CN102648479B - 分配系统中的负载调度优化 - Google Patents

分配系统中的负载调度优化 Download PDF

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CN102648479B
CN102648479B CN201080038320.6A CN201080038320A CN102648479B CN 102648479 B CN102648479 B CN 102648479B CN 201080038320 A CN201080038320 A CN 201080038320A CN 102648479 B CN102648479 B CN 102648479B
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CN102648479A (zh
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S·K·孙达拉姆
G·塞尔瓦拉
R·S·孔达纳加尔
V·纳拉亚南
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Hitachi Energy Co ltd
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    • H02J13/00034—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for the elements or equipment being or involving an electric power substation
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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Abstract

本发明提供一种用于为预定类负载和其它负载进行最佳电力分配的电力分配管理系统。电力分配管理系统包括用于将电力供应分配到负载网络的变电站，其中负载网络包括预定类负载和其它负载，并且变电站包括多个馈电器。电力分配管理系统包括用于生成预定类负载在控制时段的最佳负载调度的优化器。电力分配管理系统还包括用于在多个个体负载和/或优化器之间进行通信的通信接口。

Description

分配系统中的负载调度优化
技术领域
本发明涉及用于电力分配优化的方法和系统，更具体来说，涉及用于为给定类的负载生成最佳负载调度的方法和系统。
背景技术
在电力管理领域中，向不同负载分配可用电力是关键实践。电力需求和电力供应失配导致数小时未调度停电的低效负载调度和情况，以便在一天期间在特定时间间隔降低高峰需求。例如城市的商业和住宅用户、乡村的农业、住宅用户、工业用户等不同电力用户的电力需求是不同的，并且对于适当的电力管理，他们的不同电力需求必须得到解决并且得到有效地管理。
电力系统包括一个或多个生成系统、传输系统和分配系统。所生成的电力通常经过升压并且通过传输系统来传输，以及在分配端，一个或多个变电站系统连同低压或中压电压分配网络向用户分配电力。对于分配，电力系统具有许多自动化产品，例如用于执行电力平衡和甩负载的变电站管理/自动化的产品、用于在分配网络等中最佳地分配电力的分配网络管理系统等。在本发明的上下文中，定义分配管理系统(DMS)以用于管理对用户的电力分配，并且这种分配系统的范围包括变电站以及分配网络管理系统。此外，分配管理系统(DMS)又称作电力分配管理系统(PDMS)。
在一些情况下，专用馈电器可用于负载类(例如灌溉负载)，并且这些可与其它馈电器(feeder)很好地分离，从而允许电力管理中的更大灵活性。由于对电力的需求随着包括并且服务于越来越多数量负载的需要而不断增加，所以分配网络中的这种馈电器或设备的容量可变成限制，从而还要求在特定馈电系统内对负载进行调度，以便确保良好地利用基础设施并且向各方提供有效服务。
在一些情况下，用于农业需要的电力特别是在乡村或偏远位置也由输送住宅需要的电力的相同馈电器来供应，并且因此可存在交互作用，从而导致分配网络的过载或者甩负载(loadshedding)的影响。例如，在乡村地区，在一些发展中国家，停电存在10-12小时，以便适应其它负载的电力需求。在这种情况下，农场主倾向于在规定时间之外运行灌溉泵机组以用于随季节渐终并且随某些位置的地下水位下降来保护其农作物。某个区域中的若干灌溉泵可在相同时间汲取电力，这引起电力系统的过载。这引起级联效应，并且导致电力需求陡峭地突然增加，这又引起乡村地区的更多停电。可存在缺电用户为了以某种方式获得电力可凭借的若干其它非有效方式。例如，乡村地区的夜间时间供应有单相电力。农场主使用允许泵机组在单相电力上进行操作的转换器，这因高电流而引起频繁的泵烧毁。由于泵烧毁的频度，农场主依靠使用分类为低效泵的本地制造泵来代替标准检定泵，从而汲取更多电力并且导致分配网络中的进一步不平衡、分配变压器的过载并且因而导致电力供应质量的降级。
对于例如住宅、商业和工业用户等的各段电力用户存在相似情况。
在分配级操作的电力管理系统往往将负载从一个馈电器转移到另一个，以便最佳地利用分配网络的各个部分中的容量，并且具有负载在分配网络的各个部分中的良好平衡。但是，当今在分配级的电力管理系统在其对负载平衡状态或者负载的配置的计算中不影响或者不考虑自动连接的(包括基于调度而系统地操作的负载)或者人工切换的(临时地操作的)负载的动态条件。
在例如灌溉部分中的电力需求管理的一部分当前方式中，使用获得土壤条件的输入以生成关联灌溉泵的调度的本地控制系统。向不同灌溉泵指配优先级，并且基于电力需求和可用容量，电力分配按照优先化调度来进行。在另一种方式中，选择某些装置作为受控装置，测量例如冰箱、电热水器、井泵等的这类装置所消耗的能量，并且在高峰负载时间期间，切断送往这类装置的能量，并且基于所节省的能量给予消费者折扣。这些方式都没有提供优化负载调度并且在电力分配级对电力需求与可用电力之间的匹配进行优化的综合解决方案。
因此，需要一种技术，该技术将实现结合在电力分配管理系统内的最佳负载调度，使得任何段的电力用户的电力需求得到有效管理。
发明内容
按照本发明的一个方面，公开一种用于为预定类负载和其它负载进行最佳电力分配的电力分配管理系统。电力分配管理系统包括用于将电力供应分配到负载网络的变电站，其中负载网络包括预定类负载和其它负载，并且变电站包括多个馈电器(feeder)。电力分配管理系统包括用于生成预定类负载在控制时段的最佳负载调度的优化器。电力分配管理系统还包括用于在多个个体负载和/或优化器之间进行通信的通信接口。
按照本发明的另一方面，描述一种用于为预定类负载生成最佳负载调度的方法。该方法包括下列步骤：接收预定类负载在控制时段的电力供应配额(电力容许量)的信息；接收预定类负载中的个体负载的电力需求的信息；使用个体负载的电力需求来得出预定类负载的电力供应配额的优化电力分配解决方案；为预定类负载中的个体负载生成最佳负载调度；以及通过使用最佳负载调度来管理用于对预定类负载和其它负载进行电力分配的多个馈电器。
附图说明
当参照附图阅读以下详细描述时，将会更好地理解本发明的这些及其它特征、方面和优点，附图中，相似符号在附图中通篇表示相似部件，附图包括：
图1是使用用于为预定类负载进行最佳负载调度的本发明优化器的电力分配管理系统(PDMS/DMS)的框图表示；
图2是优化预定类负载的电力供应配额并且生成最佳负载调度的方法的示范步骤的流程图表示；
图3是用于实现最佳负载调度的示范步骤的流程图表示；以及
图4是由电力分配管理系统将最佳负载调度用于管理来自一个或多个馈电器的电力供应的示范步骤的流程图表示。
具体实施方式
本文所述的系统和方法包括用于任何所选电力用户段的最佳负载调度技术。对其优化负载调度的所选电力用户段在本文中称作“预定类负载”。这些预定类负载通常是动态的但是本质上是确定性的，即，负载要求随时间而发生变化，但是能够预先确定和/或采用调度/计划控制这些变化。此外，可存在电力供应的规定配额，即，在给定时间段指配给预定类负载的预定电力供应。本文所述的示范预定类负载是灌溉负载，但是，具有相似特性的任何其它类的负载同样是可适用的。除了预定类负载之外的负载在本文中称作‘其它负载’。
图1示出用于通过电力传输线18将电力从变电站12分配到不同负载14、16的典型电力分配管理系统(PDMS/DMS)10。不同负载包括例如灌溉负载等预定类负载14以及其它负载16。变电站12通过馈电器(未示出)、基于其所指配优先等级将电力供应给这些其它负载。本文所使用的“馈电器”包括充当为预定类负载和其它负载供应电力的馈电器的专用馈电器或者专用变压器单元/本地发电机单元。图1的电力分配管理系统包括电力分配网络管理系统20，其中包括变电站管理系统。优化器22也如图1所示，并且优化器22用于为预定类负载中的负载24进行最佳电力调度。DMS还包括适当的通信接口26(例如用于无线蜂窝通信的接口)，通信接口26用于通过一个或多个通信装置28在预定类负载与DMS之间的通信。例如，通信接口可向个体泵机组提供与调度有关的信息或者接收与特定泵机组的电力需求有关的信息。通信接口可包括信息存储、归档和检索模块，其内容由电力分配网络管理系统或者任何其它分配管理系统用于电力平衡计算。
上文中所述的来自变电站的用于预定类负载和其它负载的电力供应基于定义如下的电力平衡方程，
PT-PCL＝POL
其中，PT是在变电站可用的总电力，
PCL是提交给预定类负载的电力，本文中称作电力供应配额/电力容许量，以及
POL是可用于其它负载的电力。
由于提交给预定类负载的电力是预先决定的并且因而是确定性的，所以其它负载的电力可用性也是确定性的。可基于其优先等级来管理可用于其它负载的电力，如当今由专用变电站对其它负载所实施的那样。
在如图1所示的整体系统内，本发明的一个方面包括通过使用优化器来为预定类负载确定最佳负载调度。通常，先验地、至少提前几个小时并且优选地提前一天对给定控制时段创建最佳负载调度。
在示范实施例中，在电力分配网络级或者在变电站级或者在DMS级来登记预定类负载。登记的过程包括收集和存储例如个体负载细节(电力供应类型(1相/3相))和个体负载的额定值(例如具有3hp(马力)发动机的负载1、具有5hp发动机的负载2))等负载信息，以及例如个体负载到优化器之间的通信接口的类型(例如与通信模式(SMS/Wi-fi/人工/有线/基于IP)有关的信息)等其它信息、属于预定类负载的个体负载的特定IP地址信息以及用于向每个个体负载指配身份的其它这种信息。所登记的信息定义负载的类型和额定值、通信方式以及可用于提供服务(电力或者任何其它增值服务或者优选处理)的任何其它信息。
在登记过程之后，个体负载以时段间隔向DMS传递其电力需求要求和电力利用状态。这个信息包括所需电力的总时间(例如对于个体负载1为5小时、对于个体负载2为8小时)、特定时刻(例如特定一天从下午2:00至下午4:00)、对于优化器的满足需要的满意指数(例如所需电力的总时间的至少80％供应给该负载)、使用较高费率电力(比如说来自其它负载)的灵活性等等。所传递的信息涉及电力需要、与满足电力需要相关的任何特定请求或批准、优选处理或增值服务的费用/费率相关信息。优选处理的示例包括基于在特定小时的预订、忠诚计划或者用于调度的较高优先级等等来预配置(provision)特殊费率。增值服务的示例是自动计量和计费、从DMS自动操作负载、产生于负载共享相似问题的团体利益、基于最终使用(相似类型的农作物)的关联等等。
图2是优化预定类负载的电力供应配额并且由优化器来生成最佳负载调度的方法的示范步骤的流程图表示30。优化器使用预定类负载的电力供应配额的信息以及来自预定类负载的可用信息，分别如步骤32和34所示。优化器得出预定类负载的电力供应配额的最佳电力分配方案，如步骤36所示(并且下文中参照对目标功能的描述进行说明)。然后，优化器为预定类负载生成最佳负载调度，如步骤38所示。
将这些优化负载调度从DMS传递到预定类负载中的每个个体负载，如步骤40所示。在一个示例中，通信通过通信接口模块进行。预定类负载的每个个体负载可配备有能够接收其用于操作的相应调度的有线或无线装置，并且可包括控制负载(例如按照所分配调度来自动通电和断电)并且还向DMS发送与电力消耗有关的确认或反馈或者影响电力调度的任何其它特定要求或因素的自动部件。
在一个示范实施例中，在向预定类负载中的个体负载传递最佳负载调度之后，在一个实施例中，DMS在控制时段中直接实现负载调度。
但是，在另一个实施例中，建立反馈机制以接收来自个体负载的用户的接受/反馈，以便生成最终负载调度。用于生成和实现最终负载调度的示范步骤如图3通过流程图42所示。如步骤44所示，PDMS寻求来自用户的关于最佳负载调度的反馈，并且优化器结合反馈以生成最终最佳负载调度。在这里可注意到，反馈可包括个体负载的电力需求的任何变化或者可影响对个体负载的电力供应的时间和数量的任何其它信息的变化。一旦由DMS实现最佳负载调度，优化器则转到为下一个控制时段生成新的最佳负载调度，如步骤48所示，并且将其传递给个体负载，如步骤50所示。优化器循环地工作，并且重复进行步骤44至50，以便在考虑电力分配管理系统或者用户所要求的电力需求的任何变化的情况下，在预期控制时段连续生成最佳负载调度，。
优化器进行最佳负载调度，其目标是按照如下方式来操作预定类负载：使得最大程度地利用电力供应配额，并且同时还保持电力分配网络的整体稳定性，即，电力分配网络没有过载。本领域的技术人员将会理解，最大限度地利用电力供应配额帮助保持良好的负载系数。要注意，电力供应配额可以是基于诸如电力可用性、电力费率和其它负载简档之类的因素的时变量。按照预定类负载的要求进行最佳电力调度还帮助变电站自动化系统有效地管理对其它负载的电力供应分配。
因此，本文所述的优化器具有定义为预定类负载的电力供应配额(提交电力)与预定类负载在一段时间所消耗的电力之间的差的最小化的目标函数。通过调度在分配网络中尽可能平衡地分配的充分数量的负载来使差为最小。
优化器使用使电力需求与电力供应配额(所调度电力)之间的差为最小以满足预定类负载的需求的下列目标函数(J)。
J＝最小化(电力需求-所调度电力)(1)
其中，使用关于来自属于预定类负载的每个个体负载的电力要求的总时间(比如单位为小时)的信息来计算等式(1)中的电力需求，如下式(2)所示。
其中，Rl＝属于预定类负载的第l个负载的已登记额定功率
其中，Sl(t)是第l个负载在时间段t上的最佳切换状态(接通/关断)。切换状态Sl(t)能够对于‘关断’取值‘0’或者对于‘接通’取值‘1’，定义如下。
如等式(1)所述的优化问题受到下列限制：
(i)预定类负载的电力容许量限制：在任何时刻，在时间段“t”上，对预定类负载所调度的电力不应当超过电力容许量(PCL)，即，所调度电力≤电力容许量
Σ l = 1 L ( R l - * S l ( t ) ) ≤ R CL ( t ) - - - ( 5 )
(ii)总接通时间限制：
总接通时间定义为属于预定类负载的每个个体负载所要求的电力的总时间。例如，我们将灌溉负载看作是要求电力供其泵抽水的预定类负载。基于农作物类型以及诸如水和雨水的可用性之类的地理信息，每一农场主将对所定义时段(总接通时间)请求电力以运行其泵来灌溉土地。在这个示例中，关于个体负载的总接通时间的信息由个体负载通过无线系统传递给分配管理系统。这个信息由优化器用作查找用于灌溉负载的电力供应的最佳切换调度时的限制之一。总接通时间限制定义如下：
hl≤Hl(6)
其中，
Hl是第l个负载所请求的电力的总时间，
hl是第l个个体负载在时间段t上的切换状态之和，并且通过下式来计算。
h l = Σ t = 0 T S l ( t ) - - - ( 7 )
iii)最小接通时间限制：
最小接通时间定义要对每个个体负载调度电力的最小时间。这个最小时段是每个个体负载的总接通时间(Hl)的子集。例如，负载l接通(即，Sl(t)＝1)。这个限制迫使优化器将对第1个负载的电力容许量至少调度成最小接通时间(最小的小时数)。最小接通时间限制定义如下：
X l ≥ min T ON l - - - ( 8 )
其中，
Xl是第l个负载的接通时间状态的累计的计数器。这个计数器将对于个体负载的切换状态从接通状态到关断状态的变化复位。
S l ( t + 1 ) = 1 if X l ( t ) < min T ON l 且Sl(t)＝1(10)
minTON是第l个负载应当处于接通状态的最小持续时间
iv)除了上述限制之外，还可由优化器来考虑满意指数值限制，用于对属于预定类负载的个体负载进行最佳调度。
v)从属于预定类的负载可具有时变负载(rl(t))的情况。在这类情况下，优化器可考虑时变负载(rl(t))，用于计算如等式(2)和(3)所定义的电力需求和所调度电力。另外，它包括对时变负载rl(t)的限制，定义如下。
rl(t)≤Rl(11)
vi)属于预定类负载的负载能够请求超过电力容许量(PCL)的情况。在这类情况下，优化器以相同或不同费率来调度来自其它负载的电力(POL)的附加电力。预定类负载和其它负载的费率可以是不同的。
优化器具有优化算法，能够在这类不同情况下基于如通过具有限制的目标函数所定义的电力供应配额来提供最佳负载调度。本文所述的情况包括但不限于服务的时间和数量、费率类别(补贴/没有补贴)、农作物的类型、电力网络的互连性、泵额定值/质量、地下水位/水可用性、灌溉负载的其它环境条件。在城市环境中，可在考虑诸如负载类型(HVAC、照明等)、负载用户(办公大楼、住宅、医院、学校等)、社会需要(基本、奢侈或紧急)等因素的情况下调度负载。
优化器可结合为变电站系统的特定子系统(包含在变电站自动化产品中)或者作为分配网络系统的特定部分(包含在分配网络管理产品中)或者作为两种系统的一部分或者作为与变电站系统或分配网络系统进行接口的独立模块。
实质上，在另一个实施例中，在变电站级的优化器除了调度预定类负载中的负载之外，还将确保与预定类负载关联的至少一个馈电器始终是可用的，并且没有基于甩负载控制器中的电力管理条件而甩负载。在甩负载是不可避免的情况下(很少)，优化器需要考虑电力的不可用性，并且在为预定类负载中的负载分配电力时进行调整(重新调度)。
能够推断，在正常操作中，甩负载操作基于与其它负载关联的优先级定义(预定义优先级)仅对其它负载发生，而对于预定类负载中的负载，优化器决定个体负载的操作，并且按照考虑为预定类负载所提交的电力(电力配额)所作出的调度来管理它们。
分配网络的管理系统可补充或者排他地托管(host)用于预定类负载中的负载的负载调度的优化器。图4示出捕获本发明的这个方面的流程图表示52，其使用预定类负载的最佳负载调度，如步骤56所指示。如前面所述，通过最佳地操作将各种馈电器/负载连接到分配系统的开关，这种管理系统尝试具有馈电器的实时重新配置，使得电力利用率最大化，并且在分配网络中保持电力平衡。在这里，用于重新配置馈电器/负载的优化程序需要知道在特定时间段调度的负载，使得由与预定类负载关联的优化器来调度的这类负载决不受与馈电器/负载的重新配置相关的任何操作影响(最小影响)，如步骤58所示。这类要求可指定为优化重新配置的限制或者适当地包含在与重新配置相关的目标函数中。
如前面所述，用于调度预定类负载中的负载的优化器还可以是任何其它系统的一部分，或者在具体实施例中可以是单独的独立模块，该模块可具有信息交换接口以与变电站系统或者电力分配网络的管理系统或者用于电力分配管理的任何自动化系统进行通信，以便共享与调度有关的信息，并且还接收与电力的任何不可用性或者预定类负载内的负载的不成功/部分操作有关的信息，目的是重新估计或重新调度负载或者重新配置馈电器以用于电力分配和电力平衡计算。要注意，特定负载的任何重新估计或重新调度均可涉及预配置增加的优先级或者由优化器系统直接提供或者向分配/变电站系统请求的其它优先处理。
虽然本文仅说明和描述了本发明的某些特征，但本领域的技术人员将会想到许多修改和变更。虽然本发明仅描述了通过最佳地调度负载来满足电力要求的方面，但是系统可以可用于许多其它目的，例如消除偷电。因此要理解，所附权利要求书预计涵盖落入本发明的真实精神之内的所有这类修改和变更。

Claims (12)

1.一种电力分配管理系统，包括：
用于对负载网络分配电力供应的变电站，其中所述负载网络包括预定类负载和其它负载，其中所述预定类负载包括多个个体负载，其中所述预定类负载中的每个通过一个或多个通信装置与所述电力分配管理系统进行通信，
所述变电站包括：
多个馈电器；其中，所述电力分配管理系统基于优化电力分配解决方案来重新配置所述多个馈电器中的一个或多个馈电器来向所述负载网络分配电力供应，
用于基于为所述预定类负载指配的电力供应配额而为所述预定类负载进行负载调度的优化器，其中利用所述电力供应配额来得出用于所述预定类负载的优化电力分配解决方案；以及
用于与所述多个个体负载和/或所述优化器进行通信的通信接口。
2.如权利要求1所述的电力分配管理系统，其中，基于在所述优化电力分配解决方案中得出的最佳负载调度来操作来自所述多个个体负载中的至少一个个体负载。
3.如权利要求1所述的电力分配管理系统，其中，所述优化器使用从包括电力容许量限制、总接通时间限制、最小接通时间限制和时变负载限制的组中选取的一个或多个限制，以便生成所述优化电力分配解决方案。
4.如权利要求1所述的电力分配管理系统，其中，所述优化器是所述电力分配网络管理系统、所述变电站中的变电站管理系统中的至少一个的或者是所述电力分配网络管理系统和变电站管理系统两者的必不可少的部分。
5.如权利要求1所述的电力分配管理系统，其中，所述通信接口用于登记来自所述预定类负载中的个体负载的身份信息，并且其中对来自所述预定类负载中的个体负载的所述身份信息进行归档和存储。
6.如权利要求5所述的电力分配管理系统，其中，个体负载的所述身份信息至少包括关于个体负载的类型和额定值的信息以及关于通信装置的信息。
7.如权利要求3所述的电力分配管理系统，其中，所述优化器确保与所述预定类负载关联的至少一个馈电器始终能用于向所述预定类负载供应电力。
8.如权利要求1所述的电力分配管理系统，其中，所述电力分配管理系统从所述多个个体负载中的至少一个个体负载接收身份信息、电力要求信息、电力利用信息中的至少一个或者它们的组合。
9.如权利要求1所述的电力分配管理系统，其中，所述电力分配管理系统向所述多个个体负载中的至少一个个体负载发送最佳调度信息、费率信息、批准信息、操作的指令信息中的至少一个或者它们的组合。
10.一种用于负载调度的方法，所述方法包括：
在电力分配管理系统接收预定类负载在控制时段的电力供应配额的信息，其中所述预定类负载是通过所述电力分配管理系统的变电站接收电力供应的负载网络的一部分；
在所述电力分配管理的通信接口接收所述预定类负载中的个体负载的电力需求的信息，其中所述预定类负载中的每个通过一个或多个通信装置与所述电力分配管理系统进行通信；
在所述电力分配管理系统的优化器，使用个体负载的所述电力需求来得出所述预定类负载的电力供应配额的优化电力分配解决方案；
为所述预定类负载中的个体负载基于所述优化电力分配解决方案来生成最佳负载调度；
通过所述电力分配管理系统的通信接口将所述最佳负载调度传送给个体调度；以及
基于所述最佳负载调度来管理用于对所述预定类负载和其它负载进行电力分配的多个馈电器。
11.如权利要求10所述的用于负载调度的方法，还包括：
接收来自所述个体负载的相应用户的反馈；以及
使用来自所述个体负载的相应用户的反馈来生成最终最佳负载调度。
12.如权利要求10所述的方法，其中，对其它负载的所述电力分配基于预定义优先级。
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