CN102646454B - Device and method for alleviating serious accidents in external nuclear power station capable of preventing hydrogen blistering - Google Patents
Device and method for alleviating serious accidents in external nuclear power station capable of preventing hydrogen blistering Download PDFInfo
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- CN102646454B CN102646454B CN201210100203.9A CN201210100203A CN102646454B CN 102646454 B CN102646454 B CN 102646454B CN 201210100203 A CN201210100203 A CN 201210100203A CN 102646454 B CN102646454 B CN 102646454B
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
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Abstract
The invention discloses a device and method for alleviating serious accidents in an external nuclear power station capable of preventing hydrogen blistering and provided with a carbon nano tube and metal hydride dual hydrogen storage function and belongs to the field of safety equipment and technology of a nuclear power station. The device is characterized in that the outer face of a containment shell of the nuclear power station is provided with a carbon nano tube hydrogen absorption device and a metal hydride hydrogen absorption device; during the initial period of an accident, the temperature and pressure are not high, a heat exchanger does not operate, the gas in the containment shell can pass the carbon nano tube hydrogen absorption device by virtue of a blower and then enters into the metal hydride hydrogen absorption device through a valve, so that dual absorption is performed on the hydrogen in the gas, during the middle period of the accident, after the temperature and pressure are increased, the heat exchanger operates so as to introduce the hydrogen which is cooled to a certain temperature into the carbon nano tube hydrogen absorption device; adsorption, upgrading and blast protection can be performed on the hydrogen in the containment shell, an energy transfer effect can be achieved, and serious accidents of a reactor can be restrained or retarded, the serious accidents can be alleviated, and the accident damage is reduced.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to nuclear plant safety equipment and technical field, a kind of external particularly with the dual storage hydrogen of carbon nano-tube and metal hydride function prevents nuclear plant severe accident relieving apparatus and the method that hydrogen is quick-fried.Specifically, be that utilizing carbon nano-tube and magnesium is the characteristic of hydride in the time that the major accident of super design reference appears in generation nuclear power station, realize the hydrogen in containment is absorbed, inhales matter and explosion-proof, reach biography energy effect.Realize and suppress or slow down reactor disaster, major accident is eased, reduce accident harm.
Background technology
Containment is in the time reacting the integrity failure in reactor coolant loop, the radioactive fission product that is discharged into reactor coolant loop is contained, to prevent that radiomaterial is diffused into last one physical barrier outside nuclear power station.Under major accident condition, the combustion of hydrogen in containment or blast can threaten the integrality of containment, must take measures to reduce or eliminate the Hydrogen risk of containment.
U.S.'s Three Mile Island accident has confirmed the extreme importance of containment to nuclear power station.In order to ensure that containment can exercise security function under nuclear plant severe accident, avoid it to lose efficacy, the design generally taking to guard, even thicken containment thickness and realize.What the third generation pressurized-water reactor nuclear power plant EPR that Fa Matong and Siemens Company develop jointly adopted is double containment design.The AP1000 of US Westinghouse company has increased non-active safe cooling infrastructure outside it.
In the Japanese violent earthquake on March 11st, 2011 and tsunami following closely, the ageing equipment of Fukushima the first nuclear power station and the problem of design defect aspect, make unit in succession occur serious nuclear leakage accident.It is improper that the amounts of hydrogen that Japan produces accident is pre-estimated, not instant processing, and hydrogen explosion breaks through containment subsequently, and a large amount of radioactive material confrontation environment of generation have caused serious impact.
Existingly prevent that the quick-fried method of hydrogen from generally adopting hydrogen recombiner and two kinds of modes of lighter or two kinds of modes to combine.If only adopt hydrogen recombiner, when hydrogen will be gathered in containment, once run into spark, very likely there is quick turbulent combustion, when more serious situation, can blast.In the time that hydrogen rate of release is lower, hydrogen recombiner can be eliminated hydrogen more effectively, and discharges for hydrogen continuously and healthily, and the Hydrogen Energy power that disappears of hydrogen recombiner is subject to certain limitation.For hydrogen igniter, in gas, the concentration change of water vapor has larger impact to the combustible concentration of hydrogen, for example at water vapor concentration lower than 30% time, the combustible concentration limit of hydrogen is 4%; At water vapor concentration, during between 30%-60%, the combustible concentration limit of hydrogen between 4%-12%, is roughly linear growth accordingly; When water vapor concentration is greater than 60%, now can think that hydrogen is completely by water vapor inerting, no matter density of hydrogen is much, all incombustible.Hydrogen-absorbing material of the present invention is better to the such micro-molecular gas assimilation effect of hydrogen, and little to other macromolecular gas absorption amounts, is subject to other gases affects such as water vapor relatively little.
As can be seen here, in service at nuclear power station, prevent from that hydrogen is quick-fried to have very important significance.In the research and design of advanced reactor, people more and more pay close attention to prevention and the mitigation strategy of major accident, and adopting the high safety practice of reliability is an important mark.So, solve the accident mitigation problem under major accident operating mode, must have and a kind ofly can occur, under the operating mode of major accident, can directly to realize fast the control to energy transmission in nuclear power, radioactivity release key element, to ensure the safety of nuclear power station and even surrounding environment.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to propose a kind of nuclear plant severe accident relieving apparatus and the method that external prevents that hydrogen is quick-fried, it is characterized in that, described external prevents that the quick-fried nuclear plant severe accident relieving apparatus of hydrogen from being carbon nano-tube to be set in nuclear power plant containment shell outside inhale hydrogen production device and metal hydride suction hydrogen production device; Carbon nano-tube is inhaled hydrogen production device D and is communicated with by 7 valves with metal hydride suction hydrogen production device E, and carbon nano-tube is inhaled hydrogen production device D and also connected respectively B blower fan, 4 valves and 8 valves, and 8 valves connect F hydrogen containers, and F hydrogen container connects 10 air releases; Metal hydride is inhaled hydrogen production device E and is also connected respectively C blower fan, 5 valves and 9 valves, and 9 valves connect G hydrogen container, and G hydrogen container connects 11 air releases; Wherein 4 valves are connected to nuclear power plant containment shell bottom by H blower fan and 6 valves after being connected with 5 valves; B blower fan connects 2 valves and is connected 3 valves with C blower fan, 2 valves, 3 valves, 12 valves and 13 valves link together, 12 valves connect heat interchanger A again, and heat interchanger A is connected with 13 valves by 1 valve, and 1 valve and 13 valves are connected to nuclear power plant containment shell middle and lower part jointly.
It is single wall and multiple-wall carbon nanotube carbon that described carbon nano-tube is inhaled in hydrogen production device D, with flat being placed in suction hydrogen production device by rows.
The diameter of described carbon nano-tube is 2.0nm.
Described metal hydride is inhaled metal hydride in hydrogen production device E and is multiple flat type placements.
Described metal hydride is made up of two parts; A part is for inhaling protium or having the element of very strong affinity with hydrogen, it controlling hydrogen storage content number, be the key element of composition hydrogen bearing alloy; Mainly comprise Ti, Zr, Ca, Mg, V, Nb and Re; Another part is for hydrogen－sucking amount is little or do not inhale the element of hydrogen, and it is controlling suction/put the reversibility of hydrogen, plays adjusting Heat of Formation and decomposition pressure, mainly comprises Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Cu and Al; And magnesium is wherein associated, gold utensil has aboundresources, cheap low cost, lightweight, hydrogen storage content is the highest; Another part is for hydrogen－sucking amount is little or do not inhale the element of hydrogen, and it is controlling suction/put the reversibility of hydrogen, plays adjusting Heat of Formation and decomposition pressure, mainly comprises Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Cu and Al.
External prevents a nuclear plant severe accident relieving method for the quick-fried nuclear plant severe accident relieving apparatus of hydrogen, it is characterized in that, comprising:
(1) all valves of initial period are all in closed condition; Initial period temperature, pressure in the time having an accident is not high, open 13 valves, 3 valves, 5 valves, 6 valves, do not move heat interchanger A, by C blower fan, the gas in containment is inhaled to hydrogen production device E by the metal hydride that magnesium base hydrogen storage alloy is housed, at normal temperatures and pressures, utilizing metal hydride to inhale flat magnesium placed side by side in hydrogen production device E is that hydride directly absorbs hydrogen; After hydrogen in gas is necessarily absorbed, by pipeline, remaining gas is flow back in containment; Or open 13 valves, 2 valves, 5 valves, 6 valves, do not move heat interchanger A, by B blower fan, the gas in containment is first inhaled to hydrogen production device D by the carbon nano-tube that carbon nano-tube is housed, then enter metal hydride suction hydrogen production device E by 5 valves, the hydrogen in gas is carried out to double-absorption;
(2) after accident temperature, pressure in mid-term rises, by opening valve 1 valve, 12 valves, 2 valves, 4 valves and 6 valves, other valve closings, do not move heat interchanger A, to be cooled to the hydrogen after uniform temperature to pass in the carbon nano-tube suction hydrogen production device D that carbon nano-tube is housed, utilization has the material of a large amount of micropores to carry out adsorption storage behavior to hydrogen, what in storage hydrogen process, first carry out is physisorption, when hydrogen reaches after finite concentration, some hydrogen molecule is by the micropore of carbon nano tube surface or the opening at groove and two ends, to the inter-level diffusion of carbon nano-tube, to carry out deeper chemisorption, unnecessary gas still reenters in containment by pipeline,
(3), reaching after the object that alleviation accident and accident are stable, open 8 valves, 9 valves, carbon nano-tube and magnesium that carbon nano-tube is inhaled in hydrogen production device D and metal hydride suction hydrogen production device E are that hydride suitably heats, the hydrogen of absorption is extracted in F hydrogen container and G hydrogen container, ensure the reusability of equipment.
Described temperature and pressure condition during according to accident, utilizing carbon nano-tube and magnesium is that hydride absorbs the hydrogen in containment, prevents that to reach hydrogen is quick-fried, alleviates the object of major accident.There is the dual storage hydrogen of carbon nano-tube and metal hydride function.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is compared with prior art, has following outstanding advantages and effect: nuclear plant severe accident relieving apparatus provided by the invention, and to the relieving apparatus of nuclear power station implementation multiple protective.When accident early period of origination, gas temperature pressure is not high, can directly directly absorb hydrogen by the equipment that magnesium base hydrogen storage alloy is housed; When gas temperature pressure raises fast after accident occurs, by entering after cooling device in the device that carbon nano-tube is housed, hydrogen is carried out to adsorption storage.After accident is stable, the hydrogen in carbon nano-tube and magnesium base hydrogen storage alloy can directly be separated hydrogen after processing, and ensures the reusability of equipment.This device can be under multiple pressure, temperature conditions uses effectively, and the harm suppressing or slow down coolant loss accident is had to positive effect.Can be easier to carry out the marketization is applicable.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the nuclear plant severe accident relieving apparatus schematic diagram of external.
Wherein, numeral 1-13 is expressed as valve, A is heat interchanger, B, C, H are that (wherein H is accessory fan for subsequent use to blower fan, in the time that maybe can not meeting service requirement, blower fan B, C inefficacy starts), D is the suction hydrogen production device that carbon nano-tube is housed, and E is equipped with the suction hydrogen production device that magnesium is hydride, and F, G are hydrogen container.
Embodiment
A kind of external provided by the invention prevents nuclear plant severe accident relieving apparatus and the method that hydrogen is quick-fried, and external prevents the nuclear plant severe accident relieving apparatus that the quick-fried nuclear plant severe accident relieving apparatus of hydrogen is a kind of simple in structure, stable performance, reliability is high.Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, concrete structure of the present invention, the course of work and preferred forms are described further.
Figure 1 shows that the nuclear plant severe accident relieving apparatus schematic diagram of external.In figure, carbon nano-tube is set in nuclear power plant containment shell outside and inhales hydrogen production device and metal hydride suction hydrogen production device; Carbon nano-tube is inhaled hydrogen production device D and is communicated with by 7 valves with metal hydride suction hydrogen production device E, and carbon nano-tube is inhaled hydrogen production device D and also connected respectively B blower fan, 4 valves and 8 valves, and 8 valves connect F hydrogen containers, and F hydrogen container connects 10 air releases; Metal hydride is inhaled hydrogen production device E and is also connected respectively C blower fan, 5 valves and 9 valves, and 9 valves connect G hydrogen container, and G hydrogen container connects 11 air releases; Wherein 4 valves are connected to nuclear power plant containment shell bottom by H blower fan and 6 valves after being connected with 5 valves; B blower fan connects 2 valves and is connected 3 valves with C blower fan, 2 valves, 3 valves, 12 valves and 13 valves link together, 12 valves connect heat interchanger A again, and heat interchanger A is connected with 13 valves by 1 valve, and 1 valve and 13 valves are connected to nuclear power plant containment shell middle and lower part jointly.
In the time there is nuclear plant severe accident, the process such as melting reactor core and concrete interaction outside zirconium alloy cladding and steam reaction and pressure vessel can produce a large amount of hydrogen, and is discharged in containment space.External suction hydrogen production device in figure can play the hydrogen in containment is absorbed, thereby reaches the object of alleviating reactor disaster.
Use external to prevent that the quick-fried nuclear plant severe accident relieving apparatus of hydrogen from, to nuclear plant severe accident relieving method, comprising:
Each valve of inhaling hydrogen production device when initial all in closure state.In the time of the accident initial stage, because pressure, temperature are not temporarily very high, the first scheme can be opened 13 valves, 3 valves, 5 valves, 6 valves, do not move heat interchanger A, by C blower fan, the gas in containment is inhaled to hydrogen production device E by the metal hydride that magnesium base hydrogen storage alloy is housed, at normal temperatures and pressures, utilizing metal hydride to inhale flat magnesium placed side by side in hydrogen production device E is that hydride directly absorbs hydrogen; After hydrogen in gas is necessarily absorbed, by pipeline, remaining gas is flow back in containment.First scheme can be opened 13 valves, 3 valves, 5 valves, 6 valves, do not move heat interchanger A, by B blower fan, the gas in containment is first inhaled to hydrogen production device D by the carbon nano-tube that carbon nano-tube is housed, inhale hydrogen production device E by metal hydride again, so carry out different schemes according to actual gas flow, to reach the effect of multiple absorption.
Occur after a period of time in accident, the scheme when accident initial stage just can not well reach inhales hydrogen effect.While rising due to pressure, can promote the absorption of carbon nano-tube to hydrogen, and in the time that temperature raises, be unfavorable for the absorption of carbon nano-tube to hydrogen.So after temperature raises, open 1 valve, 12 valves, 2 valves, 4 valves, 6 valves, all the other valve closings, start heat interchanger A.Gas by heat interchanger A carry out a certain amount of cooling after, in entering, now gas temperature is suitably reduced, and pressure is relatively high, the best hydrogen uptake condition that meets the cryogenic high pressure of carbon nano-tube, carries out good adsorption storage by carbon nano-tube to the hydrogen in gas.
In the time hydrogen being absorbed to storage, if the adsorbance that carbon nano-tube is inhaled in hydrogen production device D is not enough to remove too high hydrogen in containment, can on original basis, further open 7 valves, 5 valves, valve-off 4 valves, utilizing carbon nano-tube and magnesium is that hydride absorbs cooled hydrogen.Because magnesium is that hydride is not very desirable to the assimilation effect of hydrogen under higher temperature, so the heat interchanger A by pipeline front to gas cooled after, enter carbon nano-tube and inhale in hydrogen production device D and metal hydride suction hydrogen production device E, can make carbon nano-tube and magnesium is that hydride reaches best hydrogen uptake condition.Reaching after alleviation accident object, can open 8 valves, 9 valves, carbon nano-tube and magnesium that carbon nano-tube is inhaled in hydrogen production device D and metal hydride suction hydrogen production device E are that hydride suitably heats, the hydrogen of absorption can be extracted in F hydrogen container and G hydrogen container, after having extracted, can close 8 valves, 9 valves, open 10 valves, 11 valves, according to circumstances hydrogen is recycled or discharged, to reach alleviation accident impact, the object of harm reduction.
Temperature during according to accident and pressure condition, utilizing carbon nano-tube and magnesium is that hydride absorbs the hydrogen in containment, prevents that to reach hydrogen is quick-fried, alleviates the object of major accident.There is the dual storage hydrogen of carbon nano-tube and metal hydride function.
Above-mentioned metal hydride (hydrogen bearing alloy) refers under uniform temperature and pressure, can reversibly absorb in a large number for hydrogen, store and discharge, and the intermetallic compound not high to other vapor sensitivity.Hydrogen bearing alloy is made up of two parts: a part is for inhaling protium or having the element of very strong affinity with hydrogen, it controlling hydrogen storage content number, be the key element of composition hydrogen bearing alloy.Mainly IA～VB family metal, as Ti, Zr, Ca, Mg, V, Nb, Re (rare earth element); And magnesium is wherein associated, gold utensil has aboundresources, cheap low cost, lightweight, hydrogen storage content is the highest; Another part is for hydrogen－sucking amount is little or do not inhale the element of hydrogen, and it is controlling suction/put the reversibility of hydrogen, plays adjusting Heat of Formation and decomposition pressure, mainly comprises Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Cu and Al.
Carbon nano-tube has larger hydrogen-storage density under the condition of cryogenic high pressure, has large specific surface area and hollow structure, inhales hydrogen best results.Concrete structure is the body of surrounded by hexagonal carbon networks of atoms seamless, hollow, and two ends are covered by semicircular large fullerene molecule conventionally, diameter zero point several nanometers to tens nanometers, length is a few to tens of microns.According to the difference of the tube wall carbon atom number of plies, can be divided into multiple-wall carbon nanotube and Single Walled Carbon Nanotube.The diameter of the carbon nano-tube in the present invention is 2.0nm (at present diameter be 2.0nm hydrogen Storage in Carbon Nanotubes best results), and a large amount of carbon nano-tube is inhaled in hydrogen production device with flat being placed on by rows.Because Single Walled Carbon Nanotube has the hollow duct of nanoscale, in the time of nuclear power station generation major accident, carbon nano-tube is little to large molecular gas uptakes such as the water vapor producing in accident, and the such micro-molecular gas of hydrogen is absorbed well, therefore carbon nano-tube is a kind of well hydrogen storage material.
Claims (5)
1. an external prevents the nuclear plant severe accident relieving apparatus that hydrogen is quick-fried, it is characterized in that, described external prevents that the quick-fried nuclear plant severe accident relieving apparatus of hydrogen from being carbon nano-tube to be set in nuclear power plant containment shell outside inhale hydrogen production device and metal hydride suction hydrogen production device; Carbon nano-tube is inhaled hydrogen production device (D) and is communicated with by 7 valves with metal hydride suction hydrogen production device (E), carbon nano-tube is inhaled hydrogen production device (D) and is also connected respectively B blower fan, 4 valves and 8 valves, 8 valves connect F hydrogen container, and F hydrogen container connects 10 air releases; Metal hydride is inhaled hydrogen production device (E) and is also connected respectively C blower fan, 5 valves and 9 valves, and 9 valves connect G hydrogen container, and G hydrogen container connects 11 air releases; Wherein 4 valves are connected to nuclear power plant containment shell bottom by H blower fan and 6 valves after being connected with 5 valves; B blower fan connects 2 valves and is connected 3 valves with C blower fan, 2 valves, 3 valves, 12 valves and 13 valves link together, 12 valves connect heat interchanger (A) again, heat interchanger (A) is connected with 13 valves by 1 valve, and 1 valve and 13 valves are connected to nuclear power plant containment shell middle and lower part jointly.
2. external prevents the nuclear plant severe accident relieving apparatus that hydrogen is quick-fried according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, it be single wall and multiple-wall carbon nanotube carbon that described carbon nano-tube is inhaled in hydrogen production device (D), with flat being placed in suction hydrogen production device by rows.
3. external prevents the nuclear plant severe accident relieving apparatus that hydrogen is quick-fried according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described carbon nano-tube has larger hydrogen-storage density under the condition of cryogenic high pressure, there is large specific surface area and hollow structure, its structure is the body of surrounded by hexagonal carbon networks of atoms seamless, hollow, two ends are covered by semicircular large fullerene molecule conventionally, and length is a few to tens of microns; Diameter is 2.0nm.
4. external prevents the nuclear plant severe accident relieving apparatus that hydrogen is quick-fried according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described metal hydride is inhaled the interior metal hydride of hydrogen production device (E) and is multiple flat type placements.
5. external prevents the nuclear plant severe accident relieving apparatus that hydrogen is quick-fried according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described metal hydride is made up of two parts; A part, for inhaling protium or having the element of very strong affinity with hydrogen, mainly comprises Ti, Zr, Ca, Mg, V, Nb and Re; It controlling hydrogen storage content number, be composition hydrogen bearing alloy key element; And magnesium is wherein associated, gold utensil has aboundresources, cheap low cost, lightweight, hydrogen storage content is the highest; Another part, for hydrogen－sucking amount is little or do not inhale the element of hydrogen, mainly comprises Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Cu and Al; It is controlling suction/put the reversibility of hydrogen, works to regulate Heat of Formation and decomposition pressure.
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| CN107767971B (en) * | 2017-10-30 | 2021-07-02 | 上海核工程研究设计院有限公司 | Control method for hydrogen in small-power reactor containment and oxygen elimination device |
| CN108053896B (en) * | 2017-11-28 | 2020-02-21 | 上海交通大学 | Hydrogen catalysis recombiner |
| CN111540484A (en) * | 2020-04-21 | 2020-08-14 | 上海申核能源工程技术有限公司 | Hydrogen absorption material used under nuclear facility accident environmental condition |
| CN112960648B (en) * | 2021-03-12 | 2023-02-03 | 中国工程物理研究院核物理与化学研究所 | Normal-temperature hydrogen-helium separation and storage integrated device and method |
| CN113593740B (en) * | 2021-07-01 | 2024-02-27 | 中广核研究院有限公司 | Nuclear safety shell risk judging method and device, electronic equipment and storage medium |
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