CN102707524A - Array substrate, display device and driving method of display device - Google Patents

Array substrate, display device and driving method of display device Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102707524A
CN102707524A CN2012101341945A CN201210134194A CN102707524A CN 102707524 A CN102707524 A CN 102707524A CN 2012101341945 A CN2012101341945 A CN 2012101341945A CN 201210134194 A CN201210134194 A CN 201210134194A CN 102707524 A CN102707524 A CN 102707524A
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pixel cell
data
display device
line
capable pixel
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CN2012101341945A
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CN102707524B (en
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肖利军
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BOE Technology Group Co Ltd
Beijing BOE Display Technology Co Ltd
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BOE Technology Group Co Ltd
Beijing BOE Display Technology Co Ltd
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Priority to CN201210134194.5A priority Critical patent/CN102707524B/en
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Priority to PCT/CN2012/086395 priority patent/WO2013163883A1/en
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G09EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09GARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/34Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
    • G09G3/36Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using liquid crystals
    • G09G3/3611Control of matrices with row and column drivers
    • G09G3/3648Control of matrices with row and column drivers using an active matrix
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/136Liquid crystal cells structurally associated with a semi-conducting layer or substrate, e.g. cells forming part of an integrated circuit
    • G02F1/1362Active matrix addressed cells
    • G02F1/136286Wiring, e.g. gate line, drain line
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/136Liquid crystal cells structurally associated with a semi-conducting layer or substrate, e.g. cells forming part of an integrated circuit
    • G02F1/1362Active matrix addressed cells
    • G02F1/1368Active matrix addressed cells in which the switching element is a three-electrode device
    • GPHYSICS
    • G09EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09GARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2310/00Command of the display device
    • G09G2310/02Addressing, scanning or driving the display screen or processing steps related thereto
    • G09G2310/0202Addressing of scan or signal lines
    • G09G2310/0205Simultaneous scanning of several lines in flat panels

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal Display Device Control (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal (AREA)

Abstract

The invention provides an array substrate, a display device and a driving method of the display device, so as to solve the problems that the refresh rate of the charging time of a pixel electrode can not be ensured as the existing liquid crystal display panel is improved at the same time, and the response time of the liquid crystal display panel is insufficient. The array substrate comprises a substrate, gate lines and data lines, wherein the gate lines corresponding to the 2m-th row of pixel units and the gate lines corresponding to the (2m-1)th row of the pixel units receive the same control signal; and each column of the pixel units corresponds to two data lines and the two data lines comprise a first data line and a second data line. By utilizing the technical scheme, the refresh rate of the display device can be improved, and a pixel electrode can be guaranteed to have sufficiently long charging time at the same time, thus the response time of a picture of the display device is sufficiently long and the quality of the picture is ensured.

Description

The driving method of a kind of array base palte, display device and display device
Technical field
The present invention relates to the display panels technical field, the driving method of particularly a kind of array base palte, display device and display device.
Background technology
Existing liquid crystal display panel of thin film transistor (TFT-LCD) comprise array base palte, color membrane substrates and be arranged at array base palte and color membrane substrates between liquid crystal layer.
As shown in Figure 1, array base palte comprises: substrate; Be formed at a plurality of pixel cells 11 on the substrate with matrix form, wherein each pixel cell 11 comprises thin film transistor (TFT) and the pixel electrode that is connected with the drain D of thin film transistor (TFT); Gate line 12 is connected with the grid G of thin film transistor (TFT) in the one-row pixels unit; Gate drivers 13 is used for signal to gate line 12 being provided; Data line 14 is connected with the source S of thin film transistor (TFT) in the row pixel cell; Data driver 15 is used for data-signal to data line 14 being provided.
The type of drive of this array base palte is driven sweep line by line; Be that gate drivers is the signal that gate line provides sequential; Data driver is that data line provides the data-signal that cooperates with the signal sequential, meets the requirements of under the situation in refreshing frequency and just can obtain the display effect that we want.With FHD is example; Refreshing frequency is generally 60Hz, satisfies display requirement basically, and the line number of supposing pixel cell is 1126; Line by line under the driven sweep; The time of opening of every capable pixel cell is 1/ (1126*60) s, is about 14.8us, that is to say that switching to another GTG from a GTG need accomplish (comprising also that wherein charging voltage reaches required value and liquid crystal deflection time of needs altogether) in 14.8us.
Owing to receive the restriction of liquid crystal response time and the restriction of panel characteristics; The available liquid crystal display panel is when improving refreshing frequency; Can't guarantee the duration of charging of pixel electrode; Response time of display panels is not enough, image quality is relatively poor, has hindered the research and development of large scale, high-resolution liquid crystal display product.
Summary of the invention
The embodiment of the invention provides the driving method of a kind of array base palte, display device and display device; In order to solve the available liquid crystal display panel when improving refreshing frequency; Can't guarantee the duration of charging of pixel electrode, the problem that the response time of display panels is not enough.
The embodiment of the invention provides a kind of array base palte, comprising:
Substrate;
Be formed at a plurality of pixel cells on the said substrate with matrix form, wherein each pixel cell comprises thin film transistor (TFT) and the pixel cell that is connected with the drain electrode of said thin film transistor (TFT);
It is characterized in that said array base palte also comprises:
Gate line; The corresponding gate line of every capable pixel cell; The grid of the thin film transistor (TFT) in every gate line and the corresponding pixel cell is connected; The gate line of the capable pixel cell of corresponding 2m receives identical control signal with the gate line of the capable pixel cell of corresponding 2m-1, and wherein, m is the natural number more than or equal to 1;
Data line; Corresponding two data lines of each row pixel cell; Said two data lines comprise first data line and second data line; Wherein, the thin film transistor (TFT) source electrode that is positioned at the pixel cell of odd-numbered line in said first data line and this row pixel cell is connected, and the thin film transistor (TFT) source electrode that is positioned at the pixel cell of even number line in said second data line and this row pixel cell is connected.
The embodiment of the invention provides a kind of display device, comprises described array base palte and driving circuit.
Wherein, preferably, said driving circuit comprises:
Gate drivers is used for simultaneously for the gate line of capable pixel cell of said 2m and the capable pixel cell of said 2m-1 control signal being provided;
Data driver is used to said first data line and second data line data-signal is provided.
Wherein, preferably, said data driver comprises:
First data driver is used to said first data line data-signal is provided;
Second data driver is used to said second data line data-signal is provided.
Wherein, preferably, an end of the gate line of the capable pixel cell of corresponding said 2m directly is electrically connected with an end of the gate line of the capable pixel cell of corresponding said 2m-1.
Wherein, preferably, the gate line of the capable pixel cell of the said 2m of said correspondence is connected with said gate drivers with the end that the gate line of the capable pixel cell of said corresponding said 2m-1 directly is electrically connected; Perhaps
The other end of the gate line of the other end of the gate line of the capable pixel cell of the said 2m of said correspondence or the capable pixel cell of the said 2m-1 of said correspondence is connected with said gate drivers.
The embodiment of the invention provides a kind of driving method of display device, comprising:
Start signal and shutdown signal to capable pixel cell of 2m and the capable pixel cell transmission of 2m-1 are synchronous;
To capable pixel cell of said 2m and the capable pixel cell transmission of said 2m-1 start signal the time; On its respective column pixel cell, be positioned at the capable pixel cell of 2m-1 by first data line and send data-signal, on its respective column pixel cell, be positioned at the capable pixel cell of 2m by second data line and send data-signal.
Under the prerequisite that sweep frequency equates; With existing compared with techniques (i.e. driven sweep line by line) of line by line pixel electrode being carried out drive controlling; The technical scheme that the embodiment of the invention provides can make display device two row two row ground that pixel electrode is carried out drive controlling (can be described as the duplicate rows driven sweep); Make any moment all have two row pixel electrodes to be in charged state; The duration of charging of each pixel electrode becomes original twice, can not only improve the refreshing frequency (twice that is equivalent to original refreshing frequency) of display device, can also guarantee that pixel electrode has the sufficiently long duration of charging simultaneously; Make the picture response time long enough of display device, guarantee image quality; This technical scheme is particularly useful for making large scale, high-resolution display device, can guarantee that this display device has sufficiently long picture response time and image quality preferably.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the partial structurtes synoptic diagram of existing array base palte;
Fig. 2 is the partial structurtes synoptic diagram of a kind of array base palte in the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 3 is the partial structurtes synoptic diagram of a kind of display device in the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 4 is the partial structurtes synoptic diagram of another kind of display device in the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 5 is the partial structurtes synoptic diagram of another display device in the embodiment of the invention.
Embodiment
For technical matters, technical scheme and advantage that the embodiment of the invention will be solved is clearer, will combine accompanying drawing and specific embodiment to be described in detail below.
As shown in Figure 2, the embodiment of the invention provides a kind of array base palte, comprising:
Substrate;
Be formed at a plurality of pixel cells 1 on the substrate with matrix form, wherein each pixel cell 1 comprises thin film transistor (TFT) and the pixel cell that is connected with the drain D of said thin film transistor (TFT);
Above-mentioned array base palte also can comprise:
Gate line; The corresponding gate line of every capable pixel cell; The grid G of the thin film transistor (TFT) in every gate line and the corresponding pixel cell is connected; The gate line 2 of the capable pixel cell of corresponding 2m receives identical control signal with the gate line of the capable pixel cell of corresponding 2m-1 3, and wherein, m is the natural number more than or equal to 1;
Data line; Corresponding two data lines of each row pixel cell; These two data lines comprise first data line 5 and second data line 7; Wherein, the thin film transistor (TFT) source S that is positioned at the pixel cell of odd-numbered line in first data line 5 and this row pixel cell is connected, and the thin film transistor (TFT) source S that is positioned at the pixel cell of even number line in second data line 7 and this row pixel cell is connected.
The principle of work of above-mentioned array base palte is:
In the first preset moment, the gate line 2 of the capable pixel cell of corresponding 2m receives start signal simultaneously with the gate line 3 of the capable pixel cell of corresponding 2m-1, thereby has opened capable pixel cell of 2m and the capable pixel cell of 2m-1 simultaneously; Meanwhile, send data-signal to the capable pixel cell of 2m-1, send data-signal to the capable pixel cell of 2m through second data line 7 through first data line 5;
Constantly preset second; The gate line 2 of the capable pixel cell of corresponding 2m receives shutdown signal simultaneously with the gate line 3 of the capable pixel cell of corresponding 2m-1; Thereby closed capable pixel cell of 2m and the capable pixel cell of 2m-1 simultaneously, realized driving simultaneously capable pixel cell of 2m and the capable pixel cell of 2m-1.
It is thus clear that; Under the prerequisite that sweep frequency equates; With existing compared with techniques (i.e. driven sweep line by line) of line by line pixel electrode being carried out drive controlling; The array base palte that the embodiment of the invention provides can make display device two row two row ground that pixel electrode is carried out drive controlling (can be described as the duplicate rows driven sweep), makes any moment all have two row pixel electrodes to be in charged state, and the duration of charging of each pixel electrode becomes original twice; Can not only improve the refreshing frequency (twice that is equivalent to original refreshing frequency) of display device; Simultaneously can also guarantee that pixel electrode has the sufficiently long duration of charging, make the picture response time long enough of display device, guarantee image quality; This technical scheme is particularly useful for making large scale, high-resolution display device, can guarantee that this display device has sufficiently long picture response time and image quality preferably.
The embodiment of the invention also provides a kind of display device, comprises above-mentioned array base palte and driving circuit that the embodiment of the invention provides.
Wherein, as shown in Figure 3, above-mentioned driving circuit comprises:
Gate drivers 4, being used for is that the gate line of capable pixel cell of 2m and the capable pixel cell of 2m-1 provides control signal simultaneously;
Data driver 9 is used to first data line 5 and second data line 7 provides data-signal.
Wherein, preferably as shown in Figure 4, data driver can comprise:
First data driver 6 is used to first data line 5 data-signal is provided;
Second data driver 8 is used to second data line 7 data-signal is provided.
Be the principle of work that example is explained the above-mentioned display device that the embodiment of the invention provides with display device shown in Figure 4 below:
In the first preset moment, gate drivers 4 sends start signal to the gate line 2 of the capable pixel cell of corresponding 2m with the gate line 3 of the capable pixel cell of corresponding 2m-1 simultaneously, thereby has opened capable pixel cell of 2m and the capable pixel cell of 2m-1 simultaneously; Meanwhile, first data driver 6 sends data-signal through first data line 5 to the capable pixel cell of 2m-1, and second data driver 8 sends data-signal through second data line 7 to the capable pixel cell of 2m;
Constantly preset second; Gate drivers 4 sends shutdown signal to the gate line 2 of the capable pixel cell of corresponding 2m with the gate line 3 of the capable pixel cell of corresponding 2m-1 simultaneously; Thereby closed capable pixel cell of 2m and the capable pixel cell of 2m-1 simultaneously, realized driving simultaneously capable pixel cell of 2m and the capable pixel cell of 2m-1.
Wherein, because the load of gate drivers is higher, therefore, driving voltage that can gate drivers is set to a high value, to enable driving two row pixel cells preferably.
It is thus clear that; Under the prerequisite that sweep frequency equates, with existing compared with techniques (i.e. driven sweep line by line) of line by line pixel electrode being carried out drive controlling, the display device that the embodiment of the invention provides can be carried out drive controlling (can be described as the duplicate rows driven sweep) to pixel electrode in two row, two row ground; Make any moment all have two row pixel electrodes to be in charged state; The duration of charging of each pixel electrode becomes original twice, can not only improve the refreshing frequency (twice that is equivalent to original refreshing frequency) of display device, can also guarantee that pixel electrode has the sufficiently long duration of charging simultaneously; Make the picture response time long enough of display device, guarantee image quality; This technical scheme is particularly useful for making large scale, high-resolution display device, can guarantee that this display device has sufficiently long picture response time and image quality preferably;
And; Existing display device all is provided with a gate drivers to each row pixel electrode; And the display device that the embodiment of the invention provides is provided with a gate drivers to two row adjacent pixel electrodes (capable pixel cell of 2m and the capable pixel cell of 2m-1); It is thus clear that the display device that the embodiment of the invention provides has reduced the number of gate drivers, thereby further number of parts on the display device has been lacked in letter; Simplify the structure of display device, reduced the cost of manufacture of display device.
Wherein, preferably, gate drivers can be embodied as gate drivers.
Wherein, as shown in Figure 4, an end of the gate line 2 of the capable pixel cell of corresponding 2m directly is electrically connected with an end of the gate line 3 of the capable pixel cell of corresponding 2m-1.
At this moment, as shown in Figure 4, the gate line 2 of the capable pixel cell of corresponding 2m is connected with gate drivers 4 with the end that the gate line of the capable pixel cell of corresponding 2m-1 3 directly is electrically connected.Perhaps, as shown in Figure 5, the other end of the gate line 2 of the capable pixel cell of corresponding 2m is connected with gate drivers 4, or the other end (figure does not show) of the gate line 3 of the capable pixel cell of corresponding 2m-1.
In addition, the embodiment of the invention also provides a kind of driving method of display device, comprising:
Start signal and shutdown signal to capable pixel cell of 2m and the capable pixel cell transmission of 2m-1 are synchronous;
To capable pixel cell of 2m and the capable pixel cell transmission of 2m-1 start signal the time; On its respective column pixel cell, be positioned at the capable pixel cell of 2m-1 by first data line and send data-signal, on its respective column pixel cell, be positioned at the capable pixel cell of 2m by second data line and send data-signal.
Above-mentioned driving method can make two adjacent row pixel cells (capable pixel cell of 2m and the capable pixel cell of 2m-1); When being in opening simultaneously; Make the pixel electrode in these adjacent two row pixel cells receive data-signal simultaneously, reach the purpose that pixel electrode in these two adjacent row pixel cells of control is in charged state simultaneously; And, can also make the thin film transistor (TFT) in the adjacent two row pixel cells be in closed condition simultaneously, reach the purpose that pixel electrode in these two adjacent row pixel cells of control is in non-charged state simultaneously, realize driving simultaneously the purpose of adjacent two row pixel cells.
It is thus clear that; Under the prerequisite that sweep frequency equates; With existing compared with techniques (i.e. driven sweep line by line) of line by line pixel electrode being carried out drive controlling; The driving method of the display device that the embodiment of the invention provides can make display device two row two row ground that pixel electrode is carried out drive controlling (can be described as the duplicate rows driven sweep), makes any moment all have two row pixel electrodes to be in charged state, and the duration of charging of each pixel electrode becomes original twice; Can not only improve the refreshing frequency (twice that is equivalent to original refreshing frequency) of display device; Simultaneously can also guarantee that pixel electrode has the sufficiently long duration of charging, make the picture response time long enough of display device, guarantee image quality; This technical scheme is particularly useful for making large scale, high-resolution display device, can guarantee that this display device has sufficiently long picture response time and image quality preferably.
Need to prove that the display device that the embodiment of the invention provides comprises any suitable liquid crystal display panel of thin film transistor such as liquid crystal display panel of thin film transistor.
The above is a preferred implementation of the present invention; Should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, under the prerequisite that does not break away from principle according to the invention; Can also make some improvement and retouching, these improvement and retouching also should be regarded as protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (7)

1. array base palte comprises:
Substrate;
Be formed at a plurality of pixel cells on the said substrate with matrix form, wherein each pixel cell comprises thin film transistor (TFT) and the pixel cell that is connected with the drain electrode of said thin film transistor (TFT);
It is characterized in that said array base palte also comprises:
Gate line; The corresponding gate line of every capable pixel cell; The grid of the thin film transistor (TFT) in every gate line and the corresponding pixel cell is connected; The gate line of the capable pixel cell of corresponding 2m receives identical control signal with the gate line of the capable pixel cell of corresponding 2m-1, and wherein, m is the natural number more than or equal to 1;
Data line; Corresponding two data lines of each row pixel cell; Said two data lines comprise first data line and second data line; Wherein, the thin film transistor (TFT) source electrode that is positioned at the pixel cell of odd-numbered line in said first data line and this row pixel cell is connected, and the thin film transistor (TFT) source electrode that is positioned at the pixel cell of even number line in said second data line and this row pixel cell is connected.
2. a display device is characterized in that, comprises described array base palte of claim 1 and driving circuit.
3. display device as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, said driving circuit comprises:
Gate drivers is used for simultaneously for the gate line of capable pixel cell of said 2m and the capable pixel cell of said 2m-1 control signal being provided;
Data driver is used to said first data line and second data line data-signal is provided.
4. display device as claimed in claim 3 is characterized in that, said data driver comprises:
First data driver is used to said first data line data-signal is provided;
Second data driver is used to said second data line data-signal is provided.
5. display device as claimed in claim 4 is characterized in that,
One end of the gate line of the capable pixel cell of corresponding said 2m directly is electrically connected with an end of the gate line of the capable pixel cell of corresponding said 2m-1.
6. display device as claimed in claim 5 is characterized in that,
The gate line of the capable pixel cell of the said 2m of said correspondence is connected with said gate drivers with the end that the gate line of the capable pixel cell of said corresponding said 2m-1 directly is electrically connected; Perhaps
The other end of the gate line of the other end of the gate line of the capable pixel cell of the said 2m of said correspondence or the capable pixel cell of the said 2m-1 of said correspondence is connected with said gate drivers.
7. the driving method of a display device is characterized in that, comprising:
Start signal and shutdown signal to capable pixel cell of 2m and the capable pixel cell transmission of 2m-1 are synchronous;
To capable pixel cell of said 2m and the capable pixel cell transmission of said 2m-1 start signal the time; On its respective column pixel cell, be positioned at the capable pixel cell of 2m-1 by first data line and send data-signal, on its respective column pixel cell, be positioned at the capable pixel cell of 2m by second data line and send data-signal.
CN201210134194.5A 2012-05-02 2012-05-02 The driving method of a kind of array base palte, display device and display device Expired - Fee Related CN102707524B (en)

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PCT/CN2012/086395 WO2013163883A1 (en) 2012-05-02 2012-12-12 Array substrate, display device and method for driving display device

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