39 B illustrates each modification, and the pipeline in these modification in pipe arrangement has different diameters.

Figure 40 A to Figure 40 D illustrates each modification, and in these modification, pressure non-linearly reduces from entrance to the far-end of receiver.

Detailed description of the invention

Should with reference to accompanying drawing reading detailed description hereafter, numbers identical is in the drawing throughout the like of different accompanying drawing.Accompanying drawing is not necessarily pro rata, there is illustrated optionally embodiment, and is not intended to the scope limiting each embodiment.Detailed description is as example instead of as illustrate the technology of the present invention principle with limiting.This description will clearly enable those skilled in the art manufacture and utilize each embodiment, and describe some embodiments of the technology of the present invention, remodeling, modification, alternatives and purposes, comprise the current embodiment being considered to realize the best mode of the technology of the present invention.

When being used in this description and claims, singulative " ", " being somebody's turn to do " include plural number refer to thing, unless context clearly shows separately.Equally, term " parallel " be intended to mean " substantially parallel " and be intended to comprise to parallel geometry slightly depart from instead of require the parallel lines of such as reflector or parallelpiped or any other as herein described be arranged in parallel accurately parallel.

Disclosed herein is that solar energy can the collected system used as heat energy, method and device.Solar radiation is directed to solar collector or receiver, and described absorber or receiver comprise one or more pipeline accommodating heat-transfer fluid.The solar radiation absorbed by pipeline is passed to the heat-transfer fluid being contained in this pipe interior.

Some system described herein, method and apparatus relate to the solar receiver comprising pipe arrangement, and described pipe arrangement comprises multiple absorber pipeline.In some example, pipe arrangement can comprise thermal expansion district or mechanism, described mechanism allow multiple pipeline one of at least or some or all thermal expansion at run duration of multiple pipeline.In some cases, pipe arrangement allows some pipeline in pipe arrangement relative to the thermal expansion difference of other pipeline in this pipe arrangement.Such as, pipe arrangement can be configured to allow the thermal expansion difference between adjacent channel or between the pipeline in bosom and external pipe.

In some example, pipe arrangement can coordinate with the irradiation pattern of the gathering solar radiation on absorber pipeline or circuit with the efficiency improving solar receiver, output and/or other performance indications.Some system described herein, method and apparatus relate to by by assembling the potential favourable pipe arrangement flow path of heat-transfer fluid (and thus) of the solar collector that solar radiation is irradiated and/or relating to the potential favourable layout of the endothermic process (such as heat is absorbed as sensible heat or latent heat) in the solar collector irradiated by this gathering solar radiation.The main example giving this layout in the background of specific exemplary solar energy collection system hereinafter, described lens system comprises linear Fresnel reflector solar collector and point or spot and focuses on tower heliostat solar energy collection system.It should be understood that, well known by persons skilled in the art or can combinationally using with the solar receiver of improvement described herein for any suitable system, method and the device assembling solar radiation of developing afterwards.

In some variations, the one or more pipelines in solar receiver described herein can be configured so that heat-transfer fluid forms multiple path by receiver.When heat-transfer fluid forms " path " or " loop " by receiver, heat-transfer fluid flows through receiver thus to cross or through the part of the pipe arrangement irradiated by the aggregation zone of solar radiation in pipe arrangement, and thus the solar radiation that absorbs by the pipeline in this region heat.Under multi-path sight, heat-transfer fluid crosses or more than once through the part of the pipe arrangement irradiated by the aggregation zone of solar radiation.Thus, in binary channel configuration, heat-transfer fluid flowing by the Part I of pipe arrangement thus the solar energy heating be aggregated (described solar energy be incident in the extraction duct in the first path and absorbed by it), and with after fluid through once heating at least part of to be altered course thus through the Part II of pipe arrangement and the solar energy heating be again aggregated (described solar energy be incident on the solar collector pipeline in alternate path and absorbed by it).Note in some example, the hot-fluid that heat-transfer fluid experiences in the first path may be different from (such as more lower than) in path subsequently, such as, can solar radiation be assembled thus make higher intensity be incident in this part of pipe arrangement: in the portion heat-transfer fluid experienced by second, third, the 4th and even pass through receiver more frequently.

In some cases, multi-path configuration can comprise one or more going out and return loop, in described loop, heat-transfer fluid advances the solar energy heating be aggregated in a first direction along the length of receiver, and is redirected to second direction (being such as roughly anti-parallel to the direction of first direction) subsequently with the solar energy heating be again aggregated.In the receiver with multi-path configuration, the changed course of fluid can occur in any correct position place in receiver, such as at the arrival end of receiver, or at the far-end relative with arrival end of receiver, or any some place between receiver entrance and its far-end.When having more than two paths by receiver, the changed course of fluid occurs in more than one position, such as, at entrance and the far-end of receiver.Even number or odd number path can be had in multi-path configuration.If number of vias is even number, then fluid can enter from same end and leave receiver.If number of vias is odd number, then fluid can enter at arrival end and leave at relative far-end.In single receiver, the length of each path can be or can not be identical, and such as a path can extend along the total length of receiver, and another path can extend along an only part for receiver length.In some cases, fluid the position between the far-end that arrival end is relative with it, the midway such as between entrance and relative far-end can enter and/or leave receiver.In some multi-path configuration, multiple pipelines of the parallel connection of flowing in a single direction can be had, and the plurality of parallel pipeline can be directed in less (such as one) pipeline or in other pipeline when altering course.In some multi-path configuration, pipe arrangement can comprise the pipeline of multiple series connection, thus makes flow path such as be arranged through with snakelike and again pass the region of assembling solar radiation.

Any suitable mechanism in pipe arrangement can be used for causing fluid to alter course, such as pipeline can comprise bend, pipeline can be fed in revolution collector, and/or one or more pipeline can be fed to (such as U-joint, L shape joint or T junction) in pipe joint.

In some solar energy acquisition system, the solar radiation of incident gathering on the receiver can have uneven optics (such as intensity and/or power) feature along one or more sizes of receiver.Such as, for line focusing system (such as linear Fresnel system), the intensity of solar radiation can be relatively uniform along the direction of line focus, but can uneven on the direction being transverse to line focus direction (distribution such as with peak value, as Gaussian curve).For point focusing system, the intensity of solar radiation can change on the cross section of point focusing (such as has the distribution of band peak value, as Gaussian intensity profile, in described curve, peak value is positioned near the central authorities of point focusing, and is reducing from intensity on the radially outer direction of the central authorities of point focusing).According to focus features and layout and arrangement for solar radiation being focused on reflector on the receiver, and the distance between reflector and receiver, the optical signature of other type can be revealed along one or more size tables of receiver, such as, there is optical signature or the non-gaussian type peak Distribution of multiple peak value.Such as, (such as the linear focused light beam capable from reflector at receiver place be biased relative to the linear focused light beam capable from another reflector at receiver place) by the focused beam from multiple reflector is biased and form multi-peak distribution at receiver place.

Some receiver can be configured so that the flowing of the one or more pipe interiors of heat-transfer fluid in receiver is arranged to the uneven irradiation that make use of on receiver.It can be favourable for doing like this: utilize and irradiated by the relatively low strength portion that the low-temperature region (such as relatively cold in described region heat-transfer fluid enters receiver) of pipeline is positioned to by solar radiation distributes at the absorber pipeline of receiver internal wiring, and by pipeline need the region of higher thermal stream (such as with cause boiling or realize overheated) be positioned to the relatively high strength partial illumination that distributed by solar radiation.

Pipeline in receiver can be configured to accommodate the thermal expansion difference between the thermal expansion of multiple absorber pipeline and/or pipeline.In addition, the pipeline in receiver can be configured to allow the control to the heat-transfer fluid of pipe interior, and such as permission Heat Transfer Control fluid enters the mass flow in the various piece of the pipeline manifold in receiver.Such as, it can be favourable for doing like this: become to make one or more pipeline to experienced by multiple paths by receiver the pipeline wiring of receiver inside, described receiver is by uneven solar radiation step-and-shoot.First path (or first path, such as first batch of 2,3 or 4 paths) can be located to irradiate (such as to experience sensible heat heating by the relatively low strength portion of solar radiation distribution, as do not caused boiling in order to heating water), and path (or with later batch path) subsequently can be located so that the relatively high strength partial illumination (such as to experience Topography, as in order to make water seethe with excitement) by solar radiation distribution.A part for the pipeline of the highest hot-fluid of needs (such as in order to make steam superheating) or one group of location of pipeline can be become make the relative higher or peak strength partial illumination being subject to solar radiation distribution.This configuration can improve the integral production ability of solar collector, efficiency, output, reliability, steam quality, the output of superheated steam and/or other performance parameter.

When designing solar collector, relative to the pattern length of endergonic delivery element, may wish to reduce the pattern length of the delivery element (pipeline, downcomer, bindiny mechanism, etc.) mainly playing transporting fluid effect of being in operation.The ratio reducing nonabsorbable delivery element and absorbability delivery element can bring more effective stock utilization and reduce the cost of investment of solar array.Such as, nonabsorbable delivery element can be less than about 1,0.8,0.6,0.4,0.3,0.2,0.18,0.16,0.14,0.12,0.1,0.08,0.06,0.04,0.02 or 0.01 with the length ratio of absorbability delivery element.In some variations, the ratio of nonabsorbable duct length and absorbability duct length is about 0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08,0.10 or 0.12.In a modification, the length of nonabsorbable pipeline is about 50 feet, and the length of absorbability pipeline is about 1280 feet.

All delivery elements, comprising thin-wallconduit or bearing pipe (such as, the steel pipe of such as carbon steel piping) all needs fixture or attaching means for the stability when seismic activity.Earthquake stability can be particularly important for the high receiver of frame (be such as used in the linear one that frame in linear Fresnel reflector array is high, or tower).In the linear one that frame is high, the very long pipeline with large quality should be retrained to prevent heavily stressed when seismic activity and to damage, but still allow the thermal expansion difference between the expansion of one or more pipeline and/or two or more pipeline.Fixture (described fixture can be or can not be fixing point fixture), the movement suppression device of such as buffer, the pipe-supporting handware of other type or their any combination can be used for earthquake stability.

Can in any suitable manner fixed-piping (pipeline such as in the receiver that frame is high) such as to meet local building or earthquake specification, to comply with geographical position so that install so that safeguard, repair or upgrade or their any combination.In some variations, one or more pipelines of receiver inside can be fixed in middle position, thus expansion outwards can be occurred in two opposite directions from this central fixing position.Such as, if base member is positioned on pipeline, approximate midway between receiver arrival end and far-end, then the clean expansion phase of the pipe section extended from this fixed position decreases about 50% for the pipeline of equal length at the configuration that entrance or far-end are fixed.

Pipeline can be made up of any suitable material.Can by the impact of local specification (boiler code such as when water/steam is used as heat-transfer fluid) and/or local or national standards body (such as ASME, ASME) or control to the selection of pipeline.In some cases, all pipelines in receiver are made up of same or similar material (such as carbon steel) substantially.In other modification, being used in the structure of the pipeline in a region of receiver and/or composition can different from another region of receiver.Such as, in the receiver part that the carbon steel piping of certain grade can only reach relatively lower temp with being in operation, and more high-grade carbon steel piping or the specified different alloy pipeline for higher temperature purposes can only be used in the conduit region arriving maximum temperature.Similar adjustment can be made to comply with the pressure or heat-transfer fluid that reach during use in the selection of pipeline material.

As mentioned before, plumbing configurations in solar heat receiver as herein described can comprise one or more feature to adapt to the thermal expansion of one or more pipelines of receiver run duration, and the thermal expansion difference particularly between the clean expansion of each pipeline and/or the different pipelines of same receiver inside.For solar heat receiver, it is desirable for being reduced relative to the length of light absorbing pipeline or be down to minimum meeting by not light absorbing pipeline.Do the efficiency that can increase system like this, and overall cost can be reduced.In solar heat absorber, realize with the impact reduced due to absorber end and position of sun the optical efficiency that increases by the longer continuous length of absorber, and realize the cost of overall efficiency and the reduction increased by the ratio increasing absorbability duct length and nonabsorbable duct length.The continuous length of receiver and the pipeline in this receiver inside can be long as much as possible, and this length by geographic constraint, along pump length pressure drop or force heat-transfer fluid by the restriction of the pump power needed for this absorber length.Long pipeline is divided into the increase that several part can cause the necessity of such as downcomer etc., and needs controlling organization to coordinate the flowing between multiple region.Longer absorbability pipeline causes the pipe expansion increased when heating.Expansion mechanism as herein described can such as be used in the linear one with about 600,800,1000,1200,1400,1600,1800 or 2000 foot lengths.Thermal expansion is extenuated mechanism or region and can be arranged in pipe arrangement and along any position of receiver, such as at the arrival end of receiver, in the far-end relative with arrival end of receiver or the one or more middle position between the entrance and far-end of receiver or the more than one position in pipe arrangement, as at arrival end and far-end, in entrance and centre position or in far-end and centre position.In some cases, such as, in order to reduce mechanical complexity, in order to reduce the shade of energy field central authorities, and/or in order to the length of nonabsorbable pipeline in minimizing system, can wish receiver entrance and/or thermal expansion be set at far-end extenuate mechanism.

Any suitable mechanism for pipe expansion can be utilized at the end of receiver.In some cases, the welded thermal expansion joint of solid, loop or structure is preferably utilized.In other modification, the joint of non-solder (such as spherojoint) or flexible duct or flexible pipe can be utilized to carry out accommodate thermal expansion.Pipe expansion can be designed to consider under expection serviceability temperature, such as, for the pipeline material thermal coefficient of expansion of steel (as carbon steel) at the temperature of about 200 DEG C to about 500 DEG C of suitable grade.Extra factor can be considered, such as transient state, startup and cooling condition in the design of thermal expansion, and operator's error.These extra error amounts can be about 0.02% of adoptable duct length to about 0.2%, such as about 0.2%, 0.15%, 0.1%, 0.08%, 0.05% or 0.02%.Such as, for the pipe arrangement of 1200 feet long, be designed to exceed about ± 6 inches, about ± 12 inches or about ± 18 inches than the differential expansion between the object expansion of one or more pipeline or two or more pipeline.

When employing can experience heat-transfer fluid (such as the water) of phase transformation during use, can wish to prevent or reduce slug flow or generation that is similar or correlated phenomena, these phenomenons can cause damaging the stable of pipeline, supporting member and/or control system.In order to deal with the phase shift in the solar collector inside comprising multiple pipeline, can adopt expansion pipe, described expansion pipe decreases the possibility that slug flow is formed.Expansion pipe can allow the thermal expansion of one or more pipeline, or the thermal expansion difference between two or more pipeline.

Comprising multiple pipeline and having in the solar collector of multi-path flow path, can number of tubes in selective absorber, pipe diameter and/or flow path loop quantity to improve the efficiency of solar array (such as comprising the linear Fresnel reflector array of the much higher tube receiver of frame).When determining efficiency and performance; such as estimating heat loss, between the inoperative period (such as at night) loss, when starting loss and shutdown loss, be important parameter at the quantity of energy residing in the fluid in array (receiver and any transfer element) in storage.In some variations, can wish to reduce the quantity of energy lost between the inoperative period, and such as in net energy, increase the quantity of energy that run duration is passed to main frame (turbine, production process etc.).Like this, can evaluating system in operation and inoperative period instead of only in the performance of run duration.In some variations, such as, in order to increase the efficiency of solar heat absorber when steady-state operation, the quantity of pipeline and/or diameter can be selected to increase the volume of flowing thus to be taken into account by the specific volume that heat-transfer fluid increases along with the carrying out of heating.

When the two or more parallel path inside in multi-pipeline solar collector have two-phase flow (such as water and steam), can control to enter the mass flow of each parallel path to make such as to cause the inequality between multiple path to be shared due to uneven hot-fluid and/or uneven pressure drop.This uneven flowing between multiple parallel path can cause flow condition out of control, described flow condition out of control then can cause the dry of pipeline or damage.Therefore, in some multichannel pipeline is arranged, the flowing of multiple export-oriented pipeline can be wished to be bonded in single revolution collector, and will to collaborate subsequently to guide to the single recurrent canal for next path from pipeline.

Any multi-pipeline solar collector as herein described or their Variant Design can be become have any combination of one of following characteristics or following characteristics: i) thermal expansion district, described thermal expansion district allows the thermal expansion difference between the expansion of one or more pipeline and/or two or more pipeline; Ii) one or more mechanism, described mechanism allows thermal expansion or the thermal expansion difference of pipeline, reduces simultaneously or prevents wearing and tearing, the even long term wear on pipe surface; Iii) the swivel point controlling or extenuate between path forms the system of slug flow; Iv) one or more mechanism, described mechanism allows the expansion of pipeline or thermal expansion but restriction conduit expands, thus makes pipeline not be in heavily stressed configuration or state; And/or v) fixing (such as described fixing can be or can not be fixing fixture) to one or more structure to resist taphrogeny and/or damage.

It is inner to maintain the heat transfer stream scale of construction of solar collector internal balance that flow control apparatus can be used on pipe arrangement, and such as run in standard, prevent the overheated of any part of solar collector during heat engine or the transient state that causes due to cloud cover etc.When the downstream loop generation flowing by multiple parallelpiped when there is no flow control apparatus to the porch of each pipeline in downstream loop, pressure drop along the duct length in downstream loop can be different based on the mass flow of each pipe interior and the difference of fluid density, because the hot-fluid on pipeline is in change, described downstream loop is by the multiple pipeline feedings in circuit upstream, and described multiple pipelines in circuit upstream are less than the number of tubes in downstream loop.Such as, suppose that phase transformation occurs with heat transfer, accepting lower hot-fluid but the pipeline of equal mass flow than the parallel path pipeline in same circuit can have less heat transfer and thus have higher density than the parallel path pipeline in same circuit.Higher fluid density and the equal mass flow entering pipeline can cause lower mean fluid velocity and thus lower pressure drop.This species diversity of pressure drop can form imbalance, and wherein from the directed pipeline along having compared with low pressure drop of more various flow of circuit upstream, this is caused by the relatively low hot-fluid be incident on this pipeline.This then the average fluid density that can more reduce in this pipeline, continue to reduce pressure drop and the enthalpy reduced in this pipeline increases.In downstream loop accept higher thermal stream and the pipeline thus with the density of minimizing has higher pressure drop, which suppress the flow entered wherein, the enthalpy further increasing fluid wherein increases, and more decreases density.This can cause runaway condition, and in described runaway condition, pipeline can be full of water and other pipeline because flowing can final stopping and by superheated steam evaporate to dryness.To share or extenuate by adding flow control apparatus (such as control valve or choke block) on the entrance of each pipeline the impact that the pressure drop along pipeline shares flow with ACTIVE CONTROL flow, thus avoid or reduce the imbalance of this flowing.If pipe arrangement makes one or more upstream line branch enter multiple downstream line, then can adopt between upstream line and downstream line flow control apparatus with control enter downstream line flow and reduce or prevent flow imbalance.In some cases, such as when on the entrance of each that flow control apparatus is arranged in the multiple pipelines in circuit upstream, described multiple pipeline passes in the pipeline of equal number in downstream loop or more minority, thus make the quantity of the parallel flow paths in circuit upstream be more than or equal to the quantity of the parallel flow paths in any downstream loop, particularly when in the single pipeline that the multiple pipelines in circuit upstream pass in downstream loop, the flow control apparatus of the porch of the pipeline be arranged in circuit upstream can be utilized to control the flow in downstream loop and be arranged between circuit upstream and downstream loop without the need to other flow control apparatus.

With reference now to Fig. 1, comprise repeller field 110 and 120 a modification neutral line fresnel reflector solar collector system 100, described repeller field is arranged in high solar heat receiver 105 both sides extended linearly of frame.Repeller field 110 and 120 comprises the capable 110-1 to 110-6 and 120-1 to 120-6 of reflector respectively.Also contemplate other configuration, in described configuration, the both sides of receiver 105 have greater or less than 6 reflectors capable.Such as, 3,4,5,6,7,8,9 or 10 reflectors can be had capable in every side of receiver.In some cases, the reflector of varying number can be had capable in the both sides of receiver.The quantity that reflector is capable needs not to be even number.Such as, the reflector be directly arranged under receiver can be had capable and capable at the even number reflector of receiver both sides.Can around reflector major axis adjustment they angular direction with follows the trail of the sun by day during apparent motion thus solar radiation is reflexed to solar heat receiver 105.At the U.S. Patent application 10/563 that title is " Carrier and Drive Arrangement for aSolar Energy Reflector System(is used for the carrier of solar energy reflector system and drive unit) ", 170, title is the U.S. Patent application 10/563 of " Carrier for a Solar EnergyReflector Element(is used for the carrier of solar reflector element) ", 171 and title be the U.S. Patent application 12/012 of " Linear Fresnel Solar Arrays and Drives Therefor(linear fresnel solar arrays and the driving for this) ", the example for the reflector in linear Fresnel system and driving is provided in 821, application described in each is incorporated by reference in their entirety to herein.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that, be known in the art linear Fresnel collector, and for the linear fresnel solar collector in Fig. 1, the general layout of the characteristic sum reflector of supporting structure is intended to the schematic illustrations of representatively numerous configuration known in the art.Suitable linear Fresnel system can include but not limited to disclosed system in these applications: submit on August 14th, 2006, title is the U.S. Patent application 10/597 of " Multi-Tube Solar collector Structure(multi-pipeline solar collector structure) ", 966, submit on February 5th, 2008, title is the U.S. Patent application 12/012 of " LinearFresnel Solar Arrays and Drives Therefor(linear fresnel solar arrays and the driving for this) ", 821, submit on February 5th, 2008, title is the U.S. Patent application 12/012 of " Linear Fresnel Solar Arrays and Receivers Therefor(linear fresnel solar arrays and the receiver for this) ", 829, and submit on February 5th, 2008, title is the U.S. Patent application 12/012 of " Linear Fresnel Solar Arrays and ComponentsTherefor(linear fresnel solar arrays and the parts for this) ", 920, apply for described in each being all incorporated by reference in their entirety to herein.

Refer again to Fig. 1, solar heat receiver 105 comprises solar heat absorber pipe arrangement 125, and described pipe arrangement comprises the multiple parallelpipeds 130 arranged in a side-by-side fashion.Heat recipient fluid (such as water) through pipeline 130 can be focused to the solar radiation heating on heat absorber 125.In some variations, solar heat receiver 105 can have such as patent application mentioned above (such as on August 14th, 2006 submit to, title is the U.S. Patent application 10/597 of " multi-pipeline solar collector structure ", 966, on February 5th, 2008 submit to, title be the U.S. Patent application 12/012,829 of " linear fresnel solar arrays and the receiver for this ") in the structure of reversing groove type of description.In some variations, solar heat receiver 105 also can comprise reflecting surface, and the light from mirror field 110 and/or 120 be incident on them is reflexed to pipeline 130 by described reflecting surface.

As mentioned before, the intensity of solar radiation along one or more directions of receiver can be uneven.For line focusing system, intensity of solar radiation can length along receiver in receiver relatively uniform, but perpendicular to uneven on the receiver transverse width of receiver length, the length of described receiver is parallel to the length direction of line focusing system.

With reference now to Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, curve Figure 135 shows an example, the intensity of solar radiation (" I ") of assembling in this example shows nonlinear characteristic curve I(X along width (direction " X ")), described width is transverse to (perpendicular to) major axis (length " L ") of solar heat receiver 105.In fig. 2, to illustrate solar heat receiver 105 along the cross section of its width (X-direction).In shown example, horizontal intensity of solar radiation distribution I (X), and be thus band peak value to the heat flux distribution in solar collector pipe arrangement 125, described pipe arrangement 125 comprises pipeline 130.As shown in curve Figure 136, except possible end effect 138, along longitudinal intensity of solar radiation I (L) substantially constant of length L, described end effect 138 corresponds to the end 137 of receiver.

Although the particular variant shown in Fig. 2 shows the solar radiation I (X) with single center peak, have also contemplated that the non-linear solar radiation of other type.Can be adjusted the shape of indicatrix I (X) and/or I (L) by repeller field, described repeller field is used for solar radiation to be gathered in receiver place.Such as, the focal length of reflector, distance between reflector and receiver can be utilized, from the arranged opposite (such as from the arranged opposite of the capable linear focused light beam of multiple reflector, wherein can align with the focus capable from another reflector from the focus that reflector is capable or biased) of the focused beam of multiple reflector and/or the spatial aggregation of reflector to adjust the shape of indicatrix I (X) and/or I (L).In addition, to align with the center line " C " of receiver by being positioned to reflector such as to make the peak value of indicatrix I (X) and adjust the arrangement (and pipe arrangement thus receiver in) of indicatrix I (X) relative to receiver, the lateral dimension X of receiver is divided into two and extends along receiver length L by described center line.In other modification, the peak value of indicatrix I (X) can be biased relative to the center line C of receiver.

Optical signature (I (X) such as on the transverse width of multi-pipeline linear Fresnel receiver) on the receiver can be skyrocket to peak value, gradually to peak value or multi-peak, or can on width monotone variation.Optical signature can be arranged to the symmetrical geometry (such as thus the center line of optical signature is alignd with the transverse center of receiver) about receiver, or asymmetric about the geometry of receiver.Such as can utilize the focal length of reflector, distance, the set of reflector, the arrangement of reflector between reflector and receiver and/or (such as can be arranged in same line focus from the gathering light beam that each reflector is capable from reflector is capable by the positioned opposite of light reflected, or a line focus can be formed from the gathering light beam that reflector is capable, described line focus is biased relative to the line focus capable from another reflector) regulate or change optical signature and along the solar energy concentration degree of optical signature to adjust the performance of solar collector system.In some variations, incident solar radiation is to be about 2, be about 3, be about 4, or be about 5, or be about the factor (such as about 2 of 6, about 3, about 4, about 5, or the sunlight of about 6 times) be gathered in distribution curve pterion (described pterion can be arranged in and be incident on outermost pipeline) and to be about 20, be about 30, be about 40, be about 50, be about 60, or be about 70(such as about 20, about 30, about 40, about 50, about 60, or the sunlight of about 70 times) factor be gathered in the peak value place of feature, described peak value can be arranged in and it is formed on the bosom pipeline of pipe arrangement.As mentioned before, the intensity of solar radiation along the major axis of solar heat receiver 105 distributes, and (i.e. longitudinal intensity of solar radiation distribution) can be such as substantially invariable.

Larger to the hot-fluid in pipe arrangement at the peak value place of indicatrix I (X).For the receiver (described receiver has the parallel pipeline side by side such as shown in Fig. 1 with Fig. 2) in linear Fresnel receiver, if the peak value of indicatrix I (X) aligns with the center line of receiver, then thus hot-fluid is greater than at pipeline place, bosom at two most external pipeline places (in the example at Fig. 2, hot-fluid can be greater than at rightmost side pipeline 130-10 and pipeline 130-1 place, the leftmost side at pipeline 130-5 and 130-6 place).

Also contemplate in the upper uneven multiple intensity of solar radiation distribution of the lateral dimension (width) of receiver.Intensity of solar radiation distribution can be in shape and/or solar energy collecting definitely or uneven on relative magnitude.Such as, in other modification, the distribution of horizontal intensity of solar radiation can comprise multiple peak value (such as Figure 11 B) hereinafter.Equally, although horizontal intensity of solar radiation distribution I (X) almost symmetry shown in Fig. 2 is also placed in the middle on pipeline 130, in other modification, horizontal intensity of solar radiation distribution can be asymmetric and/or placed in the middle on pipeline 130.In some variations, the intensity of solar radiation distribution being parallel to the centerline of pipeline 130 major axis and ratio distribute in the intensity of solar radiation of the centerline of the most external pipeline of pipeline 130 of pipeline 130 be about 3: 1 to about 20: 1, about 3: 1 to about 15: 1, about 3: 1 to about 10: 1 or about 3: 1 to about 5: 1.In the example of Fig. 2, center line C is also parallel with it between the 5th and the 6th pipeline.

It shall yet further be noted that hot-fluid that heat transfer pipe experiences affects by the solar absorption of pipeline self and divergence characterization.Can all or a part of pipe arrangement adopts solar selective coat, described coating increases solar absorption and reduces in the temperature range of operation of hope disperses.In some cases, different solar selective coats can be applied to the different piece of pipe arrangement, the first solar selective coat being such as applicable to low temperature can be applied to temperature during use increases those limited pipelines, and the second solar selective coat being applicable to higher temperatures can be applied to those pipelines (being such as positioned at the pipeline of central authorities) in use reaching higher temperature.

Although notice that Fig. 2 illustrates ten pipelines 130, method disclosed herein, system and device can suitably adopt greater or less than ten pipelines.For any pipe arrangement as herein described, but shown pipeline 130 some or all each represent the set of parallelpiped instead of other pipeline individual.When with time in this article, can be the plane, the tangent plane of lower surface of pipeline or the tangent plane of the upper surface of pipeline that are limited by the center of pipeline by the plane limited that is arranged side by side of pipeline.Equally, although pipeline 130 shows that parallelpiped 130 can be arranged side by side in nonplanar layout in other modification in order to be in a plane, such as, to form the arc of convex or spill, or be arranged in two or more parallel or intersecting plane.Two such intersecting planes can form such as V-arrangement or herringbone relative to ground, or the V-arrangement fallen or herringbone.In some cases, the one or more pipelines outside the plane that can be limited by other pipeline by one or more pipeline or be positioned in the external diameter different from other pipeline form non-planar arrangement.Although the pipeline shown in Fig. 2 130 shows for having substantially identical internal diameter and external diameter, in other modification (described in some, modification is shown in hereafter), one or more pipeline can have the external diameter larger than other pipeline in same pipeline layout and/or internal diameter.Such as, the most central pipeline can have the external diameter larger than external pipe and internal diameter, the outside that described external pipe is positioned at or adjacent conduit is arranged.With reference now to Figure 39 A, it illustrates pipe arrangement 1000, in described pipe arrangement, the center of pipeline 130 defines plane 1001, but the lower surface of pipeline 130 is not in same level, because the most central pipeline 130-4 and 130-8 has than external pipe 130-1, diameter that 130-2,130-3,130-5,130-6 and 130-7 are larger.Figure 39 B shows pipe arrangement 1003, and in described pipe arrangement, the lower surface of pipeline 130 defines plane 1004.The such as pipe arrangement shown in Figure 39 A to Figure 39 B can be selected based on the location of the focusing on pipe arrangement of the relative diameter of pipeline, reflector and any secondary reflector that may have.Such as, if there is no secondary reflector, then select the such as pipe arrangement shown in Figure 39 B can be favourable in some cases, such as thus make larger-diameter pipeline as shown in Figure 39 A, light effectively can not be hindered to arrive the adjacent channel of small diameter.

With reference now to Fig. 3, pipe arrangement 230 is included in the pipeline 130-1 to 130-8 in solar collector, and described pipeline is connected to each other to provide shown dual path fluid flow path.Heat-transfer fluid (such as feeding water) in one or more export-oriented path (such as multiple parallel export-oriented path) from inlet header flows to the far-end of receiver to form the first path that experience assembles solar radiation curve (not shown) in outward direction, and the flowing subsequently from one or more export-oriented path is altered course (such as via revolution collector) to one or more return path to form the alternate path that experience assembles solar radiation curve.In this specific example, the half of pipe arrangement comprises export-oriented flowing and returns flowing, described extroversion flowing comprises three parallel paths, described in return flowing and comprise single path, described single path is in and is anti-parallel to (adverse current) on the direction of outward direction.But, have also contemplated that other modification, can the export-oriented parallel path of any desired number be redirected in the return path of any desired number in described modification, such as by 1, 2, 4, 5, or 6 parallel export-oriented paths are redirected in single adverse current return path, or by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 parallel export-oriented paths are redirected in 2 parallel counter return paths, or by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 parallel export-oriented paths are redirected in 3 parallel counter return paths, or by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 parallel export-oriented paths are redirected in 4 parallel counter return paths, or by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 parallel export-oriented paths are redirected in 5 parallel counter return paths, or by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 parallel export-oriented paths are redirected in 6 parallel counter return paths.Notice that above-mentioned many flow paths are intended to for the whole pipe arrangement in receiver or in being in receiver half pipe arrangement, such as described half pipe arrangement is mirrored reflection relative to receiver center line.As discussed more in detail hereinafter, some modification of pipe arrangement only can comprise from multiple parallel path pipe branch or be redirected to equal number or less pipeline (such as from multiple pipe branch or be redirected to single pipeline to avoid this sight: branch to lopsidedly this sight in multiple pipeline and can cause operation unstable or out of control).In some cases, one or more flow control apparatus can be comprised in changed course or branch point place, such as, to allow the flow equilibrium in pipe arrangement between multiple branch.

Refer again to Fig. 3, heat-transfer fluid (such as feed water) is directed to three parallel export-oriented paths of the center line C side of receiver (not shown) (most external pipeline 130-1 and its adjacent channel 130-2 and 130-3) from inlet header 140, and is directed in three other parallel export-oriented paths by most external pipeline 130-5 and its adjacent channel 130-6 with 130-7.Fluid in pipeline 130-1,130-2 and 130-3 these pipelines end (such as in revolution collector 175-1 as shown in the figure) join to be altered course thus to be flowed through pipeline 130-4, described pipeline 130-4 be in by the antiparallel return path in the path of pipeline 130-1,130-2 and 130-3.Similarly, fluid in pipeline 130-5,130-6 and 130-7 joins to flow through pipeline 130-8 in revolution collector 175-2 in the end of these pipelines, described pipeline 130-8 be in by the antiparallel return path in the path of pipeline 130-5,130-6 and 130-7.Fluid subsequently from pipeline 130-4 and 130-8 is joined in outlet header 145.In other modification, pipeline 130-4 and 130-8 is substitutable for single pipeline, the backflow of this single Cemented filling all pipeline 130-1,130-2,130-3,130-5,130-6 and 130-7.Also having in other modification, shown pipeline 130 partly or entirely each can represent set instead of the individual tubes of parallel pipeline.

Fig. 3 shows (imaginary) center line C being labeled as dotted line, described dotted line is parallel to and is arranged in the transverse center of the pipeline 130 of pipe arrangement 230, is symmetrical in flow path by pipeline 130-5 to 130-8 by the flow path of pipeline 130-1 to 130-4 about described center line.Similarly about the flow path of center line symmetry such as shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 A to Fig. 5 C, Fig. 6, Fig. 9, Figure 10, Figure 11, Figure 12, Figure 16 A, Figure 17 A hereafter, although the center line of each pipe arrangement, solar collector or pipeline is not shown in these figure clearly.Also can be used in some modification shown in such as Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 hereafter about the flow path of the center line symmetry of receiver.

As mentioned before, pipeline in the receiver can be arranged to correspond to uneven horizontal intensity of solar radiation distribution.Still with reference to figure 3, in some variations, the fluid flowing through pipeline 130 is water and/or steam, and pipeline irradiates by solar radiation, described solar radiation has uneven transverse intensity distribution, and intensity peak is alignd with center line C, such as, be similar to the shape shown in Fig. 2.In this modification, the wing and the shoulder of intensity distribution can be incident on most external pipeline 130-1 and 130-5 and on adjacent channel 130-2,130-3 and 130-6,130-7 respectively.Thus, can be relatively low to the heat flux distribution for export-oriented first path in pipeline 130-1,130-2,130-3,130-5,130-6 and 130-7, thus increase its temperature and boiling can not be caused.Peak strength is incident on pipeline 130-4 and 130-8 of bosom, thus make corresponding hot-fluid in the alternate path return path by bosom pipeline 130-4 and 130-8 be greater than the hot-fluid on most external pipeline, thus make aqueous water can be further heated make its boiling thus produce steam, and steam can be further heated to produce superheated steam.Saturated or superheated steam leaves pipeline 130 by outlet header 145 subsequently.In this modification, the enthalpy of the fluid in pipeline 130-1,130-2,130-3,130-5,130-6 and 130-7 is roughly equal at first, and increased along with fluid heat absorption by period along duct length first time at fluid subsequently, and increase further between it is by the alternate path return period of pipeline 130-4 and 130-8.

Note in the example just described and in example hereafter, the combination of the particular conduit among specific endothermic process (heating liquid water, make water seethe with excitement, make steam superheating) and the pipeline 130 in the specific region of solar collector and/or solar collector is intended to the steady-state operation for solar collector.During transient behaviour (such as start time, shut down time and when cloud layer interrupt or minimizing solar flux time) this combination might not be kept.

In this modification and in other modification hereinafter described described in detail, the superheated steam that produces can have the pressure of the temperature of such as about 300 DEG C to about 450 DEG C and about 70 bar extremely about 130 bar, or the pressure of the temperature of about 370 DEG C to about 450 DEG C and about 100 bar extremely about 130 bar.In some variations, superheated steam has the temperature of about 450 DEG C and the pressure of about 130 bar.

In arbitrary example as herein described, available one or more flow control apparatus (such as valve and/or flowing control throttle orifice) controls the mass flowrate entering pipeline, and available one or more flow control apparatus (such as valve or flowing control throttle orifice) controls from pipeline flow out and pressure.Flowing control throttle orifice can be limited flow (such as by having the internal diameter of minimizing) and/or adjustment flow (such as with reduce turbulent flow, bubble, eddy flow, etc.) device.Flow control apparatus can be (throttle orifice of fixed diameter or the fixing valve) of active (such as adjustable valve) or passive type.In some cases, valve can be used to determine between the orifice dimensions of wishing or the installation period being used in system, and subsequently can by throttle orifice alternative valve.When pipe arrangement comprises multiple parallel export-oriented pipelines and/or multiple parallel Returning pipe, single flow control apparatus can be used for the mass flowrate controlling to enter multiple parallelpiped, and/or single flow control apparatus can be used for controlling from multiple parallel Returning pipes flow out.In other modification, independent flow control apparatus (such as valve or throttle orifice) can be used on each export-oriented pipeline and/or each Returning pipe.In some cases, the more than one flow control apparatus of use capable of being combined, such as flowing control throttle orifice can be connected with valve and be used.As mentioned before, multiple pipe branch in circuit upstream enter in the pipe arrangement of the multiple pipelines in downstream loop, and flow control apparatus to can be used between circuit upstream and downstream loop (such as at turning circle) to reduce or to prevent the development of imbalance of flow in downstream loop.In some cases, on pipeline in circuit upstream, the flow control apparatus of (such as in the porch of circuit upstream) can be used for controlling the flowing in downstream loop, such as under this pipeline passes to single ducted situation, thus decrease the possibility of imbalance of flow development.The control being centering to low flow rate under the system pressure up to about 5000psi can be adjusted by selector valve.Any suitable valve can be adopted, such as, be of a size of the spherical control valve of standard of 1/2 inch, 3/4 inch or 1 inch size, such as, can be selected from the RESEARCH of BadgerMeter company of Tulsa city, Oklahoma state any one in the valve same clan.In some variations, have employed the RESEARCH of 1 inch of size valve.

In an example in figure 3, can such as be controlled by flow control apparatus (such as valve and/or throttle orifice) 150-1 and 150-2 by fluid (such as water, steam and the superheated steam) flow rate of pipeline 130.Can be controlled by the flow rate of pipeline 130 such as to provide the steam quality (quality of such as saturated vapor or the temperature of superheated steam and/or pressure) of hope in outlet header 145 by these flow control apparatus.The fluid relative flow rate by parallel flow paths that thered is provided by pipeline 130-1,130-2 and 130-3 can be controlled by optional flow control apparatus (described device can for throttle orifice) 155-1 and 155-2.If device 155-1 throttle orifice, then can have the diameter less than the diameter of throttle orifice 155-2, this provide than by the slow flow rate by pipeline 130-1 of pipeline 130-2 in some variations.Although not shown in figure 3, optional flow control apparatus can arrange the flow by parallelpiped 130-3, and this can provide than by the fast flow by pipeline 130-3 of pipeline 130-2 or pipeline 130-1.Similarly, can by optional flow control apparatus (such as throttle orifice) 155-5 and 155-6 and alternatively, the flow control apparatus (not shown) on pipeline 130-7 arranges the fluid relative flow rate by parallel flow paths provided by pipeline 130-5,130-6 and 130-7.If device 155-5 throttle orifice, then there is the diameter less than the diameter of device 155-6, in some variations, this provide than by the slow flow rate by pipeline 130-5 of pipeline 130-6.According to flow control apparatus on pipeline 130-7, then can provide than by the fast flow by pipeline 130-7 of pipeline 130-5 or pipeline 130-6.

Should be understood that and have also contemplated that other pipe arrangement, in described pipe arrangement, heat-transfer fluid defines more than two such as, by assembling the path in solar radiation region, three, four, five or six paths.Fig. 4 shows the example of pipe arrangement, and in described pipe arrangement, heat-transfer fluid defines four by assembling the path in solar radiation region.Wherein, pipe arrangement 330 comprises pipeline 130, and described pipeline 130 is interconnected into and makes to achieve four path fluid flow path.Fluid from inlet header 140 flows through most external pipeline 130-1 and 130-5 in parallel path.Fluid from pipeline 130-1 passes through pipeline 130-2,130-3 and 130-4 along serpentine path subsequently, and described each pipeline is the antiparallel path with being parallel to by pipeline 130-1 alternately.Similarly, the fluid from pipeline 130-5 passes through pipeline 130-6,130-7 and 130-8 along serpentine path, and described each pipeline is the antiparallel path with being parallel to by pipeline 130-5 alternately.Fluid (such as saturated vapor or superheated steam) from pipeline 130-4 and 130-8 is joined subsequently in outlet header 145.In other modification, pipeline 130-4 and 130-8 can be substituted by single pipeline, and described single Cemented filling is from the backflow of pipeline 130-3 and 130-7.Also having in other modification, some or all of shown pipeline 130 each can represent the set of parallelpiped instead of other pipeline individual.

Still with reference to figure 4, in some variations, the fluid flowing through pipeline 130 is water.In some cases, pipeline irradiates by solar radiation, and described solar radiation has nonlinear transverse intensity distribution, such as, be similar to the shape shown in Fig. 2.In this modification, the aqueous water of pipeline 130 can be passed through with (such as 130-1 in the external pipe of pipeline 130 by heating flow to the heat flux distribution in pipeline 130, 130-2, 130-5, 130-6) under relatively low hot-fluid, (the peak value hot-fluid compared to being provided by gathering solar radiation) increases its temperature, (such as 130-3 in the pipeline at adjacent conduit 130 center subsequently, 130-4, 130-7, under relatively high hot-fluid, 130-8) make aqueous water seethe with excitement to produce steam, (alternatively) (such as 130-4 in the bosom pipeline of pipeline 130 subsequently, 130-8) make steam superheating with suitable or higher hot-fluid.Saturated or superheated steam leaves pipeline 130 by outlet header 145 subsequently.In this modification, the enthalpy of fluid in pipeline 130-1 and 130-5 is originally roughly equal, and increases along with fluid heat absorption through during pipeline at it subsequently.

In the example of Fig. 4, can such as be controlled by flow control apparatus 160-1 and 160-5 by fluid (such as water, steam and the superheated steam) flow rate of pipeline 130.Can be controlled by the flow rate of pipeline 130 by these valves or throttle orifice such as to provide the steam quality (quality of such as saturated vapor, the temperature of superheated steam and/or temperature/pressure) of hope in outlet header 145.

Fig. 5 A to Fig. 5 C illustrates the exemplary arrangements of pipeline 130, and described layout maintains the flow path shown in Fig. 4.The figures illustrate the exemplary distribution of the fluid endothermic process in pipeline 130 for a certain modification, in described modification, heat recipient fluid is water.Show that three regions for having oblique line, cross spider and solid shade illustrate such region respectively: water is heated to increase its temperature (economizer district), saturation water is seethed with excitement to produce steam (ebullator/boiler or evaporator region) and to make steam superheating (overheated zone) in that region.First economizer district comprises pipeline 130-1 and 130-2, and the first ebullator district comprises a part of pipeline 130-3 and pipeline 130-4, and the first overheated zone comprises the remainder of pipeline 130-4.Border between first ebullator district and the first overheated zone appears at the 170-4 place, position in pipeline 130-4.Second economizer district comprises pipeline 130-5 and 130-6, and the second ebullator district comprises a part of pipeline 130-7 and pipeline 130-8, and the second overheated zone comprises the remainder of pipeline 130-8.Border between second ebullator district and the second overheated zone appears at the 170-8 place, position of pipeline 130-8.

In some modification that arbitrary fluid flow path disclosed herein is arranged, on the either side of ebullator/mistake thermal boundary, (border 1176-4 and 1176-8 in border 170-4 and 170-8 in such as Fig. 5 A to Fig. 5 C and Figure 26 A to Figure 26 B) temperature survey can be carried out with the fluid flow rate of auxiliary control by pipeline 130.Such as, if having the value corresponding to aqueous water in expection or the temperature measurement result be designed on the overheated side of ebullator/mistake thermal boundary, then can be reduced by the flow rate of pipeline, this border appears in this pipeline.Alternatively, if the temperature measurement result on the ebullator side being contemplated to overheated/ebullator border corresponds to superheated steam, then can increase the flow rate by pipeline, this border appears in this pipeline.In addition or alternatively, any suitable temperature that the other places among pipeline 130 can be utilized to carry out and/or pressure measurements are to control fluid flow.In some cases, the temperature in the joint hot-zone of pipe arrangement can be used as the feedback controling variable for the hierarchy of control.In some cases, the length of pipeline can be used as the feedback controling variable for the hierarchy of control.In some variations, temperature adjustment spraying can be used for regulating the temperature in pipeline.Temperature adjustment spraying can be used alone or export (quality and/or flow rate) with the steam that Heat Transfer Control fluid combinationally uses to realize wishing by the mass flowrate of pipeline, or the production (flow rate of such as superheated steam and temperature and/or pressure) of control superheated steam.This in addition or the optional hierarchy of control can comprise or be similar to but be not limited by quote entirety be incorporated into herein, on May 15th, 2009 submit to, title be the U.S. Patent Application Serial Number 61/216 of " for utilizing the system and method for solar radiation production steam ", the hierarchy of control disclosed in 253, and/or be incorporated by reference in their entirety to herein, on May 22nd, 2009 submit to, same title be in the U.S. Patent Application Serial Number 61/216,878 of " system and method for utilizing solar radiation to produce steam " disclosed in the hierarchy of control.

In some variations, control the fluid flow by pipeline 130 by one or at least one flow control apparatus (such as valve or throttle orifice), described flow control apparatus is used for fluid and leaves each (such as saturated vapor or superheated steam) pipeline that pipeline 130 passes through.In some variations, the relative flow rate of all parallel flow paths (three pipelines of such as pipeline 130 either side in figure 3) that water may seethe with excitement wherein controls by one or more flowing controlling organization (such as throttle orifice or valve).Produce in the modification of superheated steam at some, measure the temperature of superheated steam in the exit that superheated steam leaves arbitrary pipeline that pipeline 130 passes through.The temperature surveyed can be used for such as providing feedback so that control valve controls the fluid flow by superheat steam pipeline.

In some variations, also can be used for controlling the fluid flow by pipeline with the fluid up to the present disclosed in this specification identical or substantially similar fluid of the hierarchy of control (comprising the utilization to valve, throttle orifice and the temperature and pressure measurement result) hierarchy of control that flows that flows, described pipeline is the pipeline of the solar collector described below in this detail specifications.

To be formed in some modification of two paths (namely export-oriented and return) along pipeline 130 in fluid flow path, in example such as shown in Fig. 3, the solar heat receiver supporting this flow path can be tilt (such as solar heat receiver can be positioned on slope), and the water that pipeline 130 is oriented so that in pipeline 130 flows downward and steam flows upward in pipeline 130.

With reference now to Fig. 6, in another modification, the pipeline 130 in solar collector is connected to each other to provide shown five-way road fluid flow path.Fluid from inlet header 140 flows through most external pipeline 130-1 and 130-5 in parallel path.Fluid from pipeline 130-1 passes through pipeline 130-2,130-3 and 130-4 along serpentine path subsequently, and described each pipeline is the antiparallel path with being parallel to by pipeline 130-1 alternately.Similarly, the fluid from pipeline 130-5 passes through pipeline 130-6,130-7 and 130-8 along serpentine path, and described each pipeline is the antiparallel path with being parallel to by pipeline 130-5 alternately.Fluid from pipeline 130-4 and 130-8 is joined subsequently in pipeline 130-9, and described pipeline 130-9 advances to be connected to outlet header 145 with being anti-parallel to pipeline 130-4 and 130-8.In other modification, some or all of shown pipeline 130 each can represent the set of parallelpiped instead of other pipeline individual.

Still with reference to figure 6, the fluid flowing through pipeline 130 is in some variations water, and pipeline irradiates by solar radiation, and described solar radiation has the intensity distribution being similar to shape shown in Fig. 2.In this modification, the aqueous water of pipeline 130 can be passed through with (such as 130-1 in the external pipe of pipeline 130 by heating flow to the heat flux distribution in pipeline 130, 130-2, 130-5, 130-6) under relatively low hot-fluid, (the peak value hot-fluid compared to being provided by gathering solar radiation) increases its temperature, (such as 130-3 in the pipeline at adjacent conduit 130 center subsequently, 130-4, 130-7, under relatively high hot-fluid, 130-8) make aqueous water seethe with excitement to produce steam, (alternatively) in the bosom pipeline of pipeline 130 (such as 130-9) makes steam superheating with suitable or higher hot-fluid subsequently.Saturated or superheated steam leaves pipeline 130 by outlet header 145 subsequently.In this modification, the enthalpy of fluid in pipeline 130-1 and 130-5 is originally roughly equal, and increases along with fluid heat absorption through during pipeline at it subsequently.

In the example of Fig. 6, can such as be controlled by flow control apparatus (such as valve or throttle orifice) 160-1 and 160-5 by fluid (such as water, steam and the superheated steam) flow rate of pipeline 130.Can be controlled by the flow rate of pipeline 130 by these flow control apparatus such as to provide the steam quality (quality of such as saturated vapor, the temperature of superheated steam and/or pressure) of hope in outlet header 145.

In another modification, the pipeline 130 in solar collector is connected to each other the four path flow paths provided shown in Fig. 7.Fluid from inlet header 140 flows through pipeline 130-1 and comes collector 200, crosses to pipeline 130-5, be anti-parallel to the path by pipeline 130-1 subsequently by pipeline 130-5(by collector 200) come collector 210.Fluid from collector 210 flows through pipeline 130-2 and 130-6(and is parallel to path by pipeline 130-1 in parallel path).From pipeline 130-2 fluid subsequently along serpentine path by pipeline 130-3 and 130-4, the alternately antiparallel and path be parallel to subsequently by pipeline 130-2 of described pipeline.Similarly, from the fluid of pipeline 130-6 along serpentine path by pipeline 130-7 and 130-8, the alternately antiparallel and path be parallel to subsequently by pipeline 130-6 of described pipeline.Fluid from pipeline 130-4 and 130-8 is joined subsequently in outlet header 145.In other modification, pipeline 130-4 and 130-8 can be substituted by single pipeline, and the fluid from pipeline 130-3 and 130-7 is delivered to outlet header 145 by described single pipeline.Also having in other modification, some or all of shown pipeline 130 each can represent the set of parallelpiped instead of other pipeline individual.

Still with reference to figure 7, the fluid flowing through pipeline 130 is in some variations water, and pipeline irradiates by solar radiation, and described solar radiation has the intensity distribution being similar to shape shown in Fig. 2.In this modification, the aqueous water of pipeline 130 can be passed through with (such as 130-1 in the external pipe of pipeline 130 by heating flow to the heat flux distribution in pipeline 130, 130-2, 130-5, 130-6) under relatively low hot-fluid, (the peak value hot-fluid compared to being provided by gathering solar radiation) increases its temperature, (such as 130-3 in the pipeline at adjacent conduit 130 center subsequently, 130-4, 130-7, under relatively high hot-fluid, 130-8) make aqueous water seethe with excitement to produce steam, (alternatively) (such as 130-4 in the bosom pipeline of pipeline 130 subsequently, 130-8) make steam superheating with suitable or higher hot-fluid.Saturated or superheated steam leaves pipeline 130 by outlet header 145 subsequently.

In the example of Fig. 7, can such as be controlled by throttle orifice 215-2 and 215-6 of valve or fixed diameter by fluid (such as water, steam and the superheated steam) flow rate of pipeline 130.Can be controlled by the flow rate of pipeline 130 by these valves or throttle orifice such as to provide the steam quality (quality of such as saturated vapor, the temperature of superheated steam and/or pressure) of hope in outlet header 145.

In another modification, the pipeline 130 in solar collector is connected to each other the four path flow paths provided shown in Fig. 8.Fluid from inlet header 140 flows through pipeline 130-1 and comes collector 200, is crossed to subsequently and by pipeline 130-5, described pipeline is anti-parallel to the path by pipeline 130-1 by collector 220.Fluid from pipeline 130-5 flows through pipeline 130-6(subsequently and is anti-parallel to its path by pipeline 130-5) come collector 225, crossed to pipeline 130-2 by collector 225 subsequently and be anti-parallel to the path by 130-1 by pipeline 130-2() come collector 231.Fluid from collector 231 flows through pipeline 130-3 and pipeline 130-7(subsequently and is parallel to path by pipeline 130-1 in parallel path) come collector 240.Fluid from collector 240 flows through pipeline 130-4 and 130-8(subsequently and is anti-parallel to path by pipeline 130-1 in parallel path) and join in outlet header 145 subsequently.In other modification, pipeline 130-4 and 130-8 can be substituted by single pipeline, and the fluid from collector 240 is delivered to outlet header 145 by described single pipeline.Also having in other modification, some or all of shown pipeline 130 each can represent the set of parallelpiped instead of other pipeline individual.

Still with reference to figure 8, the fluid flowing through pipeline 130 is in some variations water, and pipeline irradiates by solar radiation, and described solar radiation has the intensity distribution being similar to shape shown in Fig. 2.In this modification, the aqueous water of pipeline 130 can be passed through with (such as 130-1 in the external pipe of pipeline 130 by heating flow to the heat flux distribution in pipeline 130, 130-2, 130-5, 130-6) under relatively low hot-fluid, (the peak value hot-fluid compared to being provided by gathering solar radiation) increases its temperature, (such as 130-3 in the pipeline at adjacent conduit 130 center subsequently, 130-4, 130-7, under relatively high hot-fluid, 130-8) make aqueous water seethe with excitement to produce steam, (alternatively) (such as 130-4 in the bosom pipeline of pipeline 130 subsequently, 130-8) make steam superheating with suitable or higher hot-fluid.Saturated or superheated steam leaves pipeline 130 by outlet header 145 subsequently.

In the example of Fig. 8, can such as be controlled by throttle orifice 245-3 and 245-7 of valve or fixed diameter by fluid (such as water, steam and the superheated steam) flow rate of pipeline 130.Can be controlled by the flow rate of pipeline 130 such as to provide the steam quality (quality of such as saturated vapor, the temperature of superheated steam and/or pressure) of hope in outlet header 145 by these valves or throttle orifice.

With reference now to Fig. 9, in another modification, pipeline 130 is connected to each other to provide shown three-way flow path.Fluid from inlet header 140 flows through most external pipeline 130-1 and 130-4 in parallel path.Fluid from pipeline 130-1 passes through pipeline 130-2 and 130-3 along serpentine path subsequently, and described pipeline is the antiparallel path with being parallel to by pipeline 130-1 alternately.Similarly, the fluid from pipeline 130-4 passes through pipeline 130-5 and 130-6 along serpentine path, and described pipeline is the antiparallel path with being parallel to by pipeline 130-4 alternately.Fluid from pipeline 130-3 and 130-6 is joined subsequently in outlet header 145.In other modification, pipeline 130-3 and 130-6 can be substituted by single pipeline, and described single Cemented filling is from the backflow of pipeline 130-2 and 130-5.Also having in other modification, some or all of shown pipeline 130 each can represent the set of parallelpiped instead of other pipeline individual.

Still with reference to figure 9, the fluid flowing through pipeline 130 is in some variations water, and pipeline irradiates by solar radiation, and described solar radiation has the intensity distribution being similar to shape shown in Fig. 2.In this modification, the aqueous water of pipeline 130 can be passed through with (such as 130-1 in the external pipe of pipeline 130 by heating flow to the heat flux distribution in pipeline 130, 130-2, 130-4, 130-5) under relatively low hot-fluid, (the peak value hot-fluid compared to being provided by gathering solar radiation) increases its temperature, (such as 130-2 in the pipeline at adjacent conduit 130 center subsequently, 130-3, 130-5, under relatively high hot-fluid, 130-6) make aqueous water seethe with excitement to produce steam, (alternatively) (such as 130-3 in the bosom pipeline of pipeline 130 subsequently, 130-6) make steam superheating with suitable or higher hot-fluid.Saturated or superheated steam leaves pipeline 130 by outlet header 145 subsequently.In this modification, the enthalpy of fluid in pipeline 130-1 and 130-4 is originally roughly equal, and increases along with fluid heat absorption through during pipeline at it subsequently.

In the example of Fig. 9, can such as be controlled by valve 250-1 and 250-4 by fluid (such as water, steam and the superheated steam) flow rate of pipeline 130.Can be controlled by the flow rate of pipeline 130 by these valves or throttle orifice such as to provide the steam quality (quality of such as saturated vapor, the temperature of superheated steam and/or pressure) of hope in outlet header 145.

With reference now to Figure 10, in another modification, pipeline 130 is connected to each other to provide shown three-way flow path.Fluid from inlet header 140 flows through pipeline 130-1 and 130-2 and comes collector 260 in parallel path, and comes collector 265 by pipeline 130-5 and 130-6.Fluid from collector 260 passes through pipeline 130-3 and 130-4 along serpentine path subsequently, and described pipeline is the antiparallel path with being parallel to by pipeline 130-1 alternately.Similarly, the fluid from collector 265 passes through pipeline 130-7 and 130-8 along serpentine path, and described pipeline is the antiparallel path with being parallel to by pipeline 130-5 alternately.Fluid from pipeline 130-4 and 130-8 is joined subsequently in outlet header 145.In other modification, pipeline 130-4 and 130-8 can be substituted by single pipeline, and described single Cemented filling is from the backflow of pipeline 130-3 and 130-7.Also having in other modification, some or all of shown pipeline 130 each can represent the set of parallelpiped instead of other pipeline individual.

Still with reference to Figure 10, the fluid flowing through pipeline 130 is in some variations water, and pipeline irradiates by solar radiation, and described solar radiation has the intensity distribution being similar to shape shown in Fig. 2.In this modification, the aqueous water of pipeline 130 can be passed through with (such as 130-1 in the external pipe of pipeline 130 by heating flow to the heat flux distribution in pipeline 130, 130-2, 130-5, 130-6) under relatively low hot-fluid, (the peak value hot-fluid compared to being provided by gathering solar radiation) increases its temperature, (such as 130-3 in the pipeline at adjacent conduit 130 center subsequently, 130-4, 130-7, under relatively high hot-fluid, 130-8) make aqueous water seethe with excitement to produce steam, (alternatively) (such as 130-4 in the bosom pipeline of pipeline 130 subsequently, 130-8) make steam superheating with suitable or higher hot-fluid.Saturated or superheated steam leaves pipeline 130 by outlet header 145 subsequently.

In the example of Figure 10, can such as be controlled by throttle orifice 270-1 and 270-5 of valve or fixed diameter by fluid (such as water, steam and the superheated steam) flow rate of pipeline 130.Can be controlled by the flow rate of pipeline 130 by these valves or throttle orifice such as to provide the steam quality (quality of such as saturated vapor, the temperature of superheated steam and/or pressure) of hope in outlet header 145.

In another modification, Figure 11 A illustrates that pipeline 130 is connected to each other to maintain fluid flow path, described fluid flow path fluid endothermic process and the such as multi-peak shown in Figure 11 B are assembled intensity of solar radiation distribute (" I ") match.Fluid from inlet header 140 flows through most external pipeline 130-1 and 130-5 and comes collector 280 and 290 respectively in parallel path.Fluid from pipeline 130-1 flows through collector 280 subsequently and crosses pipeline 130-2 and come pipeline 130-3, flow through pipeline 130-3 and 130-2 subsequently and come collector 285, described pipeline 130-3 and 130-2 be the antiparallel path with being parallel to by pipeline 130-1 alternately.Fluid from pipeline 130-2 flows through collector 285 subsequently and crosses pipeline 130-3 and come pipeline 130-4, and come outlet header 145 by pipeline 130-4 subsequently, described pipeline 130-4 is anti-parallel to the path by pipeline 130-1.Similarly, fluid from pipeline 130-5 flows through collector 290 and crosses pipeline 130-6 and come pipeline 130-7, come collector 295 by pipeline 130-7 and 130-6 subsequently, described pipeline 130-7 and 130-6 be the antiparallel path with being parallel to by pipeline 130-5 alternately.Fluid from pipeline 130-6 flows through collector 295 subsequently and crosses pipeline 130-7 and come pipeline 130-8, comes outlet header 145 subsequently by pipeline 130-8.In other modification, collector 285 and 295 can be substituted by single collector, and pipeline 130-4 and 130-8 can be substituted by single pipeline, and described single Cemented filling is from the backflow of this collector.Also having in other modification, some or all of shown pipeline 130 each can represent the set of parallelpiped instead of other pipeline individual.

Still with reference to figure 11A, the fluid flowing through pipeline 130 is in some variations water, and pipeline irradiates by solar radiation, and described solar radiation has the intensity distribution being similar to shape shown in Fig. 2.In this modification, to the heat flux distribution in pipeline 130 can heating flow by the aqueous water of pipeline 130 with (such as at pipeline 130-1, 130-3, 130-5, with in 130-7) under relatively low hot-fluid (compared to by assembling the peak value hot-fluid that provides of solar radiation) increase its temperature, subsequently (such as at pipeline 130-2, 130-4, 130-6, with in 130-8) under relatively high hot-fluid, make aqueous water seethe with excitement to produce steam, (alternatively) (such as 130-4 in the bosom pipeline of pipeline 130 subsequently, 130-8) make steam superheating with suitable or higher hot-fluid.Saturated or superheated steam leaves pipeline 130 by outlet header 145 subsequently.

In the example of Figure 11 A and Figure 11 B, can such as be controlled by throttle orifice 300-1 and 300-5 of valve or fixed diameter by fluid (such as water, steam and the superheated steam) flow rate of pipeline 130.Can be controlled by the flow rate of pipeline 130 by these valves or throttle orifice such as to provide the steam quality (quality of such as saturated vapor, the temperature of superheated steam and/or pressure) of hope in outlet header 145.

With reference now to Figure 12, in a modification, solar energy acquisition system comprises the first solar heat absorber 310 and the second solar heat absorber 320, described first solar heat absorber 310 comprises the pipeline 130-1 to 130-6 of the flow path being connected to each other to provide shown, and described second solar heat absorber 320 comprises the pipeline 350-1 to 350-6 of the flow path being connected to each other to provide shown.Periphery (such as most external and next-door neighbour are outermost) pipeline 130-1,130-2,130-4 and 130-5 that fluid from inlet header 140 flows through absorber 310 abreast come collector 325, and fluid is pumped into the collector 340 of absorber 320 by pump 330 from described collector 325.Fluid from collector 340 flows through periphery (such as most external and next-door neighbour are outermost) pipeline 350-1,350-2,350-4 and 350-5 abreast and comes collector 360.Pipeline 350-3 and 350-4(that fluid from collector 360 flows through bosom subsequently is abreast anti-parallel to the flowing by pipeline 350-1) come collector 370.Fluid from collector 370 flows to separator 380, and fluid is separated into gas phase and liquid phase by described separator 380.Liquid phase flows through conduit 385 and comes pump 330, and liquid phase is returned to absorber 320 by described pump 330.Gas phase flows through conduit 387 and comes collector 390, and comes outlet header 145 by bosom pipeline 130-3 and 130-6 of absorber 310 subsequently, and described pipeline 130-3 and 130-6 is anti-parallel to the flowing by pipeline 130-1.In some variations, pipeline 350-3 with 350-6 may be combined with into single pipeline, pipeline 130-3 with 130-6 may be combined with into single pipeline, and/or some or all of pipeline 130-1 to 130-6 and 350-1 to 350-6 each can represent the set of parallelpiped instead of other pipeline individual.

Still with reference to Figure 12, the fluid flowing through solar collector 310 and 320 is in some variations water, and the pipeline in each absorber irradiates by solar radiation, and described solar radiation has the intensity distribution being similar to shape shown in Fig. 2.In this modification, to the relatively low hot-fluid (compared to by the peak value hot-fluid assembled solar radiation and provide) in pipeline 130-1,130-2,130-4 and 130-5 can heating liquid water to increase its temperature.To pipeline 350-1,350-2,350-4 and 350-5 similar relatively low (or relatively high) hot-fluid can further heating liquid water to increase its temperature and/or to start to make it seethe with excitement.Relatively high hot-fluid to pipeline 350-3 and 350-6 can start and/or continue aqueous water is seethed with excitement.Steam from separator 380 can be heated further to make this steam superheating to the suitable of pipeline 130-3 with 130-6 or relative higher hot-fluid.

As mentioned before, pipe arrangement can comprise one or more thermal expansion district (such as loop, joint, flexible duct district or other suitable mechanism) to adapt to the clean and differential expansion of multiple pipeline in receiver.The thermal expansion mechanism more than a type can be adopted in single receiver, and the clean and/or relative thermal expansion that pipeline estimates can be based upon select to insert particular thermal breathing space between tubes, remember temperature fluctuation that some pipeline may be larger than other pipeline experience (those pipelines such as irradiated by the peak value of intensity of solar radiation distribution may than only reach higher final temperature by the pipeline of the wing or shoulder irradiation of assembling solar radiation distribution).In addition, pipeline can be fixed, thus pipeline is being expanded away from the both direction of fixture in centre position (such as midway) place between the far-end that the arrival end of pipeline is relative with it.In pipe arrangement, not each pipeline needs to have fixture, because can be controlled fully by the adjacent channel in arranging or the motion of restriction conduit.As shown in several examples hereafter, pipe expansion district can be in the same level with pipe arrangement substantially, or the extended plane limited by pipe arrangement.

Can along the length of pipeline with any suitable interval supporting flue.Positioning support bearing member as far as possible relatively far apart may to be wished under feasible prerequisite, such as, to reduce costs and/or to reduce shade.In addition, each span of supporting flue is carried out needed for the pipe diameter in visual span.Such as, if the first path contains the pipeline of small diameter and alternate path contains larger-diameter pipeline, then the supporting member in the first path can be positioned to more be close together than the supporting member in alternate path.Such as, if the first path comprises the parallelpiped that 4 have 1.66 inches of external diameters, and alternate path comprises the single pipeline with 3.5 inches of external diameters, then the pipeline in reducible every 8 feet of ground supporting first paths, and with at least large to the pipeline in the interval supporting alternate path of 16 feet.Support all pipelines with identical interval and do not consider that pipe diameter can be unnecessary to larger-diameter pipeline, and the higher cost for pipe-supporting parts can be caused.

Refer again to Fig. 5 A to Fig. 5 C, pipeline 130 comprises thermal expansion joint (such as loop) 180-1,180-2,180-3,190-1,190-2 and 190-3 to adapt to the thermal expansion difference between the pipeline that is connected to each other.In some variations, the expansion circuit that expection or design experience two-phase (such as water and steam) are flowed is arranged to be positioned at the plane of pipeline 130 to prevent the development of the slug flow of water.As example, expansion circuit 180-3 and 190-3 expects that thus this two-phase flow of experience is also positioned at the plane of pipeline 130.Outside the plane that the expansion circuit of inexpectancy experience two-phase flow can be arranged in pipeline 130 (being such as in whereabouts configuration).Although expansion circuit 180-1,180-2,190-1 and 190-2 also show in the plane for being in pipeline 130 in shown modification, but these expansion circuits do not expect experience two-phase flow, and outside the plane that thus can be arranged to be positioned at pipeline 130 alternatively.

Still with reference to figure 5A to Fig. 5 C, the part being connected to pipeline 130-3 and 130-7 respectively of thermal expansion district 180-2 and 190-2 is fixed on correct position relative to ground in some variations, and pipeline 130 all or substantially all other parts can relative to ground moving with hold main body and/or accommodate thermal expansion poor.

With reference now to Figure 19 A, it illustrates the plumbing configurations of employing flow problem as shown in Figure 4.Modification in Figure 19 A comprises thermal expansion district, and described thermal expansion district comprises vertically-oriented loop.When with time in the context of this article, " vertically-oriented " means the direction had and comprises the component of a vector being substantially perpendicular to ground, such as relative to about 30 °, ground, about 45 °, about 60 ° or about 90 °.Vertically-oriented loop can be used for heat-transfer fluid and does not expect when undergoing phase transition during steady-state operation.Heat-transfer fluid (such as feeding water) flows into inlet header 140 and enters pipeline 130-1 by optional first-class dynamic control device 150-1, and enters pipeline 130-5 by optional second dynamic control device 150-2.Pipeline 130-1 and 130-5 is fixed on X place, position, and described position X can be approximated to be the midpoint between the arrival end (A) of receiver (not shown) and the far-end (B) on opposite.Fluid in pipeline 130-1 flows to arrive thermal expansion district 1170-1 on direction 1, described thermal expansion district inner fluid by alter course towards pipe arrangement center line (showing for dotted line C) and be flowing in pipeline 130-2 in contrary countercurrent direction 2.Thermal expansion district 1170-1 is vertically-oriented to extend the plane limited by pipeline 130 downwards.Fluid in pipeline 130-2 arrives the second thermal expansion district 1170-2, and in described thermal expansion district, inner fluid is altered course towards C and is parallel to direction 1 at direction 3() on be flowing in pipeline 130-3.In this particular variant, the second breathing space 1170-2 is also vertically-oriented relative to pipeline 130.Fluid in pipeline 130-3 flows on direction 3 until it arrives tow-away zone 172-1, in described tow-away zone, it is altered course towards C and is parallel to direction 2 at direction 4() on flow through pipeline 130-4, at described pipeline 130-4, it leaves (such as steam or superheated steam) via outlet header 145.Optional flow control apparatus 1180 can be arranged on the pressure with control flow check output and/or pipe interior in outlet header 145.Arrive the 172-1 of tow-away zone to fluid, fluid has defined 3 by assembling the paths of solar radiation, and if solar radiation assemble near center line C, then can experience relatively high hot-fluid, thus fluid is come to life.Therefore, it can be desirable in plane that fluid remains essentially in the 172-1 of tow-away zone, thus decreases the formation of pipe interior phase shift or the formation of slug.Pipeline 130-3 can not comprise fixture X and replace and supported by adjacent channel 130-2 and 130-4.Pipe arrangement 331 symmetrical about center line C at least partially, and pipeline 130-5 and pipeline 130-1 is symmetrical, pipeline 130-6 and pipeline 130-2 is symmetrical, pipeline 130-7 and pipeline 130-3 is symmetrical, and pipeline 130-8 and 130-4 is symmetrical, and breathing space 1170-3 and breathing space 1170-1 is symmetrical, breathing space 1170-4 and breathing space 1170-2 is symmetrical, and tow-away zone 172-2 and tow-away zone 172-1 is symmetrical.Note region 172-1 and 172-2 can be configured for adapting to pipeline and thermal expansion between pipeline.

Another modification of pipe arrangement is shown in Figure 19 B.Example shown in Figure 19 B shows the flow problem be similar to as shown in Fig. 4 and Figure 19 A.At this, for ease of illustrating, illustrate only the half of pipe arrangement 334.Pipe arrangement is symmetrical about center line C.Vertical or other breathing space 1170 is have employed at each swivel point place.Optional flow control apparatus 150-1 controls to input to the flow of most external pipeline 130-1.In this particular example, each pipeline is fixed at the X place, position of (such as midway) between the arrival end A and far-end B of receiver.Fixed position on different pipeline can be same distance place between end A and end B or near, can be maybe at the diverse location place relative to end A and end B.Each breathing space comprises one or more flow control apparatus 145, the Uniform Flow of any two-phase fluid that described flow control apparatus can be used for guaranteeing during steady-state operation or non-steady state (such as starting or transient condition) period may occur.The effect that this flow control apparatus can play is the generation preventing or reduce slug flow and the potential damage to pipeline caused and/or the control lost system cloud gray model.Although breathing space 1170 shows that they are so non-essential for vertical expansion circuit in this example.Such as, region 1170-1 can be vertical, and region 1170-2 and 1170-3 can be level, or region 1170-1 and 1170-2 can be vertical and region 1170-3 can be level.As mentioned before, vertical breathing space can be used on a certain position in pipe arrangement, during described position is in steady-state operation, do not expect there is two-phase flow.But, the place that additional flow control apparatus 145 can allow vertical breathing space to be even used in run duration may to occur two-phase flow.

Figure 20 A illustrates another example, and described example comprises vertical breathing space in a certain region, and expect in described region does not have phase transformation during steady-state operation.Flow path is similar to the flow path shown in Fig. 4.In this legend, pipe arrangement 332 is symmetrical about center line C, but the half that illustrate only symmetrical pipe arrangement is with simplified illustration.There is provided heat-transfer fluid (such as water) to enter most external pipeline 130-1 by optional flow control apparatus 150-1 by inlet header (not shown).Most external pipeline 130-1 is fixed at X place, fixed position, the centre of described fixed position X between the arrival end (A) and the far-end (B) on its opposite of receiver (not shown) (such as midway), thus pipeline 130-1 can be expanded from fixed position X to A and B two.Fluid (from A to B) on direction 1 flows through pipeline 130-1 until it arrives breathing space 1170-1, and in described breathing space, it is altered course towards center line C and in pipeline 130-2, flows to A(in direction 2 relative to direction 1 adverse current).If do not expect at run duration fluid and experience phase transformation in breathing space 1170-1, then can adopt vertically-oriented breathing space, as shown in the figure.Fluid in pipeline 130-2 flows to arrive tow-away zone 172-1 in direction 2, and in described tow-away zone, it is altered course towards transverse center and in pipeline 130-3, flow to B(on direction 3 and is parallel to direction 1).Pipeline 130-3 can be fixed at X place, position, the described centre of position X between arrival end A and far-end B (such as midway).Tow-away zone 172-1 can substantially with pipeline 130 at same plane, thus reduce the formation of slug or phase shift when fluid comes to life.Fluid flows through pipeline 130-3 on direction 3 until it arrives another tow-away zone 172-2, in described tow-away zone, it is altered course towards transverse center C and on direction 4, is flowed to A(and is parallel to direction 2), at described arrival end A place, fluid leaves pipeline by outlet header (not shown) as steam or superheated steam.Tow-away zone 172-2 can substantially with pipeline 130 at same plane, thus reduce the formation of slug or phase shift.Pipeline 130-2 and 130-4 can not comprise fixture in some variations.As an alternative, pipeline 130-2 can be supported by the fixture on adjacent channel 130-1 and 130-3, and can be held the expansion of pipeline 130-2 by breathing space 1170-1 and tow-away zone 172-1.Pipeline 130-4 can be supported by the fixture on pipeline 130-3, and can be adapted to the expansion of pipeline 130-4 by tow-away zone 172-2 and outlet area 178.Another modification of pipe arrangement is shown in Figure 20 B.At this, pipe arrangement 333 comprises pipeline 130-1, pipeline 130-4, pipeline 130-3, and described pipeline 130-1 is fixed as shown in FIG. 20 A like that, described pipeline 130-4 X place, position of (such as midway) between arrival end A and far-end B is fixed and described pipeline 130-3 is not fixed.Note in the example shown in Figure 20 A to Figure 20 B, the fixed position X on different pipeline can aligning (the same distance place such as between end A and end B), or they can at the diverse location place relative to end A and end B.Fixed position can be selected for shockproof object, thus make pipeline in loop by fully fixing with antagonism from the pressure of taphrogeny and/or pulling force.Therefore, if larger diameter pipeline more can bear compression, stretch and/or opposing flexing, then on the pipeline of considerable larger diameter, arrange that fixture is favourable to retrain the athletic meeting of small diameter pipeline in loop.That the tow-away zone 172 noting in Figure 20 A to Figure 20 B can be configured to accommodate pipeline 130 and thermal expansion between pipeline 130.

Another pipe arrangement example 335 is shown in Figure 21 A.Flow path in Figure 21 A is similar to the flow path shown in Fig. 4.The half of pipe arrangement is illustrated, and pipe arrangement 335 is symmetrical about center line C.In this modification, the tow-away zone 175 between pipeline maybe can be not suitable with thermal expansion, and shows little in some variations or do not have ability to hold thermal expansion.Pipe arrangement can comprise an only fixture along the flow path between inlet region 152 and outlet area 153, such as, along the X place, position in the midway of this flow path, tow-away zone 175-2 between pipeline 130-2 and 130-3.Can in inlet region 152 and 153 endoadaptation thermal expansion.Such as, inlet region or outlet area one of at least can comprise one or more bend, described bend is inflatable, shrink and/or distortion to hold pipeline length variations.An example of this pipeline configuration is the pipeline configuration comprising two or more bend, and wherein at least two of two or more bend are not in same plane mutually.Such as, two bends can be in approximate mutually perpendicular plane.The expansion of pipeline can cause twist motion through the expansion of two bends, and the described expansion by two bends decreases on pipeline and/or to the stress on any joint of pipeline.At the U.S. Patent application 12/012 that title is " Linear Fresnel Solar Arrays and Components Therefor(linear fresnel solar arrays and the parts for this) ", provide in 920 and have this bend to hold the example of the pipeline of thermal expansion, described application is incorporated by reference in their entirety to herein.

Another modification is shown in Figure 21 B, and in described modification, another pipeline 130-9 is arranged to parallel with most external pipeline 130-1.Alternatively, pipeline 130-1 can comprise flow control apparatus 150-1, and alternatively, pipeline 130-9 can comprise flow control apparatus 150-9.Can control device 150-1 and 150-9 thus allow the balance between pipeline 130-1 and 130-9 independently.Pipeline 130-1 and 130-9 is fed in the 175-1 of tow-away zone.Have also contemplated that other modification, extra pipeline (such as 2,3,4 or 5) more than one in described modification is arranged to parallel with pipeline 130-1 and is fed in the 175-1 of tow-away zone.Similar with the example shown in Figure 21 A, pipe arrangement 336 is fixed in the only position between inlet region 152 and outlet area 153.Although fixed position X shows for being similar in the midway along pipe arrangement 336, between entrance 152 and outlet 153, in the 175-2 of tow-away zone, fixture can be positioned at along pipeline 130 wherein on any one, or to be positioned on another tow-away zone 175.Tow-away zone 175 maybe can be not suitable with thermal expansion, and shows less in some variations or do not have ability accommodate thermal expansion.Can such such as described by Figure 21 A in inlet region 152 and the thermal expansion of outlet area 153 endoadaptation.

As mentioned before, to be bonded to from failing to be convened for lack of a quorum of multiple pipeline in single revolution collector and expansion enters multiple pipeline flow on the return path can be caused uneven on the return path, especially when two phase flow (such as when water be used as heat-transfer fluid time), unless control enter multiple parallel recurrent canal flow to prevent runaway condition.Such as, for from the pipeline of 4 in the first path to the process of the pipeline of 2 in the alternate path returned, can arrange on the entrance of Returning pipe that point other flow control apparatus (such as valve, choke block or like this) is to allow the controlled balance between parallel path.Alternatively or in addition, 4 in the first path ducted 2 can be bonded in the first Returning pipe, 4 ducted other 2 and in the first path can be bonded in the second Returning pipe.For the process of PARALLEL FLOW pipeline PARALLEL FLOW pipeline to 2 in alternate path from 3 in the first path, can as mentioned before 2 return path pipelines each on adopt flow control apparatus.Alternatively or in addition, 3 in the first path ducted 2 can be bonded to 2 ducted one in the second return path, and the remaining pipeline in the first path can directly flow in second of 2 pipelines in the second return path.As long as only pipeline is connected to any amount of parallelpiped in upstream passages in downstream passages, then just do not need intermediate flow control device at swivel point place, and as an alternative, the flow control component that can be used on downstream passages porch controls the flowing by downstream and upstream passages.

Figure 22 A illustrates another example 337 of pipe arrangement.Flow problem is similar to the flow problem shown in Fig. 4, has four flow passages in described flow problem, described four flow passages in Figure 22 A by the figure denote of zone circle.By the concurrent of parallelpiped 130-1 and 130-9 in path 1 from the arrival end A of receiver distally B advance.Optional flow control apparatus 150-1 and 150-9 can be respectively used to the flow controlling to enter pipeline 130-1 and 130-9.By the concurrent of parallelpiped 130-2 and 130-10 in path 2 distally B advance to arrival end A.When in steady-state operation or between transient period when there is single Wayram that is variable and/or uncertain hot-fluid at concurrent flow, possibly cannot balance the flow between two parallelpipeds, cause the possibility having pressure differential between parallelpiped, this can cause unstable operation or runaway condition, this so that dry and possible to one or more pipeline infringement can be caused.Independent controlled flow control apparatus 150-1 and 150-9 can be used for extenuating the unstability or out of control of (if not adopting mixing collector at tow-away zone place) between parallelpiped 130-1 and 130-9 inside and parallelpiped 130-2 and 130-10.Therefore, being flowing in the 175-1 of tow-away zone in pipeline 130-1 is redirected in pipeline 130-2, and being flowing in the 175-7 of tow-away zone in pipeline 130-9 is redirected in pipeline 130-10.In this particular example, between path 1 and path 2 (such as in 175-1 and 175-7 of tow-away zone) and between path 3 and path 4 (such as in the 175-3 of tow-away zone) fix (with X indicate) pipe arrangement.Tow-away zone 175-2 accommodate thermal expansion between path 2 and path 3.Alternatively, accommodate thermal expansion can be carried out like that in inlet region 152 and/or in outlet area 153 such as described by Figure 21 A.Although tow-away zone 175-2 shows for having vertical drop-down section, it can replace is the breathing space of level.If there is two-phase flow between path 2 and 3, then one or more as previously described optional flow control apparatus (not shown) can be used for the formation guaranteeing Uniform Flow or extenuate slug.Also contemplate other modification, in described modification, path 3 and/or path 4 comprise more than one parallelpiped.In such cases, it is desirable to not adopt mixing collector at tow-away zone place, thus make entrance flow control apparatus (such as 150-1 and 150-9) can be used for controlling relative discharge in parallelpiped to avoid runaway condition.

The modification of another pipe arrangement is shown in Figure 22 B.Flow problem in Figure 22 B is similar to the flow problem shown in Fig. 4 and Figure 22 A.In the particular variant shown in Figure 22 B, pipe arrangement 338 comprises tow-away zone 175-2, described tow-away zone comprises horizontal expansion device 177, and described horizontal expansion device substantially can not in the vertical direction displacing fluid, thereby reduces the probability causing slug flow in this breathing space.Pipe arrangement is fixed at the X place, position between path 3 and 4.Such as described by Figure 21 A, the pipeline in upstream, fixed position can expand via outlet area 153, and the pipeline in downstream, fixed position can expand via inlet region 152.

Another modification 139 of pipe arrangement is shown in Figure 23 A.Fluid flow pattern in Figure 23 A is similar to the flow problem shown in Fig. 4 and Figure 22 B.Pipeline in pipe arrangement 139 is fixed in alternate path, and each of such as pipeline 130-1 and 130-2 is fixed at X place, position, the centre (such as midpoint) of described position X between the arrival end A and far-end B of receiver.Fixed position X can be identical or different on pipeline 130-2 and 130-10, relative to arrival end A and far-end B.Contain in inlet region 152 relative to the ducted thermal expansion difference of fixed position X in the path 1 of upstream, and contain in outlet area 153 relative to the thermal expansion difference of fixed position X in the path 3 and 4 in downstream.The differential expansion between pipeline 130-2 and 130-10 is contained in breathing space 177.

Another modification 440 that also has of pipe arrangement is shown in Figure 23 B.Fluid flow pattern in Figure 23 B is similar to the flow problem shown in Fig. 4 and Figure 22 B.In this particular variant, pipe arrangement 440 comprises tow-away zone 175-2, and described tow-away zone comprises two breathing space 177-1 and 177-2.Pipeline 130-10 flowed through breathing space 177-1 before being connected with pipeline 130-3, described pipeline 130-3 is used for the third path by receiver, and pipeline 130-2 flowed through another breathing space 177-2 before being connected with the pipeline 130-3 for third path.Wherein one or more of breathing space 177 can be but must not be horizontal orientations.In this particular variant, the position X place of pipe arrangement between the third and fourth path, in the 175-3 of tow-away zone and the X place, position in 175-1 and 175-7 of tow-away zone are fixed.Differential expansion in first path can be held by inlet region 152, and the differential expansion in the 4th path can be held by outlet area 153.Second and third path in differential expansion can be held by breathing space 177.

Another modification of pipe arrangement is shown in Figure 24.Pipe arrangement 141 is routed to and makes heat-transfer fluid form two paths by receiver, is similar to the flow problem shown in Fig. 3.One of path or both can comprise multiple parallelpiped.As shown in the figure, pipe arrangement can be symmetrical about center line C.In shown example, the first path comprises first group of parallelpiped 130-1,130-2,130-3,130-4 and second group of export-oriented parallelpiped 130-6,130-7,130-8,130-9 and 130-10.Control entrance (such as feed-water intake) 140 by flow control apparatus 150-1 and enter first group of export-oriented parallelpiped.Optional flow control apparatus 150-2 can control the flow entering second group of export-oriented parallelpiped separately.Alternatively, another flow control apparatus 155 can with flow control apparatus 150-1 be in series arranged in pipeline 130-1 to 130-5 one or more on to control separately to enter the flow of this parallel export-oriented pipeline, and another flow control apparatus 155 can with flow control apparatus 150-1 be in series arranged in pipeline 130-6 to 130-10 one or more on to control separately to enter the ducted flow of this parallel extroversion.As described above, flow control apparatus 150 and 155 can be the throttle orifice of adjustable valve or fixed diameter.In some cases, flow control apparatus 150 can be adjustable valve, and flow control apparatus 155(is if any) at least one can be the throttle orifice of fixed diameter.Although this particular variant is shown for having 4 parallel export-oriented pipelines in every side of center line C, any amount of parallel export-oriented pipeline can be adopted in binary channel configuration, such as 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 or 10.

Still with reference to Figure 24, export-oriented parallelpiped is altered course in countercurrent direction, form the alternate path by receiver in the 175-1 of tow-away zone.In this particular variant, represent return path by single pipeline 130-5.But have also contemplated that other modification, in described modification, return path comprises multiple parallelpiped, the equal amount of the parallelpiped in as many as first path.In the example shown in Figure 24, four export-oriented pipelines can merge and are directed to subsequently in single return path in revolution collector 175.Generally speaking, any configuration including the multiple export-oriented pipeline being fed to single Returning pipe can run with single flow control apparatus 150 ground, thus makes other Flows control device 155 be optional.If configuration allows multiple parallel export-oriented pipeline to be fed in multiple parallel Returning pipe, stream then from multiple parallel export-oriented pipeline should mixing be branched off into subsequently and multiplely parallelly return stream in revolution collector, except non-rotating collector comprises one or more flow control apparatus, described flow control apparatus allows the flow equilibrium between multiple return line to avoid the development of runaway condition.In a modification, the mixing in revolution collector should be limited in, thus make each parallel path in the first path be fed to parallel return path in alternate path.Can via the control of same flow dynamic control device realization to the parallel path in alternate path of the upstream path in control first path.Therefore, when the intrasystem multiple parallel return path of binary channel, other flow control apparatus 155 individual can be used for controlling the flow in export-oriented pipeline and in the single return path of its correspondence.Generally speaking, if the ratio between export-oriented pipeline and Returning pipe is integer, then pipe arrangement can be configured to not need flow control apparatus between the first and second paths.

Binary channel pipe arrangement can have multiple fixed configuration.In the example shown in Figure 25 A, binary channel pipe arrangement 400 comprises 3 parallel export-oriented pipeline 130-1,130-2 and 130-3, and described pipeline to be fed in the 175-1 of tow-away zone and to be redirected in single Returning pipe 130-4.Pipe arrangement 400 can but must not be symmetrical, such as thus make center line C provide the plane of symmetry between the two halves of pipe arrangement.Tow-away zone 175-1 can be or can not be configured to accommodate the clean of pipeline or relative thermal expansion.Can being held, such as, described in Figure 21 A by vertical inlet region 152 at least partially of differential expansion between pipeline in the first path and alternate path.As mentioned before, optional flow control apparatus 155 can be used for controlling to enter the flow that each has the pipeline of outward flow.Although not shown in Figure 25 B, but some modification can not have flow control apparatus to control the flow entering each export-oriented pipeline, and (such as will receive on the pipeline of minimum hot-fluid at run duration) can be replaced on some export-oriented pipeline there is flow control apparatus, or there is single flow control apparatus on entrance (such as feed-water intake) to control to enter the flow of parallel pipeline group, or there is entrance flow control apparatus, the flow control apparatus in any one or more of described entrance flow control apparatus and parallel pipeline is connected.The position X place of pipe arrangement 400 on single Returning pipe 130-4 comprises single fixture, and wherein fixed position X is between the arrival end A and far-end B of receiver (such as midpoint).The position of X can be selected thus make the well-matched CTE of the distally B in pipeline 130-4 or expand more than the total expection in the first path.If colder in the pipeline average specific alternate path in the first path and expand in alternate path and experienced by phase transformation (such as due to uneven solar radiation, intensity relatively high in described feature traverses Returning pipe), then can adopt larger-diameter pipeline in alternate path.The fixed position X on larger Returning pipe can be selected, thus make compared with large pipeline well-matched CTE or exceed the overall expansion of the small diameter pipeline in the first path, smaller conduit is kept to be in extended state, the flexing reducing the compression in small diameter pipeline and thus cause thus.At least some of the thermal expansion of pipeline 130-4 can be held by outlet area 153 in such such as described by Figure 21 A.

In another modification 143 of binary channel pipe arrangement being shown in Figure 25 B, fixed position X is arranged in tow-away zone 175-1.Pipe arrangement 143 shown in Figure 25 B is different from the pipe arrangement 400 shown in Figure 25 A in fixing position.In the modification shown in Figure 25 B, at vertical inlet region 152 and vertical outlet area 153 place such as described by Figure 21 A, contain thermal expansion suchly.

In another modification 144 in addition of binary channel pipe arrangement being shown in Figure 25 C, in tow-away zone 175, have employed breathing space (such as vertical or level).As shown in the figure, if two phase flow was formed before alternate path, then flow control apparatus 145 can be used on revolution and sentences the formation preventing phase shift or slug.In tow-away zone 175, adopt breathing space to allow each pipeline between arrival end A and far-end B, be fixed (being denoted as fixed position X).Herein, fixed position still must not be identical (relative to arrival end A and far-end B) for different pipeline.Such as, according to diameter, temperature offset amount and the structure of arranging different pipeline 130 in 144, fixed position X can be selected to coordinate the relative expansion of pipeline 130, thus make the pipeline of small diameter from the impact of compression stress that can cause flexing.

In Figure 26 A to Figure 26 B, provide the example of pipe arrangement, described pipe arrangement maintains binary channel flow path (the binary channel flow path such as shown in Fig. 3, Figure 24 and Figure 25 A to Figure 25 C).Wherein, pipe arrangement 201 comprises three export-oriented parallelpiped 130-1,130-2,130-3, described pipeline is fed in revolution collector 175-1 in the first path, the antiparallel direction in the single Returning pipe 130-4 that flowing is redirected in alternate path in described revolution collector.Returning pipe 130-4 is arranged to the center line C near receiver, and pipe arrangement 201 can be but must not be about cross central line C symmetry.Fluid can before alternate path or period experience phase transformation, thus the diameter of Returning pipe 130-4 may be selected to the diameter being greater than export-oriented pipeline, such as export-oriented pipeline can have internal diameter or the external diameter of about 1.5 inches, 1.66 inches, 2.0 inches or 2.5 inches, and Returning pipe can have internal diameter than the internal diameter of export-oriented pipeline or external diameter similar greatly 0.5 inch, 1.0 inches or 1.5 inches or external diameter.In some variations, adopt the export-oriented pipeline of 2 inches of internal diameters or external diameter and the Returning pipe of 3 inches of internal diameters or external diameter, and in some variations, adopt the export-oriented pipeline of 1.66 inches of internal diameters or external diameter and the Returning pipe of 3.5 inches of internal diameters or external diameter.Figure 26 A illustrates a modification, and in described modification, the center line of multiple pipeline defines plane 404, thus the lower surface of larger diameter pipeline is dropped under the lower surface of small diameter pipeline.Figure 26 B illustrates the modification 202 of pipe arrangement, and in described modification, the lower surface of all pipelines (no matter diameter) defines plane 405.Also contemplate other modification, in described modification, the upper surface of multiple pipeline defines plane, or pipeline is in nonplanar layout in described modification, such as, be arranged to convex or concave form (such as just or the herringbone of falling).

Any fixed configuration described herein or that otherwise recognize can use with the plumbing configurations shown in Figure 26 A to Figure 26 B.Alternatively, plumbing configurations shown in Figure 26 A to Figure 26 B can be similar to shown in Figure 25 A and be fixed like that, wherein only Returning pipe 130-4 and 130-8 is fixed at position 275-4 and 275-8 place respectively, and described position is the approximate centre (such as midpoint) between the arrival end A of receiver and far-end B.Thus, the differential expansion of the export-oriented pipeline in alternate path upstream can be held by inlet region (not shown), and the expansion of Returning pipe in fixture downstream can be held by vertical outlet area (not shown).Such as, inlet region or outlet area one of at least can comprise one or more bend, described bend is inflatable, shrink and/or distortion to adapt to duct length change.An example of this pipeline configuration is the pipeline configuration comprising two or more bend, and wherein at least two of two or more bend are not in same plane mutually.Such as, these two bends can be in approximate mutually perpendicular plane.The expansion of pipeline can cause twist motion through the expansion of two bends, is decreased on pipeline and/or to the stress on any joint of pipeline by the expansion of two bends.At the U.S. Patent application 12/012 that title is " linear fresnel solar arrays and the parts for this ", provide and have this bend with the example of the pipeline of accommodate thermal expansion in 920, described application is incorporated by reference in their entirety to herein.

The layout of fixed position can be selected thus make be less than in the ducted expansion of the extroversion of small diameter or be approximately equal to the expansion in the Returning pipe of upstream, fixed position, thus make the export-oriented pipeline of small diameter mainly remain on extended state, instead of remain on the compressive state that can cause flexing.

Still with reference to figure 26A to Figure 26 B, any suitable fixed mechanism can be used for fixed-piping (such as pipeline 130-4 and 130-8), the such as weldment shown in Figure 27 A and Figure 27 B or pipeline rest.If water/steam is used as heat-transfer fluid, heat flux distribution then on pipe arrangement can make Jie Re and may partly seethe with excitement to occur in parallel export-oriented pipeline 130-1,130-2,130-3,130-5,130-6 and 130-7, and boiling and overheatedly to occur in pipeline 130-4 and 130-8 of bosom.The higher-strength part of gathering solar radiation is aimed at and wherein the overheated bosom pipeline of generation can be improved steam output, steam quality, superheated steam output, unit efficiency, operational reliability or their any combination.Boundary position 1176-4 and 1176-8 indicates normal operation period superheated steam and forms residing position.As mentioned before, the temperature sensor being arranged in upstream and downstream two place of border 1176-4 and 1176-8 can be used as feeding back and enters the mass flow of export-oriented pipeline to control fluid and/or control optional temperature adjustment spraying.As drawn shown in shadow region 276, expection occur the bosom pipeline at overheated place whole or end section can: i) be made up of the pipeline material of the type being different from pipe arrangement remainder; Ii) different solar selective coats is coated with; Or iii) have concurrently i) and ii).Such as, draw shadow region 276 and can represent the pipeline formed by higher temperatures alloy (such as low-alloy steel, as T22), and/or it is coated with the pipeline of the solar selective coat being applicable to higher temperature.In some cases, such as the transformation of solar selective coat instead of the transformation of pipeline material can be there is according to the stable over temperature of coating and pipe arrangement in the different piece of pipe arrangement.Draw shadow region and can represent about 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20% or about 10% of receiver length.For the line focus receiver with about 1600 foot lengths be used in linear Fresnel array, draw shadow region and can represent about 200,400,600,800,1000,1200,1400 or 1600 feet.

Any suitable revolution collector can use with pipe arrangement as herein described.An example is shown in Figure 37 A to Figure 37 C.The particular variant of this revolution collector can be used on some when having plumbing configurations as shown in Figure 25 A and Figure 26.Revolution collector 175 comprises region 408, and export-oriented pipeline 130-1,130-2 and 130-3 are fed in described region 408.Region 408 is at one end gone up and is stopped by lid 401.As shown in the figure, can be spaced apart with most external pipeline 130-1 by lid 401 by means of of region 408 section.Weld spacing on pipe arrangement can be arranged by this section of tubing and the stress of the expection of experience and pressure criterion be determined.Region 408 is connected to arcuate segments 402, thus the meeting interflow from export-oriented pipeline 130-1,130-2 and 130-3 is redirected in Returning pipe 130-4 to flow in the opposite direction thus to form the alternate path by receiver.Revolution collector 175 shown in Figure 37 A to Figure 37 C is in the plane 403 limited by pipeline 130-1,130-2,130-3 and 130-4.Although the revolution collector shown in Figure 37 A to Figure 37 B shows for having 3 export-oriented pipelines and single Returning pipe, have also contemplated that the modification with 2,4,5,6,7 or 8 or more export-oriented pipelines.Equally, although the modification shown in Figure 37 A to Figure 37 C illustrates that Returning pipe has the internal diameter larger than export-oriented pipeline, but have also contemplated that other modification, in described modification, export-oriented pipeline has the approximately uniform internal diameter with Returning pipe, or is greater than the internal diameter of Returning pipe as described herein.

Any suitable fixture, method or mechanism can be adopted to fix pipeline for shockproof or other stability object.Such as, rest can be adopted with stable pipe arrangement (such as one or more loop) at rotary position or revolution collector place in some variations.Rest can weld or otherwise be fixed to the structural member in solar collector system.Figure 27 A shows an example of rest 1220, and described rest is used for revolution collector 175(to be connected to pipeline 130) be fixed to structural member 1221.

Figure 27 B shows an example of pipeline rest, and described pipeline rest can adopt along pipeline to fix this pipeline.At this, rest 1223 comprises collar part 1224, and described collar part is linked to pipeline 130 and coordinates with the holding device or structure 1225 that are fixed to structural member, thus makes pipeline 130 can not be translated through holding device or structure 1225 in either direction.Rest 1223 positive and negatively all can be installed or be soldered to holding device or structure 1225 in ground.

In other modification, one or more buffer or other movement suppression device can be used as the fixture in pipe arrangement.This buffer or movement suppression device can play the shock motion (such as can occur during earthquake or other burst or transient affair) weakening relative high frequency but still the effect allowing the motion of very low frequency (such as can occur during the thermal expansion of run duration at pipeline).Figure 28 provides an example of the fixed system adopting buffer.This design comprises end, limits expansion in described end, and once pipeline has been expanded to the limit reaching this end, then pipeline expands in the opposite direction.In Figure 28, pipeline 130 has end 1226, such as limits expansion by buffer 1227 in described end.Buffer 1227 limits the amount of pipeline 130 in the thermal expansion at end 1226 place.Fixture 1229-2 is attached to structure 1231, and allows the limited expansion of pipeline 130.End 1228 on end 1226 opposite can be fixed to structure 1232 by fixture 1229-1, and described fixture allows the finite motion of pipeline.Fixture 1229-1 and 1229-2 can be any suitable fixture, such as, pipeline rest shown in Figure 27 B.If pipeline rest is used as fixture, then can be configured so that pipeline does not slip over holding device in only one direction in either direction or in some cases.

Another modification that pipe arrangement is fixing is shown in Figure 29.At this, pipe arrangement 1300 comprises export-oriented pipeline 130-1,130-2 and 130-3 of being connected with revolution collector 172.Revolution collector 172 make flow inversion enter single Returning pipe 130-4, can occur in described Returning pipe boiling and/or overheated.In this particular variant, pipeline 130-4 is fixed to a certain structure by fixture 1301.Revolution collector 172 is fixed by fixture 1302.One of fixture 1301 and 1302 or can be both damping fixture, described damping fixture such as weakens high frequency motion by adopting buffer as shown in figure 28.If fixture 1301 and 1302 only one be damping fixture, then another of fixture 1301 and 1302 can be rest or welding fixture.Optional for pipeline 130-1 being fixed to the pipeline rest 1303 of structure 1304.

In some cases, pipeline rest can be connected to structure via spring, can select described spring confined expansion and/or weaken the motion of some frequency.Figure 29 illustrates an example.At this, pipeline rest 1303 is such as attached to pipeline 130-1 by welding.Rest 1303 is connected to structure 1306 by spring 1305.The elongation of spring, the rigidity of spring and/or spring constant can be selected to carry out the expansion of restriction conduit 130-1, and/or weaken the motion (such as there are the vibrations of relative high frequency) with some frequency.

Figure 30 shows can the example of tow-away zone of accommodate thermal expansion.This tow-away zone can such as be used in the pipe arrangement such as shown in Fig. 4.Tow-away zone 172 comprises loop 1310, and described loop can be made up of pipe line area, can be maybe single part.In some cases, expansion circuit as shown in figure 30 can comprise the single part of forging, or the multiple forge pieces welding or otherwise link together.Lateral direction element or plate (be denoted as and draw shadow region 1313) can be used for tow-away zone is stablized.Alternatively, flow control apparatus 1307 can be arranged in loop 1310 arrival end 1309 place or near.Flow control apparatus 1307 can be any suitable device, such as filter screen, for controlled vortex flow device, for control eddy flow device, for reduce turbulent flow device, for reducing device, throttle orifice, the baffle plate or like this of the formation of bubble.Alternatively, flow control apparatus 1311 can be arranged in loop 1310 the port of export 1312 place or near.Flow control apparatus 1311 can be any suitable device, the throttle orifice of such as valve, fixed diameter, baffle plate, filter screen, filter, for control eddy flow device, for control turbulent flow device, for reducing the device or like this of the formation of bubble.

Can by any suitable mode by pipe-supporting in pipe arrangement, described mode allows the thermal expansion of the appropriate amount of this pipeline, and the thermal expansion difference between multiple pipeline.In some variations, the one or more pipelines in pipe arrangement can suspend from top, and suspending mechanism allows pipeline along its length expansion.The non-limiting example of suitable suspending mechanism comprises track and roller mechanism, pulley type mechanism, bearing and slide mechanism.

Figure 31 provides the example of the suspending mechanism for pipeline.At this, pipeline 130 is maintained in fixture 1320.Fixture 1320 is such as connected to axle 1321 via the optional traction element 1322 that connects, and described axle 1321 is extending perpendicular on the direction of duct length.Rotatable element 1323(such as wheel or roller) around axle 1321 or along with axle 1321 rotate with along be parallel to pipeline 130 extend track or passage 1324 advance.

In the suspending mechanism adopting rotatable element (such as wheel or roller), any suitable mechanism or configuration can be used for rotatable element to be linked to track or passage, and rotatable element is rolled along described track or passage.Some non-limiting example is shown in Figure 33 A to Figure 33 E.First with reference to figure 33A, can from axle 1321(such as via connection or traction element 1322) suspension pipeline (not shown), described axle 1321 define rotatable element 1323 rotate around axis.In this modification, rotatable element 1323 is rolled along the edge 1325 of passage 1324, and described passage extends with being parallel to pipeline.When pipe expansion or when shrinking, rotatable element is advanced along passage 1324, holds thus and expands and shrink.Another modification is shown in Figure 33 B.In this modification, rotatable element 1323 is rolled in the track or recess 1345 of passage 1324.For the example shown in Figure 31, Figure 32, Figure 33 A to Figure 33 E, Figure 35 A to Figure 35 B or Figure 36 A to Figure 36 B, the material of passage can be any suitable material, but channel material is selected from and comprises carbon steel, galvanized carbon steel (such as N1 galvanized carbon steel), stainless steel (such as ferrite or austenitic stainless steel) or electroplate stainless set in some variations.Joint 1349 between rotatable element 1323 and axle 1321 can be any suitable But rotary joint, such as, reduce or eliminate adhesion or block the But rotary joint squeezed.Such as, as shown in Figure 33 C, one or more bearing can be used in joint 1349, such as, can adopt ball bearing, as stainless steel bearing.In some cases, rotatable element can be configured so that surface is not easy to wear, and the rotatable element of such as such as wheel at least can have the surface of the contact channels be made up of bronze, nickel, graphite, graphite bronze, cast iron, carbide, aluminium oxide or other pottery.Traction or connection element 1322 can be made up of stainless steel.Define rotatable element 1323 rotate around the axle 1321 of axis can be any suitable axle type, but as shown in Figure 33 D to Figure 33 E, can provide axle 1321 by beam shoulder bolt 1347 and cylinder nut 1348 in some variations, described screw bolt and nut can be such as made up of stainless steel.Connector between axle 1321 and connector 1322 can be any suitable connector, but have employed compression fit assembly in some variations.

Another modification for the suspending mechanism of the accommodate thermal expansion of pipeline is shown in Figure 32.In Figure 32, pipeline 130 remains in fixture 1320.Fixture 1320 is such as connected to the slide assemblies 1332 do not rolled via optional traction element or connector 1321.When pipeline 130 expands and shrinks, slide assemblies 1322 such as slidably surface 1334 on slide along passage 1333.The non-limiting example of slide assemblies is shown in Figure 36 A to Figure 36 B.As shown in Figure 36 A, slide assemblies 1332 can be arc, bending or otherwise turn over to avoid blocking in edge in edge 1365 place in some variations.As shown in figure 36b, slide assemblies 1332 can have the edge of rounding in some variations.The modification with rounded edges 1365 can be or can not be arc, bending or otherwise turn in edge 1365 place as shown in Figure 36 A.Refer again to Figure 36 A, in some variations, slide assemblies 1332 has the length 1367 longer than the transverse width 1366 of passage 1333, thus prevents the distortion in passage.

The fixture of any suitable type can be used for pipeline to be solidly connected to suspending mechanism, such as, shown in Figure 31, Figure 32, Figure 33 A to Figure 33 B, Figure 35 A to Figure 35 B or Figure 36 A to Figure 36 B.Adjacent channel being arranged, fixture is desirable, thus make not have between adjacent channel to rub, collision, card squeeze, the interference of other type.As shown in fig. 34 a, in some cases, when having thermal expansion difference between pipeline 130-1 and 130-2, the straight fixture 1320-1 relative to pipeline 130-1 with suddenly outstanding abutment 1350 can collide with the adjoining clips 1320-2 on adjacent channel 130-2.A feasible solution arranges fixture on adjacent channel, thus making them through to slide each other instead of suddenly collide, such as, by the angle of alignment jig side and/or to be positioned at by fixture on adjacent channel thus to make: i) fixture is opened along the length separation of adjacent channel and is not collided when normal expansion; Ii) fixture avoids the suddenly collision in edge relative to pipeline adjusting angle; And/or iii) fixture layout become to continue overlapping with adjoining clips thus make fixture through sliding over each other without the need to sliding through adjoining clips edge.Figure 34 B to Figure 34 C provides the example for the adjacent fixture layout through adjusting angle.At this, each of fixture 1320-1 and 1320-2 through adjusting angle respectively on pipeline 130-1 and 130-2 have adjusted angle relative to pipeline 130-1 and 130-2, and can be passed through and slide each other.Fixture (the straight fixture such as shown in 34A or the fixture through adjusting angle as shown in Figure 34 B to Figure 34 C) is mounted on pipeline by available any suitable method.Such as, partially-formed or unfashioned fixture 1351(is for through adjusting angle or straight fixture) can be laid in pipeline as shown in Figure 34 D, and tighten up around pipeline subsequently.The fixture tightened up is fixed by available any suitable fixture 1352, such as bolt, fixture, weldment, cotter pin, etc.Figure 35 A to Figure 35 B shows the example of the pipeline suspended by means of suspending mechanism (shown in such as Figure 31, Figure 32, Figure 33 A to Figure 33 E or Figure 34 A to Figure 34 E).Passage 1360 can be such as the passage 1324 such as shown in Figure 31, Figure 33 A to Figure 33 B or passage as shown in figure 32 1333.Passage 1360 is supported by supporting member 1361, and described supporting member can be connected to solar receiver (not shown), for the supporting member of solar receiver (not shown) or independent supporting member (not shown).As shown in Figure 35 A, during the normal expansion scope 1363 when fixture 1320 can be arranged along pipeline 130 thus make to run under the service condition of expecting, at pipeline, fixture 1320 does not contact end cap 1362.At some time, such as, during power loss or disturbance situation, pipe temperature can exceed the limit of expection or design.As shown in Figure 35 B, in some variations, fixture can be designed to allow pipe slides substantially can not be damaged structure or the receiver of fixture, pipeline or suspending mechanism by fixture, such as, damage being limited in lower than failpoint.Even if in these configurations, also can wish or need to repair fixture, pipeline, suspending mechanism (such as passage) or pipeline coatings or change after pipe slides is by its pipeline jig.

In some cases, the mode of the permission thermal expansion of pipeline or the thermal expansion difference of multiple pipeline can be adopted from lower support pipeline.In some cases, roller can be used for from lower support pipeline, such as, in U.S. Patent Application Serial Number 10/597, and 966 and U.S. Patent Application Serial Number 12/012, described in 829, application described in each is incorporated by reference in their entirety to herein.Figure 38 A to Figure 38 L shows the example of the bearing assembly comprising independent supporting roller, and described supporting roller is used for each pipeline in pipe arrangement.These bearing assemblies can such as supporting the pipeline in the pipe arrangement shown in Figure 25 A, Figure 26 A to Figure 26 B or Fig. 5 A to Fig. 5 C.First with reference to figure 38A, bearing assembly 1410 comprises axle 1411, and roller 1412 rotates around described axle 1411.Axle is approximately perpendicular to duct length.Figure 38 B illustrates the modification of axle 1411.Alternatively, separator 1413 can be arranged between two adjacent rollers 1412.Roller 1412 can be but must not be that taper or given shape (profiled) are to hold the cylindrical shape of pipeline.Figure 38 C to Figure 38 E shows the non-limiting example of given shape roller.In figure 38 c, roller 1412 has the zone line 1415 of nonspecific shape, the stub area 1414 of given shape and core body 1416, and axle 1411 extends through described core body.Figure 38 D illustrates the modification of roller 1412, and in described modification, the zone line 1415 of nonspecific shape is shorter than the zone line shown in Figure 38 C.Figure 38 E shows the modification of roller 1412, and described roller does not have the zone line of nonspecific shape.Also contemplate other modification of roller, in described modification, roller does not have given shape region, or single roller can support more than one pipeline in described modification.Roller in bearing assembly and/or the roller interval in bearing assembly can change to hold different pipe diameter.Such as, as shown in fig. 38 a, roll the pipeline that 1412-1,1412-2,1412-3,1412-5,1412-6 and 1412-7 can support small diameter outward, and in roll 1412-4 and 1412-8 and can support larger-diameter pipeline, such as, shown in Figure 25 A, Figure 26 A to Figure 26 C and Fig. 5 A to Fig. 5 C.For holding this larger-diameter pipeline, inside rolling 1412-4 and 1412-8 can be comparatively large, such as, have longer end to tip dimensions 1417, and/or can have larger center to center spacing 1418.Roller can have surface composition thus reduce the damage to pipe surface, if when especially pipe surface is coated with solar selective coat.Roller material can be selected based on the formation of the swell increment of expection, pipeline, pipeline weight and/or pipeline temperature in use.Roller in single bearing assembly can but must not have same or similar composition.In some variations, the one or more rollers in bearing assembly can be made up of graphite bronze at least in part.In some cases, one or more roller can have cast iron or carbide coating.

Alternatively, roller 1412 and axle 1411 can be carried in rolling disk (roller tray) 1419.Figure 38 A, Figure 38 F to Figure 38 J shows the non-limiting modification of rolling disk.First with reference to figure 38F, rolling disk 1419 comprises sidewall 1422 and end wall 1420.Separator 1413 is supported between sidewall 1422, such as, in groove 1423.Separator 1413 defines depression (pocket) 1421 in rolling disk 1419, and wherein each depression 1421 is connected with single roller.The effect that separator in use can play is aimed at whole bearing assembly by the roller 1412 of individuality, and prevent adjacent rollers from contacting with each other.Axle 1411 can by the recess 1424(such as arc-shaped notch formed in separator 1413) carrying.Figure 38 L shows the example of separator 1413.At this, separator 1413 comprises arc-shaped notch 1424, and described arc-shaped notch has less radius of curvature to hold the axle 1411 of wishing.In this particular variant, separator 1413 comprises Side tabs 1430 to insert in sidewall notches 1423.Alternatively, separator 1413 can comprise lower projections 1431 to insert the bottom groove 1433 of the bottom surface 1432 of rolling disk 1419.Separator 1413 can be arranged to limit the depression 1421 of different size thus the pipeline of accommodation different size along pallet 1419.For the pipe arrangement shown in such as Figure 25 A, Figure 26 A to Figure 26 B or Fig. 5 A to Fig. 5 C, bosom depression 1421-4 and 1421-8 for holding the roller being used in larger diameter pipeline can have the length 1428 longer than the length 1439 of outside depression 1421-1,1421-2,1421-3,1421-5,1421-6 and 1421-7, and described outside depression is for holding the roller being used in small diameter pipeline.As shown in Figure 38 G, alternatively, the modification of the rolling disk 1419 shown in Figure 38 F can be made up (such as punching press) of single flat board (such as steel), and described flat board is bent and welds subsequently.Figure 38 H to Figure 38 I shows another modification of rolling disk 1419.In this modification, optional installing rack 1426 is connected to each end wall 1421.What extend between each installing rack 1426 and the end wall 1421 of its correspondence is one or two angle bracket 1427.As shown in Figure 38 I, the modification of 1419 shown in Figure 38 H can be made (such as punching press) by single thin plate (such as steel) and be bent and be welded into its final form subsequently.Although not shown in Figure 38 H to Figure 38 I, separator 1413 can be supported with reach 1411 and the roller 1412 of separating adjacent by groove 1423.Notice that the size (such as shown in Figure 38 F to Figure 38 I) of rolling disk 1419 can be change, such as, the height 1429 of sidewall 1422 can be made less thus provide lower profile for rolling disk.Figure 38 J to Figure 38 K provides the example of low profile tray design.As shown in Figure 38 K, the low profile tray design as shown in Figure 38 J can be made up of single thin plate (such as passing through punching press) and be bent and be welded into its final form subsequently.In some variations, two separators 1413 can be used between adjacent channel, such as, between the larger-diameter pipeline pipeline of 4 inch diameters (such as 3 inches, 3.5 inches or) and adjacent channel.Figure 38 K shows the example of this modification.Although obviously do not illustrate separator 1413 in Figure 38 K, but illustrated therein is groove 1423-4 ' and groove 1423-4 " each for carrying respective separator 1413 to limit pipe recess 1421-4, and groove 1423-8 ' and groove 1423-8 " each for carrying respective separator 1413 to limit pipe recess 1421-8.Thus, pipe recess 1421-4 and 1421-8 has the separator they separated with adjacent depression for a pair.Pipe recess 1421-1,1421-2,1421-5 and 1421-6 only have the single separator they separated with adjacent depression.Pipe recess 1421-3 and 1421-7 has the single separator they separated with adjacent depression in side, and has the separator they separated with adjacent depression for a pair at opposite side.

In some variations, the diameter of each pipeline of (in example above or hereinafter described herein) pipeline 130 can change, and plan carrying has larger diameter compared with the pipeline of hot fluid.Such as, overheated pipeline 130-4 and 130-8 in Fig. 5 A to Fig. 5 C has the diameter larger than other pipeline.Again such as, described in pipeline 130-4 and 130-8(of the alternate path in Figure 26 A to Figure 26 B, pipeline can accommodate saturated vapor or superheated steam) there is the diameter larger than other pipeline.In the modification of any one of these examples, pipeline 130-4 and 130-8 has about 4, the internal diameter of about 3.5, about 3, about 2.5 or about 2 inches or external diameter, and other pipeline has internal diameter or the external diameter of about 2, about 1.5 or about 1 inches.Such as, pipeline 130-4 and 130-8 can have internal diameter or the external diameter of about 3 inches or 3.5 inches, and other pipeline can have internal diameter or the external diameter of about 2 inches, 1.66 inches, 1.5 inches or 1 inch.This increment of pipe diameter can be selected to be such as less than about 10 bar by maintaining from inlet header to the pressure drop of outlet header during the peak value solar energy condition of expection.In some cases, can adopt in single pipe arrangement there is the pipeline that three, four, five, six or more plant different-diameter.Such as, the pipeline in each in succession path can have the diameter increased relative to the pipeline in previous path.The wall thickness of pipeline is selected in the stress that can experience at run duration based on the running temperature of the composition of the composition of pipeline, heat-transfer fluid, pipeline and/or pressure, pipeline or strain, safety or operation instruction policy, code or specification (such as boiler code) or their any combination.The diameter of pipeline also can be selected to be down to minimum amount of metal used to be down to minimum and/or that can exist (such as (such as night) is stored in pipeline 130 between the inoperative period) the water yield.Also can select pipe diameter with by fluid by all or part of pipeline 130(such as by evaporation and superheat section) time of delivery be down to minimum, such as fluid flow through small diameter pipeline time faster in situation, this so can provide to control system (such as such control system: described control system utilize temperature in the duct or another physical parameter of the fluid left from pipeline as to the control inputs or the feedback that control fluid and enter the control system of the mass flow of pipeline) comparatively fast-response.

In some modification of pipe arrangement as herein described, when pipe arrangement has six or less ebullator pipeline, the pipeline that pipeline 130 comprises has the different internal diameter of as many as two kinds or external diameter.Have seven in some modification of 12 ebullator pipelines, the pipeline that pipeline 130 comprises has the different internal diameter of as many as three kinds or external diameter.In some modification with 12 or more ebullator pipelines, the pipeline that pipeline 130 comprises has the different internal diameter of as many as four kinds or external diameter.

In some variations, the material that (in example above or hereinafter described herein) makes each pipeline of pipeline 130 can change according to the heat recipient fluid process occurred wherein.Such as, economizer and ebullator pipeline (or the Part portions pipeline of boiling can occur wherein) can be made up of carbon steel in some variations, and overheated pipeline (or overheated Part portions pipeline occurs in expection wherein) can be made up of T22 or similar low-alloy steel.In some cases, T22 or similar material can allow superheat steam temperature up to about 900 °F or about 1000 °F.In some cases, the pipeline (or section of tubing) (such as Jie Re and boiling pipeline) experiencing lower temperature that is in operation can be made up of carbon steel, and the pipeline (or section of tubing) (such as overheated pipeline) of the experience higher temperature that is in operation can be made up of stainless steel (the non-austenitic stainless steel of such as such as martensite or ferritic stainless steel).

In some variations, the solar selective coat on each pipeline of (in example above or hereinafter described herein) pipeline 130 can be different on composition according to the endothermic process occurred wherein (maximum temperature of such as endothermic process).Such as, comprise the solar selective coat of electronickelling ashbury metal and sol-gel cuticula (such as at U.S. Patent number 6,632,542 and 6,783, solar selective coat described in 653, patent described in each is incorporated by reference in their entirety to herein) solar selective coat on those pipelines (or part of pipeline) of can be used as being maintained at about 250 DEG C, 300 DEG C or 350 DEG C or lower temperature in expection, and be designed for solar selective coat (the such as SOLKOTE of higher temperature ^tM, come from New Jersey, the SOLEC Sunpower Corp. in Ewing city) can be used in the part of remaining pipes or pipeline.

For multi-pipeline receiver as herein described, relatively a large amount of thermal energy storage is in heat-transfer fluid (such as water) and in the metal of pipeline.This energy storage just have lost at night.By reducing the amount of energy storage in multi-pipeline receiver like this: select the quantity of pipeline in solar receiver and their diameter to make to be inversely proportional in the density of the fluid of pipe interior the hot-fluid be incident on pipeline, and the pressure drop on duct length is proportional to the density in this pipeline.This can reduce the amount of energy storage in the receiver.As shown in fig. 40, to be pressure reduce, as shown in line 4000 along the length linear of boiler tubing the standing procedure in boiler.But the density of the fluid in pipeline, only in the frontal reduction of its experience phase transformation, is shown in position 4001 place in the curve 4002 in Figure 40 B.The quantity of optionally connected receipts device interior conduit and diameter to realize the non-linear voltage drop (shown in the curve 4004 in such as Figure 40 A) along duct length, thus make the pressure drop in pipeline be similar to be proportional to the density (shown in the curve 4002 in such as Figure 40 B) in pipeline.With reference now to Figure 40 C, it illustrates the example of pipe arrangement 4005, described pipe arrangement has binary channel flow path, is similar to the flow path shown in Fig. 3, Figure 24, Figure 25 A to Figure 25 C and Figure 26 A to Figure 26 B.Feedwater enters export-oriented pipeline 130-1,130-2,130-3,130-5,130-6 and 130-7 in parallel and the solar radiation be aggregated first time irradiates, until it arrives revolution collector, the pipeline 130-4 flowed through in alternate path from the junction of pipeline 130-1,130-2 and 130-3 in described collector passes back through the radiation of gathering, and passes back through the radiation of gathering to produce superheated steam from the junction pipeline 130-8 flowed through in alternate path of pipeline 130-5,130-6 and 130-7.As shown in the figure, the density in pipe arrangement reduces from bosom pipeline to most external pipeline.The relative duct size diameter of most external and bosom pipeline can be selected with the pressure drop making the pressure drop along the length of most external pipeline 130-1,130-2,130-3,130-5,130-6 and 130-7 be substantially equal to the length along bosom pipeline 130-4 and 130-8.With reference now to Figure 40 D, it illustrates pipe arrangement 4006, described pipe arrangement has 12 pipelines being in binary channel configuration.The relative diameter of most external pipeline 130-1,130-2,130-3,130-5,130-6,130-7,130-9,130-10,130-11 and 130-12 and bosom pipeline 130-4 and 130-8 is chosen to make the pressure drop along most external duct length to be greater than pressure drop along bosom duct length.This realizes by the diameter of most external pipeline is chosen as the diameter being substantially less than bosom pipeline.Configuration shown in Figure 40 D causes the subcooled water more less than configuration shown in Figure 40 C.Due to the larger heat compared with large pipeline 130-4 and 130-8, the configuration shown in Figure 40 D stores more multi-energy in the superheat region of pipe arrangement 4006.But at normal operation period and/or between transient period, the waste heat be stored in the superheat region of pipe arrangement can contribute to making overheated stable performance.Note that the quantity of pipeline shown in Figure 40 C and Figure 40 D is only exemplary, and the pipeline of any suitable quantity (such as have and be less than 8 pipelines or the pipe arrangement more than 12 pipelines) can be used for realizing similar result.

Figure 13 illustrates the example of solar collector system 500, described collector systems is included in the solar heat receiver 510 and sun reflection lens array that tower 515 pushes up, described heliostat each can around two angle axles directed with follow the trail of the sun every day apparent motion so that solar radiation is reflexed to receiver 510.It will be understood by those skilled in the art that, this solar energy acquisition system known in the art, and the quantity of layout and the heliostat substantially of the feature of the tower shown in Figure 13, receiver and heliostat is all intended to the schematic example of representatively numerous configuration known in the art.

With reference now to Figure 14, solar heat receiver 510 comprises the solar collector 525,530 and 535 vertically arranged as shown in the figure in some variations.Curve map 540 illustrate by heliostat (not shown) vertically (" Z ") be focused to the exemplary distribution of the solar radiation (" I ") on receiver 510.In shown example, intensity of solar radiation distribution and thus to the heat flux distribution in receiver 510, absorber 530 place than absorber 525 or absorber 535 place large.Aqueous water flows through conduit 545 and comes absorber 525 in some variations, heat along with the solar radiation that it is aggregated in its temperature of described absorber 525 place and increase, described solar radiation provides relatively low hot-fluid (the peak value hot-fluid compared to being provided by the solar radiation assembled).In absorber 525, flowed through collector 550 subsequently by the aqueous water heated come absorber 535, the radiation that it is aggregated equally at described absorber 535 place heats to produce steam further, and described radiation provides relatively low hot-fluid.Steam from absorber 525 flows through collector 560 subsequently and comes absorber 530, and it is overheated that the solar radiation that it is aggregated at described absorber 530 place is heated to, and described solar radiation provides than at absorber 525 and the 535 relative higher hot-fluids in place.Superheated steam leaves receiver 510 by outlet header 565.

Figure 15 illustrates the example of the prone receiver 575 on tower 515 pushes up.Prone receiver 575 comprises prone hole 575, and solar radiation can be focused on the absorber in receiver 575 by heliostat (such as, all heliostats as shown in fig. 13 that) by described hole.

With reference now to Figure 16 A and Figure 16 B, in a modification, solar collector 600 comprises pipeline 600-1 and 600-2 of flow path shown in supporting.When hotter and distribute at the approximate ellipsoidal that periphery is colder at center by the intensity of solar radiation distribution 605(shown in Figure 16 B) when irradiating, first the fluid flowing through absorber 600 will flow through the periphery of solar radiation distribution and flow into the center of solar radiation distribution subsequently.If fluid is such as water, then first water can be aqueous water, heated to increase its temperature in the comparatively low-intensity part that described aqueous water distributes in solar radiation, boiling heated to produce superheated steam in the middle body of solar radiation distribution subsequently.

In the example of Figure 17 A and Figure 17 B, solar collector 700 comprises pipeline 700-1 and 700-2 of flow path shown in supporting.Be similar to the example of Figure 16 A and Figure 16 B, when being irradiated by the intensity of solar radiation distribution 705 shown in Figure 17 B, the periphery first flowing through solar radiation distribution is also flowed into its center by fluid subsequently that flow through absorber 700.If fluid is water, then it can be heated to increase its temperature, boiling heated to produce superheated steam further as described in about Figure 16 A and Figure 16 B.

Again with reference to figure 1, in the operation of solar energy acquisition system 100, control system (not shown) controls motor to make reflector around the rotation of its major axis thus follow the trail of the sun cross the apparent motion of sky at the sun during and thus solar radiation reflexed to solar collector 125, the reflector of described motor rotoflector field 110 and 120.Control system possesses the table of reflector orientation angle in some variations, or can computational reflect device orientation angle, the solar radiation from certain reflector (such as when specific 1 year specific one day specific) can be reflexed to ad-hoc location (such as to solar collector 125) when one day specific by it.

Then with reference to figure 18A and Figure 18 B, the method in one example for calibrating this orientation angle (the angle θ of the reflector 900 in such as Figure 18 A) make use of the light sensor 910 near the solar collector 125 being arranged in solar heat receiver 150.In a modification of the method, when light beam that reflector 900 is rotated through the sufficient range of θ and its reflection be swept to and through sensor 910 time, sensor 910 detection reflexes to the intensity of its light.Figure 18 B illustrates the signal strength signal intensity I(θ exported by sensor) as the curve map of the orientation angle of reflector 900 and the function of time.Then, determine peak value 915(that sensor exports be similar to correspond to by the center of the light beam of reflector reflects), and the time of correspondence and reflector orientation angle.Then, (by such as calculating or passing through to search in showing as previously described) determines reflector orientation angle, and control system can utilize this reflector orientation angle that reflector is oriented light reflection to sensor.Then, the angle determined like this is subtracted orientation angle corresponding to peak value sensor signal to provide collimation angle.Collimation angle can be used as correction value subsequently, and adding to control system is solar collector 125 is aimed in the solar radiation of reflection determine in the angle of (such as calculate or search), to improve the accuracy that solar radiation is reflected onto receiver.

In one aspect, method for collecting solar energy comprises the multiple parallelpipeds fluid comprising steam being flowed through be arranged to side-by-side configuration, and solar radiation is focused to comprise the plurality of pipeline heat absorber on to be provided to ducted heat flux distribution, the fluid in described heat flux distribution water back.At least one of multiple pipeline makes steam superheating.Make the pipeline of steam superheating can be positioned at the global maximum place of such as heat flux distribution.Steam can produce elsewhere and be introduced into solar collector so that overheated, or produces in solar collector.

Fluid can comprise aqueous water, and in multiple pipeline, produce steam at least partially by making aqueous water boiling at least partially under hot-fluid in this case, described hot-fluid is lower than the hot-fluid making steam superheating.Seethe with excitement in multiple pipeline the aqueous water producing steam at least partially can boiling before, under hot-fluid, in multiple pipeline, preheating is to increase its temperature, described hot-fluid is lower than the hot-fluid making aqueous water seethe with excitement.In the modification that steam results from outside solar collector, produce steam water at least partially can under hot-fluid in multiple pipeline preheating with outside solar collector boiling before increase its temperature, described hot-fluid is lower than the hot-fluid making steam superheating.

In just described method, multiple pipeline can be connected to each other to provide two or more fluid flow path in some variations, and described flow path is symmetrical mutually around the center line of multiple pipeline.

In one aspect, method for collecting solar energy comprises makes to comprise aqueous water, the fluid of steam or aqueous water and vapor flow by multiple parallelpiped, and described multiple parallelpiped is arranged to side-by-side configuration and is connected to each other to provide around the center line of multiple pipeline two or more fluid flow path symmetrical mutually.The method also comprises to be provided to the heat flux distribution in pipeline on the heat absorber that solar radiation to be focused to and to comprise the plurality of pipeline, the fluid in described heat flux distribution water back.

In some modification of first or second aspect of method, method comprises and solar radiation being focused on heat absorber, thus makes to be greater than at most external pipeline place to the heat flux distribution in pipeline at pipeline place, bosom.Part fluid flows through the first most external pipeline in pipeline side, bosom in a first direction to gather heat.Another part fluid flows through the second most external pipeline in a first direction to gather heat, and described second most external pipeline is in the side relative with the first most external pipeline of bosom pipeline.Bosom pipeline is flowed through at least partially in a direction opposite the first direction to gather other heat by the fluid that heats in the first and second most external pipelines.

In other modification, method also comprises and solar radiation being focused on heat absorber, thus makes to be greater than at most external pipeline place to ducted heat flux distribution at pipeline place, bosom.In these modification, the first most external pipeline that a part of fluid with the first enthalpy flows through in pipeline side, bosom also increases its enthalpy thus to gather heat.Another part fluid with the first enthalpy or approximate first enthalpy flows through the second most external pipeline to gather heat and to increase its enthalpy thus, and described second most external pipeline is at the first most external pipeline offside of bosom pipeline.Bosom pipeline is flowed through at least partially to gather other heat and to increase the enthalpy of fluid thus further by the fluid that heats in the first and second most external pipelines.

In just described method, can be parallel or antiparallel in the ducted flowing of most external.If be parallel in the ducted flowing of most external, then in bosom, ducted flowing can be parallel or be anti-parallel in the ducted flowing of most external.

In other modification of method, method also comprises and solar radiation being focused on heat absorber, thus makes to be greater than at most external pipeline place to ducted heat flux distribution at pipeline place, bosom.In these modification, the Part I comprising the fluid of water, steam or water and steam flows through the first most external pipeline in pipeline side, bosom to gather heat, the another part comprising the fluid of water, steam or water and steam flows through the second most external pipeline to gather heat, and described second most external pipeline is at the first most external pipeline offside of bosom pipeline.Vapor flow that is that produce in the first and second most external pipelines or that produced by heating in the first and second most external pipelines by water also produces superheated steam by bosom pipeline thus to gather other heat.

In just described method, equally, can be parallel or antiparallel in the ducted flowing of most external.If be parallel in the ducted flowing of most external, then in bosom, ducted flowing can be parallel or be anti-parallel in the ducted flowing of most external.

In one aspect, method for collecting solar energy comprises on the heat absorber that solar radiation to be focused to and to comprise multiple parallelpiped to be provided to ducted heat flux distribution, described multiple parallelpiped is arranged to side-by-side configuration, and heat flux distribution is greater than at most external pipeline place at pipeline place, bosom.Fluid flows through the first most external pipeline in pipeline side, bosom in a first direction to gather heat.Fluid also flows through the second most external pipeline in a first direction to gather heat, and described second most external pipeline is at the first most external pipeline offside of bosom pipeline.Bosom pipeline is flowed through at least partially in a direction opposite the first direction to gather other heat by the fluid that heats in the first and second most external pipelines.

In one aspect, method for collecting solar energy comprises on the heat absorber that solar radiation to be focused to and to comprise multiple parallelpiped to be provided to ducted heat flux distribution, described multiple parallelpiped is arranged to side-by-side configuration, and heat flux distribution is greater than at most external pipeline place at pipeline place, bosom.The fluid with the first enthalpy flows through the first most external pipeline in pipeline side, bosom to gather heat and to increase the enthalpy of fluid thus.The fluid with the first enthalpy or approximate first enthalpy flows through the second most external pipeline to gather heat and to increase its enthalpy thus, and described second most external pipeline is at the first most external pipeline offside of bosom pipeline.Bosom pipeline is flowed through at least partially to gather other heat and to increase the enthalpy of fluid thus further by the fluid that heats in the first and second most external pipelines.Can be parallel or antiparallel in the ducted flowing of most external.If be parallel in the ducted flowing of most external, then in bosom, ducted flowing can be parallel or be anti-parallel in the ducted flowing of most external.

In one aspect, method for collecting solar energy comprises on the heat absorber that solar radiation to be focused to and to comprise multiple parallelpiped to be provided to ducted heat flux distribution, described multiple parallelpiped is arranged to side-by-side configuration, and heat flux distribution is greater than at most external pipeline place at pipeline place, bosom.The mixture of water, steam or water and steam flows through the first most external pipeline in pipeline side, bosom to gather heat.The mixture of water, steam or water and steam flows through the second most external pipeline to gather heat, and described second most external pipeline is at the first most external pipeline offside of bosom pipeline.Vapor flow that is that produce in the first and second most external pipelines or that produced by heating in the first and second most external pipelines by water also produces superheated steam by bosom pipeline thus to gather other heat.Can be parallel or antiparallel in the ducted flowing of most external.If be parallel in the ducted flowing of most external, then in bosom, ducted flowing can be parallel or be anti-parallel in the ducted flowing of most external.

In some modification of method, multiple pipeline can be connected to each other to provide around the center line of multiple pipeline two or more fluid flow path symmetrical mutually.

In one aspect, method for collecting solar energy make use of the first heat absorber and the second heat absorber, described first heat absorber comprises multiple first parallelpipeds being arranged to side-by-side configuration, and described second heat absorber comprises multiple second parallelpipeds being arranged to side-by-side configuration.Method comprises and is focused on the first heat absorber solar radiation to be provided to multiple first ducted heat flux distribution, and solar radiation is focused on the second heat absorber to be provided to the heat flux distribution in multiple second pipe, described extremely multiple first ducted heat flux distribution is greater than the most external pipeline place at multiple first pipeline at pipeline place, bosom, described heat flux distribution to multiple second pipe is greater than the most external pipeline place at multiple second pipe at pipeline place, bosom.

Fluid flows through the first heat absorber to gather heat by the first most external pipeline in a first direction, and described first most external pipeline is in the side of the bosom pipeline of multiple first pipeline.Fluid flows through the first heat absorber to gather heat by the second most external pipeline in a first direction, described second most external pipeline bosom pipeline with the first most external pipeline opposite side.

Flow through the second heat absorber to gather other heat by the first most external pipeline in a second direction at least partially by the fluid that heats in the first or second most external pipeline of the first heat absorber, described first most external pipeline is in the side of bosom pipeline.In the first or second most external pipeline of the first heat absorber, flowed through the second heat absorber to gather other heat by the second most external pipeline in a second direction by least another part of the fluid heated, described second most external pipeline bosom pipeline with the first most external pipeline opposite side.

In the first and second most external pipelines of the second heat absorber by the fluid that heats at least partially with second party in the opposite direction on flow through the bosom pipeline of the second heat absorber to gather other heat and to be separated into gas phase and liquid phase subsequently.The bosom pipeline flowing through the first heat absorber at least partially in a direction opposite the first direction of gas phase is to heat gas phase and to increase its temperature.

In just described method, first direction and second direction can be parallel, antiparallel or intersect.In some variations, the pipeline of the first absorber can be connected to each other to provide around the center line of multiple first pipeline two or more fluid flow path symmetrical mutually.Alternatively, or in addition, the pipeline of the second absorber can be connected to each other to provide around the center line of multiple second pipe two or more fluid flow path symmetrical mutually.

In one aspect, method for collecting solar energy utilizes first, second and the 3rd solar collector, described absorber adjacently to each arrange in the vertical direction and the second absorber first and the 3rd between absorber.Method comprises and is focused to provide the heat flux distribution of in the vertical direction on first, second and the 3rd solar collector by solar radiation, and heat flux distribution is greater than at the second absorber place first and the 3rd absorber place.Water flow by the first absorber to gather heat and to increase its temperature.Also steam is produced thus by second absorber that flows through at least partially of the water heated to gather heat in the first absorber.The steam produced in the second absorber flow through the 3rd absorber at least partially to make steam superheating.

In the method for the various aspects summed up above, such as linear Fresnel reflector system can be utilized to be focused on solar collector by solar radiation, in described reflector system absorber extend as the crow flies and frame high above one or more reflector extended linearly is capable, capable being arranged to of described reflector is parallel to absorber.Adjustable reflector around the angular direction of its major axis with the apparent motion of the sun during following the trail of daytime thus line focus solar radiation reflexed to along absorber.As another example, reflector can be utilized in method to be above focused on solar collector by solar radiation, angular direction can be regulated with the apparent motion of the sun during making described reflector follow the trail of daytime thus point-like solar radiation guided on absorber or plaque-like focus around two axles, described absorber is positioned on the top of the tower above reflector.Other method solar radiation being focused to absorber also can be utilized in method above.

The utilization of summing up above comprises in the method for the heat absorber of pipeline, solar radiation can directly be focused on pipeline, or alternatively, on other Absorption Characteristics part of baffle, surface or heat absorber, described feature is between pipeline and incident solar radiation.In the later case, the heat absorbed by baffle, surface or other Absorption Characteristics part is such as passed to pipeline to be provided to ducted heat flux distribution by conducting.

Equally, the utilization of summing up above comprises in the method for the heat absorber of pipeline, the pipeline in absorber can be such as coplanar, be arranged in two or more parallel or intersecting plane or be arranged to series of parallel pipeline.The fluid flowed in the absorber comprising parallelpiped can form such as two, three, four, five, six or more than six paths along the absorber length being parallel to pipeline.

There is disclosed herein system and the device of the summed up method of support and fluid flow pattern above.

The disclosure is illustrative rather than restrictive.Other changes apparent to those skilled in the art according to the disclosure and should fall within the scope of the appended claims.Such as, although heat recipient fluid is identified as water in previously described modification, any suitable optional heat recipient fluid also can be adopted.Exemplary optional fluid can include but not limited to oil, fuse salt, gas (such as air, helium) and organic fluid (can become the organic fluid of gas phase under being included in the service condition of the solar collector at place from liquid phase mutually).The all publication quoted in the description and patent application are incorporated by reference in their entirety to herein, just as other publication of each point or patent application specifically and have respectively been set forth all in this article.

Claims

1. a solar collector system, described system comprises:

The solar receiver that frame is high, described solar receiver comprises pipe arrangement, the lateral dimension that described pipe arrangement is included in receiver is arranged in along the longitudinal direction the multiple pipelines in receiver with side by side parallel configuration, multiple pipeline comprises the second external pipe of internal pipeline, the first external pipe in internal pipeline side and the side relative with the first external pipe at internal pipeline;

At least one orientable reflector, described reflector can operate guide incident solar radiation thus on pipe arrangement, form cover district; And

Detection and control system, described detection and control system provides cover district for the direction controlling at least one orientable reflector to be in operation, and described cover district comprises the curve distribution of band peak value on the lateral dimension of receiver, wherein:

Receiver includes mouth region and outlet area, and described inlet region is configured to receive the heat-transfer fluid entered in pipe arrangement, and described outlet area is configured to export the heat-transfer fluid through heating from pipe arrangement;

Multiple pipelines of pipe arrangement collectively define the flow circuits from first and second external pipe to internal pipeline between inlet region and outlet area; And

Pipe arrangement is configured so that cover district distributes the heat-transfer fluid of hot-fluid to pipe arrangement inside, thus make to be in operation, fluid density in the inside of the pipeline of pipe arrangement is inversely proportional to the hot-fluid being passed to this pipeline, and the fluid pressure of the inside of the pipeline of pipe arrangement along pipeline Nonlinear Length reduce.

2. solar collector system according to claim 1, the flow control apparatus be also included on flow circuits enters the mass flow in pipe arrangement with Heat Transfer Control fluid.

3. solar collector system according to claim 2, wherein said flow control apparatus is adjustable mass flow entered with Heat Transfer Control fluid in pipe arrangement.

4. solar collector system according to claim 3, wherein said flow control apparatus can be conditioned based on the temperature and pressure of heat-transfer fluid.

5. solar collector system according to claim 1, wherein pipe arrangement comprises one or more thermal expansion district, and described thermal expansion district adapts to the thermal expansion of pipe arrangement.

6. solar collector system according to claim 5, wherein the internal diameter of internal pipeline is greater than the internal diameter of the first external pipe, and wherein one or more thermal expansion districts are configured so that the thermal expansion in the first external pipe is less than or equals the thermal expansion in internal pipeline.

7. solar collector system according to claim 1, wherein:

Inlet region comprises the first inlet region;

Outlet area comprises the first outlet area;

Internal pipeline comprises the first internal pipeline;

Heat-transfer fluid enters pipe arrangement to enter the first external pipe by the first inlet region, thus flow in a first direction to arrive revolution collector, described revolution collector make heat-transfer fluid alter course to enter the first internal pipeline, thus make heat-transfer fluid with antiparallel second flow direction of the first flow direction on flow to arrive the first outlet area; And

Cover district provides than to the more hot-fluid of the first external pipe to the first internal pipeline.

8. solar collector system according to claim 7, wherein the internal diameter of the first internal pipeline is greater than the internal diameter of the first external pipe.

9. a method for collecting solar energy, described method comprises:

Heat-transfer fluid is made to flow in the pipe arrangement of the high solar receiver of frame by inlet region, the lateral dimension that wherein pipe arrangement is included in receiver is arranged in along the longitudinal direction the multiple pipelines in receiver with side by side parallel configuration, multiple pipeline comprises the second external pipe of internal pipeline, the first external pipe in internal pipeline side and the side relative with the first external pipe at internal pipeline; And

Solar radiation be focused to form cover district on the high solar receiver of frame, described cover district comprises the curve distribution of band peak value on the lateral dimension of receiver, wherein:

Multiple pipelines of pipe arrangement collectively define the flow circuits from external pipe to internal pipeline between inlet region and outlet area; And

Pipe arrangement is configured so that cover district distributes the heat-transfer fluid of hot-fluid to pipe arrangement inside, thus make to be in operation, the fluid density of the inside of the pipeline of pipe arrangement is inversely proportional to the hot-fluid being passed to this pipeline, and the fluid pressure of the inside of the pipeline of pipe arrangement along pipeline Nonlinear Length reduce.

10. method according to claim 9, also comprises the mass flow utilizing flow control apparatus to control the heat-transfer fluid entered in pipe arrangement.

11. methods according to claim 10, wherein said flow control apparatus is adjustable mass flow entered with Heat Transfer Control fluid in pipe arrangement.

12. methods according to claim 11, wherein said flow control apparatus can be conditioned based on the temperature and pressure of heat-transfer fluid.

13. methods according to claim 9, wherein pipe arrangement comprises one or more thermal expansion district, and described thermal expansion district adapts to the thermal expansion of pipe arrangement.

14. methods according to claim 13, wherein the internal diameter of internal pipeline is greater than the internal diameter of the first external pipe, and wherein one or more thermal expansion districts are configured so that the thermal expansion in the first external pipe is less than or equals the thermal expansion in internal pipeline.

15. methods according to claim 9, wherein:

Inlet region comprises the first inlet region;

Outlet area comprises the first outlet area;

Internal pipeline comprises the first internal pipeline;

Heat-transfer fluid is flowed to pipe arrangement comprise: to enter the first external pipe thus to flow in a first direction to arrive revolution collector in making heat-transfer fluid be arranged by the first inlet region flow ipe, described revolution collector make heat-transfer fluid alter course to enter the first internal pipeline thus make heat-transfer fluid with antiparallel second flow direction of the first flow direction on flow to arrive the first outlet area; And

16. methods according to claim 15, wherein the internal diameter of the first internal pipeline is greater than the internal diameter of the first external pipe.