CN102561412A - Reinforcement method for fiber reinforced composite plastic and concrete - Google Patents
Reinforcement method for fiber reinforced composite plastic and concrete Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a reinforcement method for fiber reinforced composite plastic and concrete, which includes: firstly performing crack grouting on the surface of concrete to be reinforced; secondly, drilling holes at set positions and embedding bolt reinforcing members according to the need of reinforcement; thirdly, applying base cement to the positions with FRP (fiber reinforced plastic) material and adhering the FRP material; fourthly, painting surface protection glue, mounting steel plates and fastening the bolts; and fifthly, performing surface coating. The fiber reinforced composite plastic and the concrete are technically integrated, optimized and modified according to respective characteristics of FRP and HB-FRP (hybrid bonded fiber reinforced plastic) technology and high (stable) pressure chemical grouting technology, so that the fiber reinforced composite plastic and the concrete have respective technical advantages, technical complementation and comprehensive improvement in reinforcing repair of defective components can be realized, material function utilization rate is increased greatly, the reinforcing effect is improved evidently, and the application range of the fiber reinforced composite plastic and the concrete can be widened greatly.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of reinforcement means of structure, the reinforcement means of particularly a kind of suitable concrete and reinforced concrete structures belongs to composite material and building material technical field.
Background technology
Along with the fast development of China's infrastructure construction, concrete structure, masonry structure and the wooden construction of engineerings such as railway engineering, highway engineering, port works and water conservancy and hydropower are increasing.Receive the influence of many-sided factors such as design level, construction quality, environmental attack, active time; Serious plant disease such as supporting capacity deficiency, member cracking have appearred in a lot of works; Not only had a strong impact on its structure function and endurance quality, also the safety to works has stayed great hidden.Particularly for house, the bridge of early stage construction, because its design load is on the low side, active time is longer, lack necessary maintenance measure simultaneously, the disease situation is more serious under environmental factor and loading, and a considerable amount of works are demanded maintenance urgently and reinforced.
FRP material (fibre-reinforced plastics) is the third-largest modern structure material behind steel and concrete; It is that the united states, japan and other countries man novel reinforced reinforcement that is applied in the civil engineering of being researched and developed in recent years is technological that FRP reinforces, and in Structural Engineering, has obtained application more and more widely.Yet; Practice shows; Also there is obvious defects in traditional F RP reinforcing technique, shows that mainly the adhesion stress between fibrous material and the concrete is difficult to effectively guaranteed, under the external environment factor affecting of complicacy, can produce sliding rupture because of adhesion stress is not enough especially; Bending resistance after causing the disease concrete component to reinforce, shearing resistance, compressive property can not engineering demands, this to a great extent limit its range of application.For solving the hypodynamic problem of bonding; Engineering circle proposes to adopt at present: FRP embedded (NSM) reinforcing technique, mechanical anchor FRP technology (MF-FRP), FRP end anchorage technology, U type hoop anchoring (U-jacket) FRP reinforcing technique, fiber anchoring FRP technology, interlocking anchoring FRP technology etc.; These methods are being effectively to the bearing capacity that improves ruggedized construction to a certain degree, but in long-term use, can lose anchorage effect because of phenomenons such as mechanical wear or fatigue failures.
Therefore; In order to solve the problem that exists in the FRP reinforcing technique better; There is the scholar to propose the technical thought that adopts FRP-firmware joint reinforcement technology that concrete structure is reinforced abroad; This technology is squeezed into steel nail in both sides through FRP in concrete component, and bonds together through firmware and fibrous material, plays the purpose that limits its sliding deformation.Yet also there is more problem in this technology, and is less like the anchoring strength of steel nail, can't apply pretightning force to FRP.In addition, the existence of structural cracks not only influences durability of structures, and influences the adhesion strength of FRP, makes structure under less load action, causes the place, crack to produce stress and concentrates, thereby quickened peeling off of FRP.At present; Domesticly generally adopt manual work or machinery to carry out chemical grouting to structural cracks it is sealed since grouting pressure low, can not adopt constant voltage grouting, cause construction quality to be difficult to control; It is full that the deep layer crack is difficult to complete filling, and structural strength can not return to the state before the structural cracks.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to overcome the deficiency of prior art and the reinforcement means between a kind of fibre-reinforced plastics and the concrete is provided; This method is introduced on the basis of FRP-bolt joint reinforcement method (HB-FRP) and integrated application high pressure chemistry grouting technique; Not only can effectively reduce the FRP stripping damage that causes by the intermediate cracking; Further improve the utilization rate of FRP; And can carry out joint seal to the concrete component of work with seam and handle, greatly optimized the whole load form and the endurance quality of strenthening member.
The technical scheme that the present invention takes is:
Reinforcement means between a kind of fibre-reinforced plastics and the concrete, step is following:
(1) concrete surface is handled: with concrete surface clean, fill up, polishing makes surfacing clean;
(2) crack treatment: lay a plurality of adhesive pouring nozzles according to crack width with distributing, adhesive pouring nozzle is installed in the place, crack stretches into one section in crack, guarantee that its gum outlet is communicated with the crack, adhesive glue is smeared at the place at the adhesive pouring nozzle pedestal; With making the glue rifle sealing adhesive for crack is smeared along the crack, made side seal outside the crack; After treating the sealing adhesive for crack sclerosis, the moulding pipe is connected with adhesive pouring nozzle, the working pressure machine injects the crack grouting glue for preparing in the crack through adhesive pouring nozzle, guarantees that injecting glue is full;
(3) hole and bury the screw bolt reinforcing part underground: hole on concrete with auger, boring after finishing is cleaned out the hole intraclast, then infusion epoxy resin glue and bolt installed in the hole;
(4) be about to lay the position of FRP material at concrete surface, evenly smear primer, thickness 2-5mm treats the primer dry to touch, polishes, repairs;
(5) paste the FRP material: cutting FRP sheet material (carbon cloth) material; Adhesive glue is smeared in place smearing primer, and thickness 2-5mm covers the FRP sheet material in the concrete surface shop that coats adhesive glue; Rolling compaction makes the adhesive glue glue fully flood the FRP sheet material, forms composite material; Solidify fully through natural curing to adhesive glue, adjust closely knit bubble or bubbling;
(6) brushing surface protection glue;
(7) steel plate and fastening bolt are installed, are installed fixation steel plate, smear epoxide-resin glue at the contact surface of fixation steel plate and FRP material during installation, nut is installed simultaneously, bolt is applied pretightning force, pretightning force size 5-25kN at the bolt end of burying underground;
(8) external coating: be mixed into 107 glue mud with cement mortar and 107 glue and be painted on carbon fiber surface, make its color reach decorative effect or consistent with concrete color.
The described crack grouting glue of above-mentioned steps (2) is modified epoxy class formation adhesive, like the SKD801 base joint grouting glue; The all optional CPFH polyurethane of described adhesive glue, sealing adhesive for crack crack sealing fluid sealant.
The described primer of step (4) is preferably SKD807a carbon fiber layer glue.
The described adhesive glue of step (5) is that two components are than phenol A type modified epoxy high molecular polymer, like SKD807c impregnated carbon fiber glue; The machine direction of FRP sheet material and arch-wave axis normal, the overlap joint in one deck between each cloth should carry out in machine direction, and takes width and should be not less than 15cm; The closely knit area of pasting of closely knit bubble or bubbling is not less than 95%.
Described FRP sheet width 40-60mm; Main performance index requires:
| Performance | CFRP |
| Tensile strength standard value f cfk | ≥3000MPa |
| Elastic modulus E cf | ≥2.1×105MPa |
| Elongation rate | ≥1.4％ |
Main mechanical property is as long as measure with reference to GB/T 3354-1999 " Test method for tensile properties of oriented fiber reinforced plastics ".
The described protection glue of step (6) is high-temperature resistant structural adhesive ST-350, has been coated with behind the protection glue at the coarse sand (the steel plate place being installed without scab) of the sticking one deck 1-3mm in its surface, improves fire resistance.
The described 107 glue mud of step (8) are made up of cement, sand, 107 glue, water, and the mass ratio of each component is a cement: sand: 107 glue: water=1: 2.5: 0.2: 0.45.107 glue are the glutinous agent of formaldehyde polyvinyl acetal, are to be the solution of medium or the adhesive that emulsion forms with water.Main component has: polyvinyl alcohol, the acrylamide crystal of increasing income, ammonium persulfate, sodium hydrogensulfite, carboxymethyl cellulose.
The main effect of fixation steel plate is the load that the distribution bolt pretightening provides, and at the lower steel plate of answering of pretightning force certain rigidity should be arranged, and to guarantee the even power transmission of steel plate, avoids concrete should descend partial pressing to destroy at the work of pretightning force.Therefore the planar dimension (length x width x thickness) of steel plate should be taken all factors into consideration reinforcing and confirm that with factors such as the width of FRP, the influence basin of bolt pretightening, concrete intensity and convenient constructions material should adopt high-weatherability structural iron steel plate (GB4171-84).The about 5-15mm of steel plate thickness; Length is longer than FRP sheet width 6-15cm; Width is 5-10cm.
Should use high-strength bolt, and require suitably adjustment according to pretightning force, like No. 45 steel high-strength bolts, 35CrMo alloy steel high-strength bolt etc.The diameter of bolt requires to choose about 8-20mm according to pretightning force.
Can adopt formula
to calculate the anchorage depth of bolt in the actual reinforcing design; But be not less than protective layer thickness and main muscle diameter sum, wherein bolt form factor α=0.045.l
α: the anchorage length of tensile reinforcement; α: reinforcing bar form factor; f
y: reinforcing bar tensile strength design load; f
t: concrete axial tensile strength design load; D: the diameter of reinforcing bar.
The present invention utilizes HB-FRP and high pressure chemistry grouting technique HPEI joint reinforcement technology; Improved bearing capacity greatly; Not only can realize technical advantage separately; And, can realize the disease member that technology complementation improves with comprehensive when being carried out the reinforcement maintenance; Can enlarge its range of application greatly, for the maintenance and reinforcement of existing disease concrete structure provides a kind of safer, efficient, convenient, economic new technology, to the supporting capacity that improves works, optimize its stress form, to prolong its application life significant.
The supporting capacity of the product after the inventive method is reinforced is seen table 1-3, and wherein EB-FRP is that the FRP reinforcing method is directly pasted on the surface, and HB-FRP is a FRP-bolt joint reinforcement method.Use complete beam bending resistance, shear resistant capacity after FRP reinforces obviously to improve; While HB-FRP reinforcement means EB-FRP reinforcement means better effects if.Utilization rate for presplitting beam HB-FRP reinforcing method FRP is high, is difficult for taking place stripping damage; The supporting capacity of reinforcing back presplitting beam has a lot of raisings.HB-FRP reinforcing method and crack injecting glue are united use (being the inventive method), reinforce the supporting capacity of the back rest and use the HB-FRP reinforcing method to have obvious raising more separately, can further reduce peeling off of FRP, and its utilization rate is further enhanced.
The guide look of table 1 test beam basic parameter
Table 2 result of the test
The grouping of table 3 test beam, research contents and comparing result
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the inventive method flow chart;
Fig. 2 is the product structure front view of the inventive method after reinforcing;
Fig. 3 is the product three-dimensional structure diagram of the inventive method after reinforcing;
Fig. 4 is the product cross-sectional structure figure of the inventive method after reinforcing;
Fig. 5 is the product vertical section structure figure of the inventive method after reinforcing;
Wherein: 1. concrete, 2.FRP sheet material, 3. fixation steel plate, 4. bolt, 5. anti-bend reinforced part, 6. shearing resistance footing.
The specific embodiment
Further specify the present invention below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and embodiment.
Reinforcement means between a kind of FRP material and the concrete, step is following:
(1) concrete surface is handled
1. paste concrete 1 surface is removed in position and fracture strike (wide 5cm scope) with wire wheel or angle grinding machine deterioration layer (peel off, honeycomb, laitance, because the laitance of corrosion or weathering generation, demoulding glue-line, loose concrete chip, pitch etc.) along FRP design; And blow off with air compressor machine, expose surface clean, sturdy construction.After cleaning out the dust on the basal plane, loose scum silica frost, clean basal plane or blow off, guarantee to paste that basal plane is clean, no greasy dirt and abundant drying with hair-dryer with clear water.
2. for the phenomenon of concrete 1 spalling, loose, corrosion of steel bar, cut loose part earlier, the corrosion reinforcing bar is carried out hand cleaning, adopt epoxy resin to do preservative treatment then, and fill up smooth as the leveling material with epoxy resin daub.
3. part (concrete component handing-over position, template segment difference etc.) or the protruding rotation angle position to the basal plane sharp protrusion carries out chamfered with the angle grinding machine, and polishing to slyness (R >=20mm).
4. the basal plane process is picked cutter, handled corrosion dew muscle and rapid depression that possibly occur or member defect, fill up with epoxy resin mortar or carbon fiber glue leveling material and repair smooth or slick and sly smooth and easy transition, attractive in appearance to guarantee the structural member surfacing.
(2) crack treatment
1. according to crack width and distribution situation, rationally lay adhesive pouring nozzle, to guarantee the injecting glue quality.A small amount of adhesive glue is smeared at the place at the adhesive pouring nozzle pedestal, and it is installed in the place, crack, guarantees that its gum outlet is communicated with the crack.
2. prepare sealing adhesive for crack.Use is made the glue rifle fluid sealant is smeared along the crack, once accomplishes as far as possible, avoids smearing repeatedly.Sealing range: 5cm is wide along the crack, and thickness should be more than the 1.5mm.
3. after the glue sclerosis to be sealed, the moulding pipe is connected with adhesive pouring nozzle, the working pressure machine injects the crack grouting glue that configures in the crack.Should guarantee during the pressure injecting glue that injecting glue is full.
(3) hole and bury bolt underground
Install the position, hole and the depth of burying according to the design bolt, use auger on works, to hole.Boring finishes the back and uses air compressor machine or blast fan to carry out hole clearly, the hole intraclast is cleaned out, then infusion epoxy resin glue and bolt is installed in place.Main consideration, the anchorage length of FRP.
E
f-FRP elastic feel quantity (MPa); ε
f-make full use of the stretching strain of section FRP; h
f-FRP thickness (mm); l
d-FRP makes full use of the cross section required length (mm) of cohering that stretches out from intensity; τ
FhBinding strength design value between-FRP and concrete is got 0.5MPa; τ
FgThe binding strength design value of-FRP and steel plate is got 1.5MPa; The number of n-anchor plate; B
gThe width of-anchor plate (mm);
-unbalanced stress is spared reduction coefficient, gets 0.7; μ
hFriction factor between-FRP and concrete gets 0.4; μ
gFriction factor between-FRP and steel plate gets 0.4; P-bolt design pretightning force (N); L
gThe length of-anchor plate (mm);
(4) smear primer, repair leveling layer, be coated with levelling glue
1. according to the standard consumption, calculate the primer consumption of institute's spreading area, look actual conditions such as on-the-spot temperature, guarantee in working life, once to use up.SKD807a carbon fiber layer glue is stirred with electric mixer; The primer that has prepared must not use after surpassing working life.
2. according to FRP design installation position,, nothing even with rotary broom or hairbrush omitted ground primer is not coated in the concrete surface that needs reinforcement and strengthening, and it is big or small that primer coated face border should be not less than the carbon cloth of being pasted.
3. after waiting primer gel to dry to touch (look job site temperature situation, generally need about 1h), as find that there are projection burr or glue knurl in the surface, use emery cloth polishing fairing, attention can not be worn the primer layer polishing.The above step of repetitive operation is answered in part if any polishing is worn.
4. behind the primer dry to touch; The situation such as difference in height that if finding to paste has damaged, hollow on the surface, recessed corners, template joint occur; Use levelling glue (adding the putty that an amount of thixotropic agent mineral filler is modulated into) and carry out repeatedly the knife filling repairing with adhesive glue; Guarantee the template joint do not have obvious difference in height, damaged, guarantee smooth and easyly gently, the round-corner transition of R >=20mm is filled up at the recessed corners place.The modulation of leveling material is identical with primer with application notice.
5. after waiting alignment material to be cured to dry to touch (look job site temperature situation, generally need about 1 hour), the projection burr is arranged, use emery cloth polishing fairing as finding leveling surface, position.
(5) paste the FRP sheet material
1. press the size cutting FRP sheet material (carbon cloth) 2 of designing requirement.Should note: the cutting quantity of FRP should guarantee to use up on the same day; FRP must perform moistureproof the processing, avoids influencing quality; FRP is in transportation, storage, cutting and paste and should avoid in the process being bent, and the used FRP that cuts of construction every day should properly preserve; FRP is a conductive material, should be as far as possible away from electric fixtures and power supply when using FRP.Anti-bend reinforced part 5 is primarily aimed at beam, anti-bend reinforcedly mainly axially lays along beam in the bottom of beam;
Mainly direction takes place the shear failure of beam along the sloping section in beam end, so the cross-sectional direction that shearing resistance footing 6 as shown in the figure mainly is a beam is laid;
2. according to the standard consumption of adhesive glue (dipping glue), calculate the expense of institute's spreading area, look actual conditions such as on-the-spot temperature, guarantee in working life, once to use up.Adhesive glue placed join the glue container, stir with electric mixer.Should note: the adhesive glue that has prepared can not be used after surpassing working life.
3. even with round brush or hairbrush, nothing is not coated in selected concrete surface with adhesive glue with omitting, and the adhesive glue coated face should be not less than the carbon cloth size of being pasted.
4. cover carbon cloth in the concrete surface shop that coats adhesive glue, the machine direction of carbon cloth and arch-wave axis normal, the overlap joint in one deck between each cloth should carry out in machine direction, and lap width should be not less than 15cm.
5. with rubber roll and scraper plate in the carbon cloth upper edge machine direction exert pressure and to a direction or from the centre to the both direction rolling compaction; But do not allow to roll repeatedly back and forth; Make the abundant impregnation of carbon fibers cloth of bonding glue; Form composite material, eliminate bubble and remove unnecessary resin, make carbon fiber and bottom fully bonding.Forbid cross-perpendicular in the construction of carbon fiber direction rolling compaction, in order to avoid the curved silk of folding silk phenomenon occurs.
6. the composite layer after adhesion construction being accomplished after natural curing to adhesive glue is solidified fully, is pasted the face scrutiny to carbon cloth, if the carbon cloth paste layer has hollowing or bubble, when the hollowing area of carbon cloth less than 10000mm
2The time, can adopt syringe needle tube with the adhesive glue that modulates inject be filled in hollowing or the bubble closely knit, when the hollowing area greater than 10000mm
2The time, should be with the carbon cloth excision at hollowing place, overlap joint sticks carbon cloth again, and lap length should be not less than 15cm, should guarantee that the closely knit area of pasting reaches 95%.
(6) brushing surface protection glue
After pasting carbon cloth formation composite material gel solidification, adopt hairbrush and the even brushing surface protection of scraper plate glue on the composite bed surface, form overcoat.
(7) install and fix steel plate 3 and fastening bolt 4
After 24 hours, install fixation steel plate 3 burying bolt 4 places underground.Smear epoxide-resin glue at steel plate and FRP contact surface when installing and fixing steel plate 3, nut is installed simultaneously.When being installed, nut should apply pretightning force to it according to designing requirement.
(8) external coating
Mix with cement mortar and 107 glue; Be painted on carbon fiber surface; Make its color reach decorative effect or consistent with concrete color, described 107 glue mud are made up of cement, sand, 107 glue, water, and the mass ratio of each component is a cement: sand: 107 glue: water=1: 2.5: 0.2: 0.45.
Product structure as shown in Figures 2 and 3 after the reinforcing that makes.
Supporting resinae binding material
When 1, adopting exploration concrete structure to be reinforced reparation, should adopt supporting underfill resin layer, alignment material, impregnating resin and binding resin for sheet material.
2, the main performance index of supporting resinae binding material should satisfy the requirement in the tabulation down:
Table 1 underfill resin layer performance indications
| Performance | The performance indications requirement | Test method |
| Just drawing adhesion strength | >;=2.5MPa and be not less than the standard value f that is reinforced concrete tensile strength tk | CECS146：2003 |
Table 2 alignment material performance indications
| Performance | The performance indications requirement | Test method |
| Just drawing adhesion strength | >;=2.5MPa and be not less than the standard value f that is reinforced concrete tensile strength tk | CECS146：2003 |
Table 3 impregnating resin and binding resin performance indications
| Performance | The performance indications requirement | Test method |
| Tensile shear strength | ?≥10MPa | GB?7124-86 |
| Hot strength | ?≥30MPa | GB/T?2568-1995 |
| Compressive strength | ?≥70MPa | GB/T?2569-1995 |
| Bending strength | ?≥40MPa | GB/T?2570-1995 |
| Just drawing adhesion strength | >;=2.5MPa and be not less than the standard value f that is reinforced concrete tensile strength tk | CECS146：2003 |
| Modulus of elasticity | ?≥1500MPa | GB/T?2568-1995 |
| Elongation rate | ?≥1.5％ | GB/T?2568-1995 |
3, supporting resinae binding material should carry out adhesive property experiment by the CECS146:2003 appendix A, requires just drawing adhesion strength to be not less than 2.5MPa, and is not less than and is reinforced concrete tensile strength standard value f
TkSupporting resinae binding material should carry out the durability check with reference to GB/T14522-93 " the mechanical industry product is with plastics, coating, elastomeric material artificial climate accelerated tests method " environment provided condition; After 2000 hours accelerated ageing; Just draw bonding strength test by the CECS146:2003 appendix A, requiring the not obvious reduction of adhesion strength.
Claims (7)
1. the reinforcement means between fibre-reinforced plastics and the concrete is characterized in that step is following:
(1) concrete surface is handled: with concrete surface clean, fill up, polishing makes surfacing clean;
(2) crack treatment: lay a plurality of adhesive pouring nozzles according to crack width with distributing, adhesive pouring nozzle is installed in the place, crack stretches into one section in crack, guarantee that its gum outlet is communicated with the crack, adhesive glue is smeared at the place at the adhesive pouring nozzle pedestal; With making the glue rifle sealing adhesive for crack is smeared along the crack, made side seal outside the crack; After treating the sealing adhesive for crack sclerosis, the moulding pipe is connected with adhesive pouring nozzle, the working pressure machine injects the crack grouting glue that configures in the crack through adhesive pouring nozzle, guarantees that injecting glue is full;
(3) hole and bury the screw bolt reinforcing part underground: with auger hole on concrete, boring after finishing is cleaned out the hole intraclast, then infusion epoxy resin glue and bolt installed in the hole;
(4) be about to lay the position of FRP material at concrete surface, evenly smear primer, thickness 2-5mm treats the primer dry to touch, polishes, repairs;
(5) paste the FRP material: cutting FRP sheet material, smear adhesive glue in the place of smearing primer, thickness 2-5mm covers the FRP sheet material in the concrete surface shop that coats adhesive glue, and rolling compaction makes the adhesive glue glue fully flood the FRP sheet material, forms composite material; Solidify fully through natural curing to adhesive glue, adjust closely knit bubble or bubbling;
(6) brushing surface protection glue;
(7) steel plate and fastening bolt are installed, are installed fixation steel plate, smear epoxide-resin glue at the contact surface of fixation steel plate and FRP material during installation, nut is installed simultaneously, bolt is applied pretightning force, pretightning force size 5-25kN at the bolt end of burying underground;
(8) external coating: be mixed into 107 glue mud with cement mortar and 107 glue and be painted on carbon fiber surface, make its color reach decorative effect or consistent with concrete color.
2. the reinforcement means between fibre-reinforced plastics according to claim 1 and the concrete is characterized in that, the described crack grouting glue of step (2) is the SKD801 base joint grouting glue.
3. the reinforcement means between fibre-reinforced plastics according to claim 1 and the concrete is characterized in that, the described primer of step (4) is a SKD807a carbon fiber layer glue.
4. the reinforcement means between fibre-reinforced plastics according to claim 1 and the concrete is characterized in that, the described adhesive glue of step (5) is a SKD807c impregnated carbon fiber glue.
5. the reinforcement means between fibre-reinforced plastics according to claim 1 and the concrete; It is characterized in that; The machine direction of FRP sheet material and arch-wave axis normal, the overlap joint in one deck between each cloth should carry out in machine direction, and lap width should be not less than 15cm; The closely knit area of pasting of closely knit bubble or bubbling is not less than 95%.
6. the reinforcement means between fibre-reinforced plastics according to claim 1 and the concrete is characterized in that, described protection glue is high-temperature resistant structural adhesive ST-350.
7. the reinforcement means between fibre-reinforced plastics according to claim 1 and the concrete; It is characterized in that; The described 107 glue mud of step (8) are made up of cement, sand, 107 glue, water, and the mass ratio of each component is a cement: sand: 107 glue: water=1: 2.5: 0.2: 0.45.
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