CN102597188B - 接收未加工生物质原料的碾碎机 - Google Patents

接收未加工生物质原料的碾碎机 Download PDF

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CN102597188B
CN102597188B CN201080040242.3A CN201080040242A CN102597188B CN 102597188 B CN102597188 B CN 102597188B CN 201080040242 A CN201080040242 A CN 201080040242A CN 102597188 B CN102597188 B CN 102597188B
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K.M.斯普劳斯
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Abstract

一种生物质烘焙系统包括碾碎机，其接收未加工生物质原料并且在高于400F（204C）的温度下操作以产生包含经碾碎生物质产品的含尘烟道气。

Description

接收未加工生物质原料的碾碎机
关于联邦赞助研发的申明
依照能源部资助的合同No. DE-FC26-04NT42237，政府可在本发明中享有一定权利。
技术领域
本公开涉及支持石油化工业和发电业的高效率气化系统，并且更具体地涉及用于其的粉碎碾碎机。
背景技术
粉碎碾碎机通常用于干燥和碾碎诸如生物质和城市固体废物的纤维材料，例如柳枝稷（switch grass）、玉米秸杆和废木屑。尽管碾碎机可以减小纤维原料的尺寸，但碾碎机可能无法将占主导地位的纤维质材料的比能容量提升到高于8000 Btu/lbm。
发明内容
根据本公开的一个示例性方面的一种生物质烘焙系统包括碾碎机，其接收未加工生物质原料并且在高于400 F（204 C）的温度下操作以产生包含经碾碎生物质产品的含尘烟道气。旋风分离器在所述碾碎机的下游，用于至少部分地从所述含尘烟道气分离高于预定尺寸的经碾碎生物质产品。过滤器在所述旋风分离器的下游，用于至少部分地从所述含尘烟道气分离低于预定尺寸的经碾碎生物质产品以提供烟道气。冷凝器在所述过滤器的下游，用于从所述烟道气分离蒸汽作为液体水。
根据本公开的一个示例性方面的一种生物质烘焙方法包括：在高于400 F的操作温度下碾碎未加工生物质原料以产生包含经碾碎生物质产品的含尘烟道气；从所述含尘烟道气分离高于预定尺寸的经碾碎生物质产品以提供烟道气；并且从所述烟道气分离蒸汽作为液体水。
根据本公开的一个示例性方面的一种接收未加工生物质原料的碾碎机包括具有至少一个叶片的转子，所述至少一个叶片包括主动冷却特征。
根据本公开的一个示例性方面的一种接收未加工生物质原料的碾碎机包括具有由复合材料制造的至少一个叶片的转子。
附图说明
本领域技术人员将会从所公开的非限制性实施例的以下详细描述明白各种特征。详细描述的附图可简要介绍如下：
图1是生物质烘焙系统的一般性示意方框图；并且
图2是用于碾碎纤维和非纤维散装材料的固体破坏线的图形表示。
具体实施方式
图1示意性地示出了生物质烘焙系统20。生物质烘焙系统20通常包括碾碎机22、气体加热器24、气体鼓风机26、旋风分离器28、过滤器30、冷凝器32和压实机34。还应该理解的是，尽管在示意性示出的实施例中公开了具体的部件布置，但是也可替代地或另外地采用其他部件布置。例如，可任选地包括气体加热器24和压实机34。
碾碎机22被供应有未加工的生物质原料F，例如已经被预处理到小于50wt％水分和不足1英寸（200目）尺寸的柳枝稷、玉米秸杆和/或废木屑。未加工的生物质原料F具有约7000 Btu/lbm或更小的热值。
碾碎机22在400-600 F（204-316 C）之间的升高温度下操作，使得未加工的生物质原料F经历轻微的热解。在一个非限制性实施例中，碾碎机22的转子系统R可获得高于500 ft/sec的尖端速度。碾碎机22的旋转部件内的高尖端速度（高于500 ft/sec）可防止当碾碎机22中的内部再循环生物质和烟道气（即，含尘气体）处于高于400 F的烘焙温度时出现严重的设计问题。这通常是因为用于常规碾碎机构造的常规金属可在这些升高的烘焙温度时具有显著更低的极限抗张强度。这些更低的极限抗张强度可能没有高到足以允许常规碾碎机在14000 psi（在500 ft/sec尖端速度的情况下产生）的标称张应力下的有效操作。因此，必须相对于常规碾碎机来改变碾碎机22。
在一个非限制性实施例中，碾碎机22的转子系统R的主动水冷系统（在附图标记W处示意性示出）可用于抑制金属温度。主动水冷系统W可将诸如水的冷却流体传输到转子系统R的每个叶片B。应当理解，可采用各种流体传输路径。
在另一个非限制性实施例中，碾碎机22的转子系统R可由轻质复合结构材料制造，该轻质复合结构材料具有比金属显著更高的强度重量比。这种复合材料可包括陶瓷基复合材料（CMC），其中，基体材料可以是碳化硅（SiC），其不仅轻质而且高度耐腐蚀，这对于粉碎碾碎机的磨蚀表面而言是期望的性质。
碾碎机22也可接收基本上无颗粒的烟道气Gp，其处于高于约250 F（121 C）的温度并且在一个非限制性实施例中可为约500 F（260 C）。经干燥和粉碎的生物质原料F和含尘烟道含尘烟道气Gt离开碾碎机22，以便通过旋风分离器28和烛形过滤器30分离。旋风分离器28通常采用高速旋转流，并且过滤器30可以是采用圆柱形、管状过滤器元件的烛形过滤器。在一个非限制性实施例中，旋风分离器28分开大于约10微米的颗粒，而烛形过滤器30分开小于约10微米的颗粒，使得基本上仅留下无颗粒的烟道含尘烟道气Gp。该位置处的无颗粒的烟道含尘烟道气Gp可以是约60％蒸汽。
在旋风分离器28和过滤器30的下游，无颗粒烟道含尘烟道气Gp在冷凝器32内被冷却到约212 F（100 C）以从经干燥的热的无颗粒烟道气Gp中分离出蒸汽，作为液体水。在冷凝器32的下游，液体水的一部分可被传输到水冷系统W。在冷凝器32的下游，可用鼓风机26将经干燥的热的无颗粒烟道气Gp的一部分传输回碾碎机22，并且如果需要的话，通过燃气加热器24的操作来增加烟道气Gp的温度。
如果需要上游的燃气加热器24来将碾碎机22的内部温度保持在400-600 F（204-316 C）之间，那么燃气加热器24在经干燥的无颗粒烟道气Gp的一部分上被点燃。应当指出，经干燥的无颗粒烟道气Gp基本上是低Btu的合成气，其包含氢气（H2）和一氧化碳（CO）以及诸如二氧化碳（CO2）的其他气体，具有约100 Btu/scf（标准立方英尺）的容积热值。替代地，如果不需要燃气加热器24来保持碾碎机22的内部温度，那么基本上所有的相对低Btu的无颗粒烟道气Gp可被存储或用于其他的局部加热或发电应用。
替代地，对于碾碎机22在400-600 F（204-316 C）温度下操作而言，甚至可能不需要燃气加热器24，因为碾碎机22产生了内部废热，该内部废热可能足以将温度保持在400-600 F（204-316 C）的温度范围。也就是说，含尘烟道气Gp至少部分地在碾碎机22中再循环，从而维持期望的温度。
经干燥和粉碎的生物质原料F离开碾碎机22作为经碾碎的生物质产品MB，其被旋风分离器28和烛式过滤器30从含尘烟道气Gt分离。经碾碎的生物质产品MB具有相对低的容积密度，通常低于20 lbm/ft3。如果经碾碎的生物质产品MB的容积密度需要大于约20 lbm/ft3以便运输，则经碾碎的生物质产品MB可被传输到压实机34中以增大容积密度。例如，生物质容积密度可以在低于100 psi的固结压力的情况下被增大到超过40 lbm/ft3。如果在低于15 wt％水分的干燥模式中操作压实过程，则来自压实机34的经碾碎的生物质产品MB可稍后在使用位置用非常小的能量消耗被重组为标称200目产品尺寸。例如由新泽西州Kenilworth的Atlantic Coast Crushers Inc.制造的内嵌式流动岗哨已经被指认为用于该重组操作。
参见图2，图形化地示出了用于碾碎纤维和非纤维散装材料的典型固体破坏线。对于纤维材料而言，当与诸如煤的非纤维材料相比时，导致固体破裂且形成颗粒所需的剪切载荷τ在高压缩载荷下是显著的。尝试在常规锤式碾碎机、滚筒碾碎机或对转圆盘式碾碎机中碾碎纤维生物质通常导致碾碎机的堵塞，因为这种常规碾碎机在普通操作压缩σ条件时不会产生所需的剪切载荷τ。这种堵塞可能导致碾碎机随后停机，以便进行清洁。例如由加拿大British Columbia的First American Scientific Corporation（FASC）制造的动态裂解系统（KDS）碾碎机提供了一种干燥和碾碎诸如生物质的纤维材料的粉碎碾碎机。KDS碾碎机在非常低的压缩下用剪切载荷克服了纤维材料的破裂，从而纤维材料不会在两个金属表面之间被挤压（即，压缩），而是为生物质提供了τ和σ均为零的自由表面。尽管KDS碾碎机降低了纤维材料的尺寸，但KDS碾碎机在环境温度到175 F（79 C）操作温度下操作并且不将占主导地位的纤维质材料的比能容量提升到高于8000 Btu/lbm的值。
本文公开的生物质烘焙系统20提供了在低载荷和高温度条件下的碾碎能力。在回收低Btu无颗粒烟道气Gp的情况下，碾碎机在400至600 F的烘焙温度下的操作促进了干燥基础上的经碾碎生物质产品MB的比热容量从约7000 Btu/lbm提高到超过11000 Btu/lbm。此外，生物质烘焙系统20为后续被压缩的材料提供超过40 lbm/ft3的容积密度以有利于长距离运输。
应当理解，相对位置术语，例如“前”、“后”、“上”、“下”、“高于”、“低于”等均是参照本发明的普通操作姿态而言的，并且不应被认为以其他方式产生限制。
应当理解，在遍及几幅附图中，相同的参考数字表示对应或相似的元件。还应当理解，尽管在所示实施例中公开了具体的部件布置，但其他布置也将从中受益。
尽管示出、描述和请求保护具体的步骤顺序，但应当理解的是，所述步骤可以以任何顺序分开地或组合地执行，除非另有所指，并且仍将从本公开受益。
前面的描述是示例性的而非被其中的限制所限定。本文公开了各种非限制性实施例，然而，本领域普通技术人员可意识到根据上述教导的各种修改和变形将会落入所附权利要求的范围内。因此，应当理解的是，在所附权利要求的范围内，本公开可以不同于所描述的来实施。为此，应当研究所附权利要求以确定真实范围和内容。

Claims (2)

1.一种接收未加工生物质原料的碾碎机，包括：
具有至少一个叶片的转子，所述至少一个叶片包括主动冷却特征，其中，所述至少一个叶片在稳态条件中旋转，所述叶片在400 °F的环境中处于至少500 ft/sec的尖端速度。
2.如权利要求1所述的碾碎机，包括：
具有由陶瓷基复合材料制造的至少一个叶片的转子。
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