CN102573512A - 含有丁子香酚、肉桂醛和葱提取物的食物添加物 - Google Patents
含有丁子香酚、肉桂醛和葱提取物的食物添加物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102573512A CN102573512A CN2010800313218A CN201080031321A CN102573512A CN 102573512 A CN102573512 A CN 102573512A CN 2010800313218 A CN2010800313218 A CN 2010800313218A CN 201080031321 A CN201080031321 A CN 201080031321A CN 102573512 A CN102573512 A CN 102573512A
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Abstract
本发明涉及食物添加物,其包含:30至45%的丁子香酚;30至45%的肉桂醛,10至40%的属于葱科的植物的提取物;任选地包含其他化合物、尤其是有机硫化合物的剩余部分直至100%。这种添加物可以添加至某种动物的、尤其牛类的饲料,意在减少其产生甲烷。本发明还涉及用于减少甲烷排放至地球大气中的方法,其包括以下步骤:将本发明的食物添加物添加至反刍动物的饲料配给量;并且将获得的饲料配给量饲喂至反刍动物。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及以特定比例包含丁子香酚(eugenol)、肉桂醛(cinnamaldehyde)和葱科(Alliaceae)提取物的食物添加物。这种添加物可以添加至特定动物的、尤其牛类(bovines)的饲料,以减少其产生甲烷。
背景技术
现在公知的是家畜比车辆产生更多的温室气体。
尤其认为反刍动物是18%的甲烷排放的原因,其中根据Giec(政府间气候变化专家组(Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Climate Change))的专家,所述甲烷的温室效应比二氧化碳的温室效应强23倍。
根据阿根廷科学家,约550kg的牛基本上通过嗳气(eructation)每日排放800与1000升之间的气体,主要是甲烷。
结果是保护环境成为农业的主要约束因素,并且一些美洲国家正在考虑对乳牛产生甲烷越来越严厉地征税。
已经进行多种尝试以减少牛产生甲烷。
某些抗生素已经例如用于饲料中。这种方案正日渐被放弃,一方面,因为在于除成本之外,这些抗生素具有以下缺点,即大部分时间是管理机关的监管对象,并且另一方面,因为这与消费者增加的消费“天然”产品或甚至通过有机农业获得的产品的需求相距更远。
最近,INRA(法国国家农业研究院(National Institute for AgronomicResearch))实验站显示,在针对乳牛实施的多项试验中,摄取从亚麻籽获得的6%脂质减少这些动物中27至37%的甲烷产生。
参考“与提高膳食性挤出亚麻籽水平相对应的乳牛瘤胃甲烷生成(Rumenmethanogenesis of dairy cows in response to increasing levels of dietary extrudedlinseeds)”,第二届国际能量与蛋白质代谢和营养大会论文集(2nd InternationalSymposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition),2007年9月9-13日,法国,维希,第609-610页。
还参考“与用天然亚麻籽、挤出的亚麻籽或亚麻籽油饲喂乳牛相对应的甲烷产出和日料可消化性(Methane output and diet digestibility in response tofeeding dairy cows with crude linseed,extruded linseed or linseed oil)”,动物科学杂志(Journal ofAnimal Science),doi:10.2527/jas/2007-0774。
国际专利申请号WO 03/094628公开了丁子香酚减少甲烷产生的用途(尤其参考第2页,最末段)。
Macheboeuf等人的文章报道甲烷的产生因肉桂醛而减少,该文章出现于动物饲料科学与技术(Animal Feed Science and Technology)综述,第145卷,第1至4期,2008年8月,第335至350页(XP002575075)中(尤其见第342页底部的图2)。
国际专利申请号WO 2008/0377827教导,使用葱科衍生物,尤其PTS/PTSO,引起反刍动物中发酵气体、尤其甲醇的排放减少(参考第5页,第3段)。
为减少由动物并且部分地由牛引起的甲烷排放,获得简单且价廉并且可以容易使用的方案将是合乎需要的。另外,还应当可能在发达国家和在贫穷国家均使用这种方案,其中一些所述的发展中国家,如印度、巴西和阿根廷,具有极大量的家畜并且因而在温室气体的产生方面发挥显著作用。
发明内容
本发明的发明人已经开发了食物添加物,其以包含丁子香酚、肉桂醛和属于葱科的植物的提取物为特征性特征,这些成分以特定比例存在。
本发明人已经观察到,添加这种添加物至某反刍动物的饲料配给量(feedration)导致该反刍动物的甲烷产生大大减少,而没有明显地影响瘤胃中挥发性脂肪酸的产生,这些酸是重要的,因为它们充当所述动物代谢的能源。
就甲烷的产生而言,在一些情况下,它经受直至25%的减少。
附图说明
现在,本发明的其他特征和优点将于后续并且由附图说明的公开内容中详细描述,所述附图代表:
-图1:显示甲烷产生曲线作为丁子香酚、肉桂醛和葱属(Allium)植物提取物的食物添加物浓度的函数的三元图;
-图2:显示挥发性脂肪酸产生曲线作为丁子香酚、肉桂醛和葱属(Allium)植物提取物的食物添加物浓度的函数的三元图;
-图3:显示针对测试的每种处理,单位为克的平均每头牛每天甲烷产生量的图;
-图4:说明针对测试的每种处理,单位为毫摩尔/L的挥发性脂肪酸的瘤胃液浓度的图;以及
-图5至7:显示针对测试的每种处理,挥发性脂肪酸当中乙酸酯、丙二酸酯和丁酸酯百分数的图。
具体实施方式
本发明食物添加物中使用的丁子香酚是称作4-烯丙基-2-甲氧基苯酚的熟知化合物,具有实验式C10H12O2。
肉桂醛(或桂皮醛(cinnamic aldehyde))也是熟知的。它是具有实验式C9H8O的3-苯基丙烯醛(反式-肉桂醛)。
根据本发明,该食物添加物至少包含植物的提取物,其中所述植物属于葱科(Alliaceae)(根据APG系统发生分类)并且尤其属于作为该科成员的葱属(Allium)。
属于葱属的最知名植物是韭葱(leek)(大头蒜(Allium ampeloprasum))、洋葱(onion)(洋葱(Allium cepaL.))、栽培蒜(cultivated garlic)(大蒜(AlliumsativumL.))、胡葱(shallot)(火葱(Allium ascalonicum))、大葱(Welsh onion)(大葱(Allium fistulosumL.))和细香葱(chive)(北葱(Allium schoenoprasumL.))。
根据本发明,优选地使用栽培蒜(大蒜(Allium sativumL.))的提取物。该提取物通常是蒜鳞茎(garlic bulb)的提取物。
这种蒜提取物可以含有二烷基硫代亚磺酸酯和/或至少一种二烷基硫代磺酸酯。
这些化合物对应于下式F:
R-SOa-S-R′
其中:
R和R′相同或不同,各自代表烷基;并且
a是1或2。
所述烷基R和R′优选地包含1至5个碳原子。
另外,更具体地使用丙基(通常,正丙基)作为R基和R′基。
在相同的式F化合物内部,所述R基和R’基是优选相同的。
对于二烷基硫代亚磺酸酯,在F式中,a是1。
对于二烷基硫代磺酸酯,a是2。
作为式F的化合物,有利的是使用硫代亚磺酸二(正丙基)酯(在下文中叫做PTS)和/或硫代磺酸二(正丙基)酯(在下文中叫做PTSO)。
可以通过分解(或氧化)PTS获得PTSO。
通过提取产生PTS和PTSO的产生尤其在专利申请EP-A1-1721534,第15页第34行至第16页第26行中描述。
硫代亚磺酸酯也可以根据专利申请FR-A-2813884中描述的方法获得。
然而,PTS和PTSO并不必需地从葱科(Alliaceae)获得。它们当然也可以通过合成产生。
本发明因此还涉及食物添加物,其包含:
-30至45%的丁子香酚,
-30至45%的肉桂醛,以及
-10至40%的至少一种化合物F;
-任选地包含其他化合物、尤其是有机硫化合物的剩余部分直至100%。
当然,本发明的食物添加物可以以任何比例包含以下物质的混合物:
-至少两种二烷基硫代亚磺酸酯;
-至少两种二烷基硫代磺酸酯;
-至少一种二烷基硫代亚磺酸酯和至少一种二烷基硫代磺酸酯。
根据本发明的另一个实施方案,式F的化合物可以与至少一种其他化合物、优选地与硫化合物、尤其从葱属(Allium)植物获得的硫化合物组合。这种其他的硫化合物例如可以是蒜素(allicin)、硫化物或多硫化物,尤其二硫化物,如烯丙基二硫化物(allyl disulfide)。
这些化合物可以是溶剂(如甘油、丙二醇)中的溶液形式或是使用聚山梨酯作为乳化剂的水性乳液形式。
本发明的食物添加物可以额外地含有本领域技术人员熟知的其他化合物,如氢化植物油、麦芽糊精D.E.6、9、18.5、大豆卵磷脂、明胶、环糊精、果胶、瓜尔胶、右旋糖、麦芽糖、阿拉伯树胶、塞匹费姆(sepifilm)、羟丙基甲基纤维素、甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、乙基甲基甲基纤维素、皂树(quillaja)提取物、聚氧乙烯(20)失水山梨糖醇酐单月桂酸酯(polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitanmonolaurate)、聚氧乙烯(20)失水山梨糖醇酐单油酸酯、聚氧乙烯(20)失水山梨糖醇酐单硬脂酸酯、聚氧乙烯(20)失水山梨糖醇酐单棕榈酸酯、山梨糖醇月桂酸酯、山梨糖醇单油酸酯、山梨糖醇单硬脂酸酯、与以下酸:乙酸、乳酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸和单乙酰/二乙酰酒石酸酯化的食用脂肪酸甘油一酯和甘油二酯。
根据本发明的有利实施方案,该食物添加物由以下物质组成:
-30至45%的丁子香酚,
-30至45%的肉桂醛,和
-10至40%的蒜提取物;
-百分数总和是100%。
此外,所述蒜提取物含量优选地在15和35%之间,更具体地在24和26%之间。
可以如下制备本发明的食物添加物,即通过以任何顺序混合处于合乎需要的比例的丁子香酚、肉桂醛、蒜提取物和任选的其他成分,直至获得均匀的混合物。
可以使用常规的植物制剂技术(galenic technique),如喷雾冷却、凝集、糊化、成球(prilling)和在流化空气床中喷洒、悬浮及造粒(granulation)。
本发明的食物添加物总体上处于通常由具有下述粒子组成的粉末的形式,所述粒子具有可以从90μm(微米)至1000μm范围、尤其200μm和500μm范围的大小。
这些粒子可以任选地用旨在掩盖蒜气味和/或通过刺激动物食欲促进饲料消耗的外包衣层完全包覆。这种包衣可以是以No.FR0804617提交的法国专利申请中描述的一种包衣。
在其使用期间,本发明的食物添加物可以添加至动物浓缩饲料(feedconcentrate)。这种浓缩饲料是本领域技术人员熟知的,并且可以包含大豆皮(soybean hull)、谷粒(corn grains)、油饼、来自小麦或玉米的乙醇生产的副产物等。
对于牛、山羊(caprine)或绵羊(ovine)饲料,可以将本发明的食物添加物添加至粗饲料如牧草、苜蓿、干草等。
本发明的食物添加物也可以用来制备包含所讨论的动物浓缩饲料、粗饲料和添加物的动物饲料。
本发明的食物添加物可以按剂量配出,从而动物每日摄入100mg至1000mg该食物添加物。优选地,该食物添加物按500mg/日/动物的剂量配出。
本发明的食物添加物特别适合于反刍动物,尤其牛。
实施例
a)体外试验
瘤胃液(Ruminal fluid)自牛收集而来。
随后制备瘤胃液和缓冲液的1∶1(以体积计)的溶液。
将50ml所述溶液导入聚丙烯管。
(基于干物质)制备由苜蓿干草(34.7%)、黑麦草干草(14.8%)、研碎的大麦粒(11.4%)、研碎的玉米粒(11.4%)、大豆油饼(1.6%)、棉籽(7.9%)、玉米谷蛋白(11.6%)、糖蜜(3.2%)、脂肪酸钙盐(1.3%)和矿物质和维生素预混物(2.1%)组成的配给量(ration)。
制备由玉米、大豆油饼、小麦和任选地通常进入浓缩饲料组合物的其他原料组成的浓缩饲料。
将300mg配给量、200mg浓缩饲料(其等同于配给量和浓缩饲料的60/40混合物)和6.25mg食物添加物导入聚丙烯管,即每11份的瘤胃液/缓冲溶液1/1混合物250mg添加物。
测试了本发明几种食物添加物A1至A4和充当对比成分(elements forcomparison)的其他食物添加物ET1至ET6。下表中给出它们的组成和量,相对于1升瘤胃液/缓冲溶液混合物表述:
添加物 | 丁子香酚(mg) | 肉桂醛(mg) | 蒜提取物(mg) |
ET1 | 125 | 125 | 0 |
ET2 | 0 | 250 | 0 |
ET3 | 250 | 0 | 0 |
ET4 | 0 | 0 | 250 |
ET5 | 0 | 125 | 125 |
ET6 | 125 | 0 | 125 |
A1 | 41.7 | 41.7 | 166.7 |
A2 | 41.7 | 166.7 | 41.7 |
A3 | 166.7 | 41.7 | 41.7 |
A4 | 83.3 | 83.3 | 83.3 |
本文所用的蒜提取物是由托莱多塔拉韦拉-德拉雷纳(Talavera de la Reina,Toledo)的西班牙公司普瑞比亚饲料提取物(Prebia Feed Extracts S.L.)销售的“饲料级GARLICON 40%液体(GARLICON 40%Liquid Feed Grade)”的液体,其含有400ppm的蒜/洋葱特征性有机硫化合物和以重量计6.7%的PTS和以重量计34.3%的PTSO。
还测试两个对照。第一T1是仅含粗饲料的配给量。
第二T2是饲料水溶液,赋予该溶液每升瘤胃液/缓冲溶液混合物500mg浓度的莫能菌素(monensin)(从肉桂地链霉菌(Streptomyces cinnamonensis)菌丝体产生的活性化合物)。
将密封的管维持在39℃持续24小时以进行孵育。
收集液体上方的气体样品。
测定挥发性脂肪酸(VFA:乙酸酯、丙二酸酯、丁酸酯、戊酸酯)和甲烷的浓度。
每个试验内实施两次并且在超过2个连续时段重复。
下表中给出气体测量的结果。
称作C2/C3的比率是乙酸酯(C2)和丙二酸酯(C3)之间的比率。
食物添加物 | 甲烷mL | 总VFAml(*) | %丙二酸酯 | %乙酸酯 | %丁酸酯 | C2/C3 |
ET1 | 24.9206 | 66.33 | 54.59 | 76.84 | 6.6 | 5.58 |
ET2 | 19.4051 | 66.51 | 54.68 | 76.94 | 6.53 | 5.6 |
ET3 | 18.3533 | 64.94 | 50.26 | 76.55 | 6.64 | 5.55 |
ET4 | 23.2851 | 61.9 | 50.78 | 75.59 | 7.01 | 5.21 |
ET5 | 23.1945 | 63.44 | 51.02 | 75.97 | 6.99 | 5.37 |
ET6 | 23.3753 | 64.65 | 51.95 | 76.21 | 6.79 | 5.41 |
A1 | 18.4931 | 63.36 | 49.47 | 75.83 | 6.97 | 5.33 |
A2 | 18.4578 | 67.16 | 51.98 | 76.44 | 6.8 | 5.5 |
A3 | 21.1599 | 69.47 | 50.65 | 76.28 | 6.75 | 5.47 |
A4 | 17.9579 | 67.15 | 50.29 | 76.02 | 6.93 | 5.41 |
(*):除丙二酸酯、乙酸酯和丁酸酯之外,其他化合物如戊酸酯、异戊酸酯或异丁酸酯构成剩余部分直至100%。
用SAS软件对实施的结果的统计分析可以定义使甲烷浓度Y(单位ml)与食物添加物中3种组分浓度关联的以下回归方程:
Y=0.078E+0.0077C+0.096G+0.000356×E×C-0.000012×E×C×G
其中:
E=丁子香酚的浓度(%)
C=肉桂醛的浓度(%)
G=蒜提取物的浓度(%)
可以在图1中直观化甲烷的产生。
图2可以直观化挥发性脂肪酸的产生作为食物添加物中3种组分E、C和G的浓度的函数。
观察到,当葱科提取物G的含量在食物添加物中增加时,挥发性脂肪酸的产生较低。
更详细的测量额外地显示
-乙酸酯的摩尔比例在C与G组合和E、C与G组合的影响下减少;
-丁酸酯的摩尔比例在C与G组合和E、C与G组合的影响下增加;
-戊酸酯的摩尔比例在C与G组合下减少,并且在C与G组合和E、C与G组合的影响下增加;和
-丙二酸酯的摩尔比例在单独的C、E和G影响下增加,并且随C与G的组合而减少。
观察到最佳范围(optimal zone),也即,导致最大减少甲烷产生并且最佳维持挥发性脂肪酸产生的范围,对应于食物添加物中组分E、C和G的以下比例:
-30至45%的丁子香酚,
-45至30%的肉桂醛,
-约25%的蒜提取物。
实际上,与不含蒜提取物的相似食物添加物相比,具有这种组成的本发明食物添加物导致反刍动物中的甲烷产生减少15至25%。
因而,前述结果清楚地说明组分丁子香酚、肉桂醛和葱科提取物协同地发挥作用并且明显地减少甲烷的产生,尤其在反刍动物如牛中。
因此,为了减少甲烷排放至地球大气中并且因此有助于限制地球变暖,可以采取如下行动:
-制备本发明的食物添加物;
-将这种食物添加物添加至反刍动物的饲料配给量(feed ration);并且
-将获得的饲料配给量喂至反刍动物。
b)体内试验
在体内实施试验以证实先前在体内获得的结果。
i)测试的动物
它们是好斯坦牛(Holstein cow)。
ii)食物
它们的日配给量(daily ration)具有下表中给出的以下组成:
成分 | 以质量计% |
玉米秸秆(corn fodder) | 25 |
苜蓿干草 | 29 |
切碎的苜蓿干草 | 11 |
浓缩颗粒料 | 35 |
总计 | 100 |
将以下食物添加物添加至牛的日配给量:
本发明的ET7混合物由以作为质量百分数重量计33%(重量)的丁子香酚、43%(重量)的肉桂醛和24%(重量)的称作“饲料级GARLICON 40%液体”的蒜提取物(见体外实施例)组成。
iii)设备和实验方法
每头牛配有在鼻孔之间与套筒(muffle)连接的小管。
经过6个时间段(每个时间段25日)分析由所述管连续收集的气体。
平行地,定期收集瘤胃液样品以测量挥发性脂肪酸的总浓度和这些挥发性脂肪酸当中存在的乙酸酯、丙二酸酯和丁酸酯的百分数。
iv)结果
1)甲烷的产生
图3是显示单位为克的平均每牛每日甲烷产生量的图。
观察到,日配给量中本发明混合物的含量越高,甲烷产生减少得越大。
试验6显示出现协同效应,也就是说,本发明的混合物ET7与莫能菌素溶液组合时出现协同效应。
2)挥发性脂肪酸的总含量
图4是说明瘤胃液的单位为毫摩尔/L的挥发性脂肪酸浓度的图。
观察到,试验3获得的值与试验1接近,这意味,尽管获得明显的甲烷产生减少(参考图3),但挥发性脂肪酸含量是与试验1(对照)同等的。
在试验4中,挥发性脂肪酸的含量仅略低于试验1。
3)乙酸酯、丙二酸酯和丁酸酯的百分数
根据各试验,在图5、图6和图7中分别给出乙酸酯、丙二酸酯和丁酸酯的百分数。
在缺少瘤胃发酵参数测定或甚至后者改善的情况下:观察到乙酸酯的含量降低或不变和丙二酸酯及丁酸酯的含量不变或增加。
v)结论
体内实施的实验证实,摄取本发明添加物引起甲烷产生的减少,同时没有实质地影响挥发性脂肪酸的产生。
Claims (19)
1.一种食物添加物,包含:
-30至45%的丁子香酚,
-30至45%的肉桂醛,以及
-10至40%的属于葱科(Alliaceae)的植物的提取物,
-任选地包含其他化合物、尤其是有机硫化合物的剩余部分直至100%。
2.根据权利要求1中所述的食物添加物,其中,所述植物属于葱属(Allium)。
3.根据权利要求2中所述的食物添加物,其中,所述植物是栽培蒜(大蒜(Allium sativum L.))。
4.根据权利要求3中所述的食物添加物,其包含15至35%的蒜提取物。
5.根据权利要求4中所述的食物添加物,其包含24至26%的蒜提取物。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的食物添加物,其中,所述植物提取物包含至少一种与以下式F对应的化合物:
R-SOa-S-R′
其中:
R和R′相同或不同,各自代表烷基;并且a是1或2。
7.一种食物添加物,其包含:
-30至45%的丁子香酚,
-30至45%的肉桂醛,以及
-10至40%的与以下式F对应的至少一种化合物:
R-SOa-S-R′
其中:
R和R′相同或不同,各自代表烷基;并且a是1或2;
-任选地包含其他化合物、尤其是有机硫化合物的剩余部分直至100%。
8.根据权利要求6或7中所述的食物添加物,其中,在F式中,基团R和R′是包含1至5个碳原子的烷基。
9.根据权利要求8中所述的食物添加物,其中,在F式中,所述基团R和R′是丙基。
10.根据权利要求6至9中任一项所述的食物添加物,其中,所述R和R′基是相同的。
11.根据权利要求6至10中任一项所述的食物添加物,其中,在F式中,a是1。
12.根据权利要求6或7中所述的食物添加物,其中,所述式F的化合物是硫代亚磺酸二丙酯。
13.根据权利要求6至10中任一项所述的食物添加物,其中,在F式中,a是2。
14.根据权利要求6或7中所述的食物添加物,其中,所述式F的化合物是硫代磺酸二丙酯。
15.根据权利要求6或7中所述的食物添加物,其包含硫代亚磺酸二丙酯和硫代磺酸二丙酯的混合物。
16.权利要求1至15中任一项所述的食物添加物的用途,用于减少反刍动物中甲烷的产生。
17.权利要求1至15中任一项所述的食物添加物与莫能菌素组合的用途,用于减少反刍动物中甲烷的产生。
18.根据权利要求16或17中所述的用途,所述反刍动物是牛。
19.一种用于减少甲烷排放至地球大气中的方法,其包括以下步骤:
-将权利要求1至15中任一项所述的食物添加物添加至反刍动物的饲料配给量;并且
-将获得的饲料配给量饲喂至反刍动物。
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CH01086/09A CH701425A1 (fr) | 2009-07-13 | 2009-07-13 | Additif alimentaire contenant un extrait d'alliacée. |
FR0903439A FR2947698B1 (fr) | 2009-07-13 | 2009-07-13 | Additif alimentaire contenant au moins un thiosulfinate ou thiosulfonate de dialkyle |
FR0903439 | 2009-07-13 | ||
CH1086/09 | 2009-07-13 | ||
PCT/CH2010/000177 WO2011006269A1 (fr) | 2009-07-13 | 2010-07-08 | Additif alimentaire contenant de l 'eugénol, du cinnamaldéhyde et un extrait d'alliacée |
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US20150238579A1 (en) * | 2014-02-26 | 2015-08-27 | Investfood, LLC | Methods for assembling a product for modulating an immunomodulatory response in humans |
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US20220256890A1 (en) * | 2019-07-10 | 2022-08-18 | Mootral Innovations Limited | Animal feed supplement and animal feed composition |
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FR2813884B1 (fr) | 2000-09-12 | 2004-01-16 | Critt Innophyt | Procede de fabrication de thiosulfinates et dispositif de mise en oeuvre du procede |
FR2853550B1 (fr) * | 2003-04-14 | 2007-08-17 | Phytosynthese | Complement alimentaire destine a l'animal, en particulier la volaille |
EP1721534A1 (en) | 2004-03-03 | 2006-11-15 | Mousala, S. L. | Use of extracts and compounds of allium-genus plants as preservatives in the food and agri-food industries |
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- 2010-07-08 RU RU2012102453/13A patent/RU2012102453A/ru unknown
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US20120171323A1 (en) | 2012-07-05 |
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