CN102577799B - Test method for manual simulation of hail shooting disaster - Google Patents
Test method for manual simulation of hail shooting disaster Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a test method for manual simulation of a hail shooting disaster, which comprises the following steps of: (1) taking cotton growth period, hail size and hail shooting density as variables to design a hail disaster situation; (2) dividing a test field into a test plot and a check plot; and dividing the test plot according to the situation designed by the step (1); (3) in each cotton growth period, according to the situations designed by taking the hail size and the hail shooting density as variables in step (1), respectively carrying out manual simulation hail shooting impact tests on cotton plants in corresponding test plots, and observing and recording traits of the cotton plants before and after impact in corresponding test plots and check plots; and (4) after completion of a last cotton growth period, observing and recoding yield traits in corresponding test plots and check plots, and processing and analyzing observation data. Through the test method for manual simulation of the hail shooting disaster provided by the invention, the aim of quantitative research of loss caused by hail damage to crops can be reached, so that kernel parameters of kernel disaster, loss and further risk assessment of vulnerability of a bearing body of the hail disaster can be determined.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of test method of manual simulation's hail shooting disaster, belong to the new method field of tackling agrometeorological hazard.
Background technology
Disaster caused by hail is a kind of serious meteorological disaster, along with being on the increase of agriculture hazard-affected body type, and the raising of the level of urbanization, its loss caused increases day by day.Fan Baojun (1999) is defined as hail disaster from develop prosperous and powerful tall and big cumulonimbus and drops to the disaster that ground solid rainfall causes.Zhang Yangcai etc. (1991) think, it is that a kind of local is strong, season is obvious, the oncoming force is anxious, the duration is short, take and injure a kind of meteorological disaster as main by a crashing object.In brief, disaster caused by hail is exactly that hail drops to the infringement caused on all kinds of hazard-affected bodies.
Disaster caused by hail is a kind of serious meteorological disaster, although its duration is short, coverage is little, sudden strong, destructive large (Wang Jingai etc., 1999).As on May 31st, 2,005 one time, Beijing area hail shooting just cause thousands of automobiles to suffer a loss, the compensation of insurance company surpasses 5,000,000 yuan, and for example the disaster caused by hail on July 9th, 2007 causes only Changping District fruit tree and crops direct economic loss just to reach 3,000 ten thousand yuan.According to WMO (World Meteorological Organization) statistics, approximately 2,000,000,000 dollars of the losses that annual hail brings to the world (Dong Anxiang and Zhang Qiang, 2004).China is four heavy hail disasters one of district that takes place frequently in the world, the arable area that suffers every year on average disaster caused by hail approximately 2 * 10
6hm
2, suffer every year on average the direct economic loss of disaster caused by hail to reach more than 30 hundred million yuan, many disaster caused by hails year direct economic loss reach more than 100 hundred million yuan (CLPINFO, 2009).Along with the type of agriculture hazard-affected body is on the increase, economic worth also constantly increases, and the loss caused because of disaster caused by hail constantly increases.The agriculture hazard-affected body that is subject to most disaster caused by hail in China is mainly cotton, corn and soybean, and the loss caused especially with cotton for very.Hail is very large to the destructive power of cotton, and it can batter down cotton leaf, discounting branch stem, breaks growing point, hit cotton boll down, even causes the cotton total crop failure.China's most area hail shooting mainly concentrates on 4～September (Wang Ying etc., 2002), and in cotton development stage, so hail shooting has infringement to the cotton of different phase, causes comprehensive the condition of a disaster large.Moreover, the cotton region, the Huanghe valley of China, cotton region, the Yangtze river basin and Xinjiang cotton three large cotton planting districts are just the hail disaster districts that takes place frequently, and cause very large loss.
There is certain research in China to the simulation experiment method of disaster caused by hail.As 1987, the associating of Liaocheng Prefecture, Shandong Province insurance company and Liaocheng aggie, adopted the disaster caused by hail analog form of manually throwing stone, and the cotton of different growth stage is carried out to destructive testing, drawn the curvilinear equation of disaster caused by hail to cotton harm.But above-mentioned test and natural hail shooting sight have very big-difference, can not quantitatively control and accurately estimate stone diameter, stone density and the stone kinetic energy used in test because of it, the more important thing is that the processing etc. of the choosing of setting to the hail shooting sight, extent of damage index, test data does not form the method for system yet.Some experimental rigs to the disaster caused by hail simulation are also arranged at present, but be all the device that solar cell, solar water heater, aircraft or other similar products are carried out to the hail impact simulation test, do not relate to the test of disaster caused by hail to the crop yield setting loss, and do not form the test method of system.
Therefore, based on above background condition, propose a kind of test method of manual simulation's hail shooting disaster, the test of the relevant disaster caused by hail of carrying out that can be quantitative to cotton harm aspect, can also expand to the tests such as impact of manual simulation's hail shooting on other crops from now on.
Summary of the invention
In view of above problem, the present invention proposes hail that a kind of manual simulation's of utilization hail shooting machine produces different sizes, different hail shooting density in order to hit the cotton of different growing stage, studies the test method of disaster caused by hail the condition of a disaster.The test method of manual simulation's hail shooting disaster of mentioning by the present invention, reached the purpose that quantitative study is carried out in the loss to causing after disaster caused by hail strike crops (this test is mainly for cotton), thus the core parameter that can determine this core calamity of disaster caused by hail supporting body fragility, setting loss and carry out further risk assessment.
Above-mentioned purpose of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
The test method of a kind of manual simulation cotton field hail shooting disaster is provided, comprises the following steps:
(1) take cotton growing stage, hail size and hail shooting density as Variational Design disaster caused by hail sight;
(2) experimental field is divided into to experimental plot and control plot, then divides described experimental plot according to the sight of step (1) design;
(3) in each cotton growing stage, the all sights that hail is big or small and hail shooting density is variable of take according to step (1) design, respectively the cotton plants in corresponding experimental plot is implemented to manual simulation's hail shooting and hit test, and observe and record corresponding experimental plot and the control plot cotton plants biological character before and after hitting;
(4) after in the end a cotton growing stage finishes, observe and record the yield traits of corresponding experimental plot and control plot, and Treatment Analysis test observation data.
The described cotton growing stage of step (1), can be divided into several according to the existing standard in this area, for example can by from the cotton seeding stage, start to the term of opening bolls finish within about 5 months, be divided into following vegetative period:
1. insemination and emergence phase---being unearthed when open and flat from being seeded into cotyledon, weighing up seedling, when cotton field goes out the strain number and reaches 50%, is the seeding stage; After planting, temperature, oxygen, moisture condition are suitable, approximately through 8-15 days, just can emerge.
2. seedling stage---be called seedling stage from emerging to buddingging, about 40-50 days, comprise Seedling Stage and pregnant flower bud phase.
3. the flower bud phase---from buddingging to blooming, this period of time claims the flower bud phase, and the length of flower bud phase is variant with the difference of kind, weather conditions and cultivation management, is generally 25-30 days.
4. flowering and boll-setting period---from blooming to starting, claim flowering and boll-setting period one period of blow-of-cottons, and general about 50 days is the cotton the most fertile flower phase of fertility.
5. the leaf wadding phase---cotton starts blow-of-cottons receives and spends basic end to full field, is the term of opening bolls.The term of opening bolls length, because of each cotton region frost-free season length and cultivation condition variant, general about 75 days.
The preferred hail diameter from 1-5cm of the described hail size of step (1); The more preferably hail diameter of 1cm, 1.5cm, 2cm, 2.5cm, 3cm and 5cm.
The described hail shooting density of step (1) is generally 50～500/m
2; Preferred 150～450/m
2; More preferably 150/m
2, 300/m
2with 450/m
2.
The described manual simulation's hail shooting strike of step (3) test preferably adopts manual simulation's hail shooting machine emission ice hockey or ice cube strike cotton field to complete.
More than the preferred 23m/s of initial velocity of described manual simulation's hail shooting machine emission ice hockey or ice cube.
Described manual simulation's hail shooting machine can be squeezed into the hails of different sizes, varying number to allow it fall with freely falling body in the air, and also necessarily incident angle is directly aimed at plant and hit.
Described manual simulation's hail shooting machine can be selected the various machinery that can realize manual simulation's hail shooting function in prior art, preferred manual simulation's hail shooting machine can mainly comprise mobile traction element 1 as shown in Figure 1, horizontally rotates part 2, produces wind part 3, angular adjustment part 4, advance ice part 5, radiating portion 6 etc.; It moves on traction element 1 and is provided with and horizontally rotates part 2, horizontally rotates on part 2 to be provided with to produce wind part 3, angular adjustment part 4, produces wind part 3 and connects radiating portion 6, and radiating portion 6 connects into ice part 5.Described mobile traction element 1 mainly comprises the parts such as draw bar 101, framework 102, support 103, wheel carrier 104, wheel 105, wheel shaft 106; Its framework 102 adopts channel-section steel to make, be the A font, framework 102 bottom surfaces are equipped with bracket with foldable 103, and the head end of A font framework 102 is connected with draw bar 101, tail end is connected with steel wheel carrier 104, and two wheels 105 in wheel shaft 106 and left and right are installed on wheel carrier 104.The described part 2 that horizontally rotates mainly comprises the parts such as lower bearing sleeve 201, upper bearing sleeve 202, worm gear 203, taper roll bearing 204, power transmission shaft 205, radial ball bearing 206, worm screw 207, steel plate 208, support wheel 209, driving sleeve 210, square tube 211, test platform 212, axle bearing frame 213, worm screw pedestal 214; Its power transmission shaft 205 tops and test platform 212 welding connect firmly, bottom is provided with lower bearing sleeve 201, single-row tapered roller bearing 204 is housed in it, for supporting drive shaft 205, lower bearing sleeve 201 is arranged on axle bearing frame 213, axle bearing frame 213 connects firmly on the wheel carrier 104 of mobile traction element 1, and power transmission shaft 205 is carried out to axial location; Also be provided with upper bearing sleeve 202 on power transmission shaft 205, single-row radial ball bearing 206 is housed in it, for supporting drive shaft 205, upper bearing sleeve 202 is arranged in annular steel plate 208 centre bores, doughnut-shaped steel plate 208 connects firmly on the wheel carrier 104 and framework 102 of mobile traction element 1, and power transmission shaft 205 is carried out to radial location; Power transmission shaft 205 top key are connected with worm gear 203 and driving sleeve 210, worm gear 203 engages worm 207, and worm screw 207 is arranged on worm screw pedestal 214, and worm screw pedestal 214 is arranged on doughnut-shaped steel plate 208; Driving sleeve 210 outsides are welded with two square tubes 211, are welded with test platform 212 above square tube 211, and square tube 211 bottom surfaces are welded with four support wheels 209 that distribute along even circumferential, and four support wheels 209 are positioned on doughnut-shaped steel plate 208.Described product wind part 3 mainly comprises the parts such as regulating wheel adjusting rod 301, diesel engine 302, driving-belt 303, regulating wheel 304, blower rack 305, drive pulley 306, blower fan 307, alignment pin 308, steelframe 309, fan shaft 310, its diesel engine 302, steelframe 309 are arranged on by bolt on the test platform 212 that horizontally rotates part 2, because diesel engine 302 vibrations are larger, spring washer are housed below diesel engine 302, prevent that diesel engine from getting loose, the upper plane of steelframe 309 is inclined-plane, by bolt-connection, tilting blower rack 305 is arranged, blower fan 307 is installed on blower rack 305, can by blower rack 305 fixedly blower fan 307 or the adjustment blower fan 307 setting height(from bottom) and angle, drive pulley 306 is installed on fan shaft 310, the drive pulley 306 that the output shaft of diesel engine 302 connects on fan shafts 310 by the drive pulley that carries on its axle and triangular driving band 303, be provided with regulating wheel 304 on triangular driving band 303, be hinged with regulating wheel adjusting rod 301 on steelframe 309, adjust regulating wheel 304 by regulating wheel adjusting rod 301, and on the alignment pin 308 that 301 lockings of regulating wheel adjusting rod are arranged on steelframe 309.
As shown in Figure 2, described angular adjustment part 4 mainly comprises the parts such as support bar 401, gear shaft 402, locking wrench 403, tooth bar 404, elevating lever 405, gear pedestal 406, handle 407, bearing block 408; Be provided with elevating lever 405 in its support bar 401, elevating lever 405 upper ends are hinged on below the transmitting tube 601 of radiating portion 6, support bar 401 lower ends are hinged on test platform 212 sides that horizontally rotate part 2, are provided with locking wrench 403 on support bar 401, for the elevating lever 405 that locks; Gear shaft 402 is arranged in the bearing block 408 on gear pedestal 406 tops, and bearing block 408 both sides are provided with handle 407, and tooth bar 404 is arranged on the outside of blower fan 307 housings, and tooth bar 404 is circular arc, tooth bar 404 and gear shaft 402 engagements.
As shown in Figure 3, describedly advance ice part 5 and mainly comprise parts such as putting ice groove 501, landing groove 502, ice hockey outlet 503, bearing pin 504, slip lid 505; It is put ice groove 501 and is positioned on blower fan 307, but with blower fan, do not connect, square is put ice groove 501 rear portions and is connected landing groove 502, landing groove 502 rear portions are provided with the ice hockey outlet 503 of fluted body, ice hockey exports 503 tops and is provided with slip lid 505, ice hockey exports on 503 sidewalls and is provided with bearing pin 504, puts ice groove 501, landing groove 502 and is actively coupled by bearing pin 504 and ice hockey outlet 503, and ice hockey outlet 503 is welded on the transmitting tube 601 of radiating portion 6.As shown in Figure 3, described radiating portion 6 mainly comprises the parts such as transmitting tube 601, flange 602, pipe 603 simultaneously; Its transmitting tube 601 1 ends are square opening, by bolt, with blower fan 307 square openings that produce wind part 3, connect, and the other end is round mouth, by flange 602, with pipe 603, connects; Being provided with a square aperture 604 and the ice hockey that advances ice part 5 on transmitting tube 601 exports 503 corresponding.
As shown in Figure 4, by worm gear 203 engages worm 207 that horizontally rotate part 2, transmit motion and the power of intersection two between centers, due to power transmission shaft 205 upper ends and test platform 212 welding, thereby rotatablely moving and passing to test platform 212, power transmission shaft 205 motoring ring test platforms 212 are rotated counterclockwise, in figure, the c angle is that test platform 212 be take horizontal center line and is rotated counterclockwise the use state of 30 ° as benchmark, it is 0～90 ° that test platform 212 is rotated counterclockwise scope c, diesel engine 302 on while test platform 212, triangular driving band 303, drive pulley 306, blower fan 307, and transmitting tube 601, pipe 603 is also done corresponding 30 ° of rotations, while carrying out the hail shooting test in farmland, can adjust the direction that ice hockey penetrates by horizontally rotating part 2, the crops that its aligning will be hit, and draw bar 101, framework 102, wheel carrier 104 does not turn.
While using described preferred manual simulation's hail shooting machine simulation hail shooting disaster, by four-wheel tractor, with draw bar 101, connect, manual simulation's hail shooting device is sailed in farmland, be pulled when mobile, support 103 rotates to level and packs up around bearing pin, put down support 103 while not moving and play a supportive role, four support wheels 209 are for bearing test platform 212 and equipment, experimenter's weight, and gravity is delivered on wheel 105 by doughnut-shaped steel plate 208, wheel carrier 104, the angle of by artificial turning handle 407 driven gear axles 402 and arc-shaped rack 404 engagements, regulating blower fan 307 air outlets and radiating portion 6, because blower fan 307 air outlets connect with transmitting tube 601, carry out angular adjustment so drive transmitting tube 601 simultaneously, take horizontal line as benchmark, when transmitting tube 601 is upwards steeved around fan shaft 310, angle is that positive angle 0-85 is while spending, as shown in a angle in Fig. 1, ice hockey 506 in transmitting tube 601 can be squeezed in the air, then freely fall the simulating nature hail shooting and hit crops, when transmitting tube 601 is put to nutation around fan shaft 310, angle is that negative angle 0-25 is while spending, as shown in b angle in Fig. 1, ice hockey 506 in transmitting tube 601 can be aimed at the height of different growing stage crops, directly hit, by manual worm 207 engagement worm gears 203, power transmission shaft 205 is rotated, power transmission shaft 205 motoring ring test platforms 212 rotate the direction of rotation of adjusting transmitting tube 601 and pipe 603, and ice hockey 506 is penetrated by set direction.Before test, regulating wheel 304 is unclamped, after diesel engine 302 starts, depress regulating wheel 304, diesel engine 302 output shaft interlock triangular driving bands 303 drive blower fan main shaft makes blower fan 307 runnings produce pressure-air, the large I of wind speed is by regulating the Throttle Opening Control arranged on diesel engine, the ice hockey 506 of different-diameter is accelerated by the pressure-air that produces 3 generations of wind part in transmitting tube 601, and obtain consistent acceleration.During test, a certain amount of ice hockey 506 is put into and put ice groove 501, the ice hockey 506 of test requirement manually is allocated to landing groove 502, ice hockey 506 exports 503 landings to the square aperture 604 of transmitting tube 601 from ice hockey and enters pipe 603 under Action of Gravity Field, when transmitting tube 601 is upwards steeved, owing to putting ice groove 501, landing groove 502 exports 503 active links by bearing pin 504 and ice hockey, so put ice groove 501, landing groove 502 is not faced upward, but around bearing pin 504 rotations, now slip lid 505 should be opened, the lower end of landing groove 502 can be screwed in ice hockey outlet 503, ice hockey 506 still can export 503 landings to the square aperture 604 of transmitting tube 601 from ice hockey and enter pipe 603 again, under Action of Wind pressure from the mouth of pipe by ice hockey 506 directive crops, by the ice hockey 506 of sending varying number to, complete the simulation to different hail shooting density.As calculated ice hockey 506 at transmitting tube 601, with pipe 603, connect after overall length be about in the pipeline of 2.5m and accelerate by pressure-air, can make ice hockey 506 fly out more than the muzzle velocity of the mouth of pipe reaches test requirements document 23m/s.
Described ice cube or ice hockey can prepare by the whole bag of tricks, for example can freeze with the ice mould of different size and designed all size, ice cube sufficient amount of step (1) or ice hockey, freeze after good and separately deposit in incubator standby by ice cube or the ice hockeys of different sizes by specification.
Strike test under described each sight of step (3) preferably repeats to do 3 times.
The described cotton plants biological character of step (3) comprises that growth is counted, broken spear-point, leaf area, fallen leaves number, the broken number of sheets, fruit branch number, cladoptosis number, a disconnected branch number, number of flowers and/or cotton boll number; Can be according to being adjusted different vegetative period in described scope.
The method according to this invention, it passes through specific program, utilize manual simulation's hail shooting machine of prior art directly the plant in Cotton Fields to be tested, the measurement contrast of then counting by the number of blade, fruit branch number, the cotton boll (cotton boll) of cotton before and after test, and measure each community cotton ultimate output after off-test, assess the loss that the disaster caused by hail under different sights causes.By the test method of manual simulation's hail shooting disaster, provide a kind of system test method of disaster simulation and setting loss.
The accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the front view of the structural representation of the preferred manual simulation's hail shooting of the present invention machine.
Fig. 2 is the rack and pinion engagement structural representation of the angular adjustment part 4 of the preferred manual simulation's hail shooting of the present invention machine.
Fig. 3 is the cutaway view that advances ice part 5 structural representations of the preferred manual simulation's hail shooting of the present invention machine.
Fig. 4 is the vertical view of the use view of the preferred manual simulation's hail shooting of the present invention machine.
Fig. 5 is the overall workflow figure of manual simulation's hail shooting disaster test method of the embodiment of the present invention 1.
Fig. 6 is (450/m of the fixedly hail shooting density of the embodiment of the present invention 1
2) situation under, hail diameter and defoliation yield concern regression curve.
Fig. 7 is the defoliation yield of the embodiment of the present invention 1 and the block diagram of hail shooting density relationship.
Embodiment
In preferred embodiments of the present invention, run through about 5 months that from the cotton seeding stage, start to finish to the term of opening bolls opportunity of being simulated hail shooting strike test, specifically in mid-term of each breeding time, or the interval set time in each breeding time, select sunny calm or weather gentle breeze to do single test, meet with the sight of disaster caused by hail in order to simulate the cotton different growing stages.Cotton field used is to reserve Yi Tiao Road (width is enough to by manual simulation's hail shooting machine) in oneself ， field, cotton field of rural villager, so that manual simulation's hail shooting machine can enter field smoothly.The ice hockey used or ice cube are to freeze ice cube or the ice hockey of the sufficient amount of the difference size with the ice mould of different size.
Below further illustrate technical scheme of the present invention by specific embodiment.
Embodiment 1
The cotton field of choosing the Rong Jia village, high building town, Sanhe City, Hebei province man of peasant household is experimental field.
As shown in Figure 5, according to test method of the present invention, concrete implementation step is as follows:
(1) take cotton growing stage, hail size and hail shooting density as Variational Design disaster caused by hail sight:
First cotton growing stage is divided into to insemination and emergence phase, seedling stage, flower bud phase, flowering and boll-setting period and leaf and wads a quilt with cotton 5 vegetative period of phase, then in each cotton growing stage, choose hail diameter, two variablees of hail shooting density, adopt control variate method to design respectively all hail shooting sights.
Described hail diameter adopts respectively 1cm, 1.5cm, 2cm, 2.5cm, 3cm and 5cm;
Described hail shooting density adopts respectively 150/m
2, 300/m
2with 450/m
2;
The hail shooting sight of designing thus each cotton growing stage is 18 kinds;
Final design obtains whole cotton growing stage totally 90 kinds of hail shooting sights.
(2) experimental field is divided into to experimental plot and control plot, then according to the sight of step (1) design, described experimental plot is divided into at least 90; 3 repetitions are established in the test of every kind of sight, by every experimental plot Further Division, are therefore 3 again; Community area >=1m * 1m.Community label mark, tag content has: the test vegetative period, hail diameter, hail shooting density, (as tag content is that 1-1.5-300-1 represents seedling stage, the hail size is 1.5cm to test number (TN), and hail shooting density is 300/m
2, repeat for the first time).
(3) in each cotton growing stage, the all sights that hail is big or small and hail shooting density is variable of take according to step (1) design, respectively the cotton plants in corresponding experimental plot is implemented to manual simulation's hail shooting and hit test, and observe and record corresponding experimental plot and the control plot cotton plants biological character before and after hitting; The observation project comprises: plant height, the number of blade, fruit branch number, cotton boll (cotton boll) number, and give each plant numbering, the record of proterties observed result after convenient test.
While implementing the strike of manual simulation's hail shooting, with the described manual simulation's hail shooting of tractor-drawn machine, enter field, start a machine, more than the speed when adjusting throttle makes hail fly out the mouth of pipe meets the requirements of 23m/s.Then regulate the hail shooting machine, guarantee that hail can hit the cotton plants in specified scope just.After adjusting device, start manual simulation's hail shooting machine, the ice cube of preparing before test is launched.After a small plot experiment finishes, tractor-drawn manual simulation hail shooting machine is tested to next community.
(4) after cotton growing stage finishes, finally measure the output of each community cotton, determine loss.With excel or other DAS, test data is processed, analyze the hail diameter and (or) relation of hail density and cotton the condition of a disaster (comprise defoliation yield, fruit branch fracture expulsion rate, cotton boll (peach) expulsion rate, output of cotton percent of loss etc.), structure the condition of a disaster assessment models.
The result of the test of the present embodiment following (with the single test data instance carried out August 8):
Table 1 cotton plants proterties statistical form
Defoliation yield under each hail diameter of table 2., each hail shooting density, disconnected branch rate, bud drop rate
Analyze the relation of hail diameter and defoliation yield, disconnected branch rate, bud drop rate etc. and make regression curve;
Analyze the relation of hail density and defoliation yield, disconnected branch rate, bud drop rate etc. and make regression curve.
Finally obtain following result:
1), fixedly in the situation of hail shooting density, the degree of correlation of hail diameter and defoliation yield is higher, with 450/m
2hail shooting density be example, the regression curve result of hail diameter and defoliation yield is as shown in Figure 6.As can be seen from the figure defoliation yield and hail diameter are obvious exponential relationship, and correlation coefficient is 0.909, relational expression:
y＝0.281ln(x)+0.2562。
Wherein: y is defoliation yield, and x is the hail diameter.
2) with the increase of hail shooting density, defoliation yield significantly increases.Both sides relation as shown in Figure 7.
Claims (9)
1. the test method of a manual simulation cotton field hail shooting disaster, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
(1) take cotton growing stage, hail size and hail shooting density as Variational Design disaster caused by hail sight;
(2) experimental field is divided into to experimental plot and control plot, then divides described experimental plot according to the sight of step (1) design;
(3) in each cotton growing stage, the all sights that hail is big or small and hail shooting density is variable of take according to step (1) design, respectively the cotton plants in corresponding experimental plot is implemented to manual simulation's hail shooting and hit test, and observe and record corresponding experimental plot and the control plot cotton plants biological character before and after hitting; Described manual simulation's hail shooting hits test and adopts manual simulation's hail shooting machine emission ice hockey or ice cube strike cotton field to complete; Described manual simulation's hail shooting machine structure is as follows:
Mainly comprise mobile traction element (1), horizontally rotate part (2), produce wind part (3), angular adjustment part (4), advance ice part (5), radiating portion (6), it moves on traction element (1) to be provided with and horizontally rotates part (2), horizontally rotate on part (2) to be provided with and produce wind part (3), angular adjustment part (4), produce wind part (3) and connect radiating portion (6), radiating portion (6) connects into ice part (5), described mobile traction element (1) mainly comprises draw bar (101), framework (102), support (103), wheel carrier (104), wheel (105), wheel shaft (106), its framework (102) adopts channel-section steel to make, be the A font, framework (102) bottom surface is equipped with bracket with foldable (103), the head end of A font framework (102) is connected with draw bar (101), tail end is connected with steel wheel carrier (104), and two wheels in wheel shaft (106) and left and right (105) are installed on wheel carrier (104), the described part (2) that horizontally rotates mainly comprises lower bearing sleeve (201), upper bearing sleeve (202), worm gear (203), taper roll bearing (204), power transmission shaft (205), radial ball bearing (206), worm screw (207), steel plate (208), support wheel (209), driving sleeve (210), square tube (211), test platform (212), axle bearing frame (213), worm screw pedestal (214), its power transmission shaft (205) top and test platform (212) welding connect firmly, bottom is provided with lower bearing sleeve (201), single-row tapered roller bearing (204) is housed in it, for supporting drive shaft (205), lower bearing sleeve (201) is arranged on axle bearing frame (213), axle bearing frame (213) connects firmly at the wheel carrier (104) of mobile traction element (1) upper, and power transmission shaft (205) is carried out to axial location, also be provided with upper bearing sleeve (202) on power transmission shaft (205), single-row radial ball bearing (206) is housed in it, for supporting drive shaft (205), upper bearing sleeve (202) is arranged in annular steel plate (208) centre bore, doughnut-shaped steel plate (208) connects firmly at the wheel carrier (104) of mobile traction element (1) and framework (102) upper, and power transmission shaft (205) is carried out to radial location, power transmission shaft (205) top key is connected with worm gear (203) and driving sleeve (210), worm gear (203) engages worm (207), it is upper that worm screw (207) is arranged on worm screw pedestal (214), and worm screw pedestal (214) is arranged on doughnut-shaped steel plate (208), driving sleeve (210) outside is welded with two square tubes (211), be welded with test platform (212) above square tube (211), square tube (211) bottom surface is welded with four support wheels (209) that distribute along even circumferential, and four support wheels (209) are positioned on doughnut-shaped steel plate (208), described product wind part (3) mainly comprises regulating wheel adjusting rod (301), diesel engine (302), driving-belt (303), regulating wheel (304), blower rack (305), drive pulley (306), blower fan (307), alignment pin (308), steelframe (309), fan shaft (310), its diesel engine (302), steelframe (309) are arranged on the test platform (212) that horizontally rotates part (2) by bolt, because diesel engine (302) vibrations are larger, diesel engine is equipped with spring washer below (302), prevents that diesel engine from getting loose, the upper plane of steelframe (309) is inclined-plane, by bolt-connection, tilting blower rack (305) is arranged, blower fan (307) is installed on blower rack (305), can pass through fixedly blower fan (307) or adjust setting height(from bottom) and the angle of blower fan (307) of blower rack (305), drive pulley (306) is installed on fan shaft (310), the output shaft of diesel engine (302) connects the drive pulley (306) on fan shaft (310) by drive pulley and the triangular driving band (303) carried on its axle, be provided with regulating wheel (304) on triangular driving band (303), be hinged with regulating wheel adjusting rod (301) on steelframe (309), adjust regulating wheel (304) by regulating wheel adjusting rod (301), and on the alignment pin (308) that regulating wheel adjusting rod (301) locking is above arranged at steelframe (309), described angular adjustment part (4) mainly comprises support bar (401), gear shaft (402), locking wrench (403), tooth bar (404), elevating lever (405), gear pedestal (406), handle (407), bearing block (408), be provided with elevating lever (405) in its support bar (401), elevating lever (405) upper end is hinged on below the transmitting tube (601) of radiating portion (6), support bar (401) lower end is hinged on test platform (212) side that horizontally rotates part (2), be provided with locking wrench (403) on support bar (401), for the elevating lever that locks (405), gear shaft (402) is arranged in the bearing block (408) on gear pedestal (406) top, bearing block (408) both sides are provided with handle (407), tooth bar (404) is arranged on the outside of blower fan (307) housing, tooth bar (404) is circular arc, tooth bar (404) and gear shaft (402) engagement, describedly advance ice part (5) and mainly comprise and put ice groove (501), landing groove (502), ice hockey outlet (503), bearing pin (504), slip lid (505), it is put ice groove (501) and is positioned on blower fan (307), but with blower fan, do not connect, square is put ice groove (501) rear portion and is connected landing groove (502), landing groove (502) rear portion is provided with the ice hockey outlet (503) of fluted body, ice hockey outlet (503) top is provided with slip lid (505), be provided with bearing pin (504) on ice hockey outlet (503) sidewall, put ice groove (501), landing groove (502) is actively coupled by bearing pin (504) and ice hockey outlet (503), ice hockey outlet (503) is welded on the transmitting tube (601) of radiating portion (6), described radiating portion (6) mainly comprises transmitting tube (601), flange (602), pipe (603), its transmitting tube (601) one ends are square opening, by bolt, with blower fan (307) square opening that produces wind part (3), connect, and the other end is round mouth, by flange (602), with pipe (603), connects, be provided with a square aperture (604) on transmitting tube (601) corresponding with the ice hockey outlet (503) of advancing ice part (5),
More than the preferred 23m/s of initial velocity of described manual simulation's hail shooting machine emission ice hockey or ice cube;
(4) after in the end a cotton growing stage finishes, observe and record the yield traits of corresponding experimental plot and control plot, and Treatment Analysis test observation data.
2. test method claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: the described hail size of step (1) is the hail diameter of 1-5cm.
3. test method claimed in claim 2, is characterized in that: the hail diameter that the described hail size of step (1) is 1cm, 1.5cm, 2cm, 2.5cm, 3cm and 5cm.
4. test method claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: the described hail shooting density of step (1) is 50～500/m
2.
5. test method claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that: the described hail shooting density of step (1) is 150/m
2, 300/m
2with 450/m
2.
6. test method claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: it is that manual simulation's hail shooting machine is squeezed into the hails of different sizes, varying number to allow it fall with freely falling body in the air that described manual simulation's hail shooting hits test.
7. test method claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: it is that manual simulation's hail shooting machine is directly aimed at plant by the hails of different sizes, varying number with certain incident angle and hit that described manual simulation's hail shooting hits test.
8. test method claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: the strike test under described each sight of step (3) repeats to do 3 times.
9. test method claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: the described cotton plants biological character of step (3) comprises that growth is counted, broken spear-point, leaf area, fallen leaves number, the broken number of sheets, fruit branch number, cladoptosis number, a disconnected branch number, number of flowers and/or cotton boll number.
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| CN102577799B true CN102577799B (en) | 2013-12-18 |
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| CN108241786B (en) * | 2018-01-11 | 2021-06-04 | 安徽省农业科学院水稻研究所 | Evaluation method for lodging resistance of rice |
| CN111694000B (en) * | 2020-06-11 | 2023-03-21 | 成都信息工程大学 | Method for forecasting hail embryo formation and hail growth in hail cloud monomer development process |
| CN111610111B (en) * | 2020-06-23 | 2023-03-10 | 中航勘察设计研究院有限公司 | Soil mass disintegration test method under simulated hail condition |
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| CN201945434U (en) * | 2011-03-03 | 2011-08-24 | 常州天合光能有限公司 | Hailstone test machine for solar component |
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