CN102548432A - 使用抗氧化剂和抗氧化剂清除剂对烟草提取物的组合处理 - Google Patents
使用抗氧化剂和抗氧化剂清除剂对烟草提取物的组合处理 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种对烟草材料进行处理的方法,所述方法包括:(a)利用溶剂提取烟草材料以制造烟草提取物和烟草残余物;(b)将所述烟草提取物与抗氧化剂接触;以及(c)将(b)的所述混合物与抗氧化剂清除剂接触,以制造经处理的烟草提取物。将所述经处理的烟草提取物重新应用于烟草残余物中以形成经处理的烟草材料。另外,抽烟组合物、抽烟制品和无烟烟草口服产品含有所述经处理的烟草材料。
Description
发明背景
亚硝胺且尤其是烟草特有的亚硝胺(TSNA)是烟草烟的目标成份。另外,特定的多酚化合物能够在烟草燃烧期间形成不期望的酚类化合物且还可为烟草烟的目标成份。有兴趣提供一种降低烟草烟中这些目标化合物的含量的方法。
发明概述
本发明描述了一种对烟草材料进行处理的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)利用溶剂提取烟草材料以制造烟草提取物和烟草残余物,其中所述烟草提取物包含至少一种亚硝酸盐化合物;
(b)将所述烟草提取物与抗氧化剂接触,以制造所述至少一种亚硝酸盐化合物的含量下降的混合物;以及
(c)将所述混合物与抗氧化剂清除剂接触,由此除去其中的抗氧化剂,以制造经处理的烟草提取物。
本发明还提供:通过本发明的方法处理的烟草材料;包含通过本发明的方法处理的烟草材料的抽烟组合物;包含通过本发明的方法处理的烟草材料杆的抽烟制品;以及通过本发明的方法处理的无烟烟草材料。所述无烟烟草材料可包含在包含多孔材料的袋中。
优选实施方案详述
如本文中所使用的,“烟草材料”是指不考虑类型、来源或起源,以本文中所述的各种方法进行处理的烟草起始材料,其可先前进行了其他处理。所述烟草材料可包括但不限于,烟草固体和烟草的任意一种固体形式如固化的烟草(例如烟道固化的烟草);未固化的烟草(也称作绿色烟草);干燥、老化、切割、研磨、分条或切碎的烟草;烟草小片;膨胀的烟草、发酵的烟草;再造的烟草、烟草共混物等。所述烟草材料可以得自烟草植物的任一部分如叶、茎、叶脉、小片和废烟草、切屑等。
新鲜切割的绿色烟草可含有非常低含量的亚硝胺化合物。而且,在收获后的处理如烟草的固化和老化期间能够形成包括各种TSNA的大量亚硝胺。另外,烟草中亚硝胺和TSNA的浓度在烟草的加工、储存和燃烧期间也会增大。这些TSNA可包括N-亚硝基降烟碱(NNN)、4-(甲基亚硝基氨基)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮、4-(甲基亚硝基氨基)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁醇、N-亚硝基新烟草碱(NAT)、N-亚硝基新烟碱(NAB)、4-甲基-N-亚硝基氨基-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮(NNK)、4-(甲基亚硝基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶基)正丁醛、4-(甲基亚硝基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁醇(NNA)和4-(甲基亚硝基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶基)丁酸。
据认为,在烟草材料中形成亚硝胺和TSNA可归因为亚硝酸盐,其能够通过硝酸盐的细菌还原而形成。亚硝酸盐可产生活性亚硝化物种如N2O3或N2O4,它们进而例如在酸性条件下能够与包括烟草生物碱(例如烟碱、降烟碱、新烟碱和新烟草碱)的仲胺反应,形成包括TSNA的亚硝胺。在所述反应中,向仲胺的氮原子上添加NO基团。
如本文中所描述的,烟草材料中的可溶性亚硝酸盐能够被降低并由此通过利用抗氧化剂的处理而不再参与亚硝化反应。亚硝酸盐和抗氧化剂之间的真实反应产物取决于反应介质的pH。通过降低在烟草材料中可获得的亚硝酸盐的量,能够有效限制包括烟草生物碱的仲胺的亚硝化,由此降低了TSNA在烟草材料中的浓度。
通过控制烟草材料的提取物能够改变烟草材料的化学组成。为了获得这种烟草提取物,能够使用各种溶剂,这取决于所控制的烟草成份。如本文中所述的,合适的提取溶剂,即使不能全部,也应通常能够溶解烟草材料中或烟草材料上的大部分亚硝酸盐。在该实施方案中,在提取期间能够将至少一部分亚硝酸盐从烟草材料提取入溶剂中。通常,极性质子溶剂如水、甲醇、乙醇、乙二醇等能够溶解亚硝酸盐并由此能够用作提取溶剂。这些溶剂可单独或以其组合的方式使用。优选地,提取溶剂含有水。可在室温如约23℃(约73°F)或在高温如高达约70℃(约160°F)下进行提取,以进一步提高亚硝酸盐在提取溶剂中的溶解度。即,可在从室温到约70℃(约160°F)的温度下实施提取(a)。
另外,提取溶剂可包括其他组分如丙酮、醚或其他溶剂以及其他溶质,以进一步提高从烟草材料中提取亚硝酸盐的能力。
如本文中所述的,对烟草材料进行提取以产生包含烟草提取物和固体烟草残余物的混合物,然后将其与抗氧化剂接触。优选地,在抗氧化剂处理之前,将所述烟草提取物与所述固体烟草残余物分离。能够使用任意一种合适的分离程序,包括但不限于,倾析、过滤、超滤、反渗透、沉降、离心、吸附及其组合。
“抗氧化剂”是通过反应性自由基的化学还原而终止或减慢诸如由自由基造成的化学氧化的化合物。
通常根据抗氧化剂的化学结构,对其进行分类。这些类别包括类胡萝卜素萜类化合物;类黄酮多酚(生物类黄酮);酚酸和酚酸酯;非类黄酮酚类;和其他有机抗氧化剂。所述类胡萝卜素萜类化合物可包括但不限于,番茄红素、叶黄素、α-胡罗卜素、β-胡罗卜素、玉米黄素和虾青素。类黄酮多酚或生物类黄酮可包括但不限于黄烷醇如白藜芦醇、山柰醇、杨梅黄素、易鼠李黄素和原花色素(proanthocyanadins);黄酮如槲皮苷、芸香苷、黄色素、芹菜配基和柑橘黄酮;黄烷酮如桔皮素、柚苷配基和圣草酚;黄烷-3-醇如儿茶素、倍儿茶素、表儿茶素、表倍儿茶素、茶黄素和茶玉红精(thearubigin);异黄酮植物雌激素如染料木黄酮、大豆甙元和黄豆黄素;以及花色素苷如花青素、花翠素、锦葵色素、花葵素、甲基花青素和苷配基。所述酚酸和酚酸酯包括但不限于,鞣花酸、没食子酸、水杨酸、迷迭香酸、氯原酸、菊苣酸、没食子鞣质和鞣花鞣质。非类黄酮酚类化合物包括但不限于,姜黄色素。其他有机抗氧化剂可包括柠檬酸、木酚素和丁子香酚。一部分熟知的生物抗氧化剂为维他命A(松香油)、C(抗坏血酸)和E(包括生育三烯酚和生育酚)。这些抗氧化剂中的许多能够与烟草提取物中的可溶性亚硝酸盐反应。
在一个实施方案中,抗氧化剂能够包括多酚抗氧化剂如氯原酸、没食子酸和/或类黄酮类。优选地,所述抗氧化剂含有一种或多种内源于烟草的多酚类抗氧化剂如氯原酸。所使用的抗氧化剂的量可随待处理的烟草起始材料的类型和条件而变化。典型地,以足以至少部分从烟草提取物中除去亚硝酸盐的量使用所述抗氧化剂。优选地,能加入抗氧化剂以完全从烟草提取物中除去亚硝酸盐。所述抗氧化剂可以以其纯的形式或作为在合适溶剂中的溶液使用。此外,优选在室温下对实施烟草提取物的抗氧化剂处理。
如本文中所使用的,“多酚”或“多酚类”是指在分子中具有超过一个酚羟基的化合物,可包括多个载有酚羟基的苯基环的化合物如类黄酮以及具有单个苯基环且在所述环上具有多个羟基的化合物如氯原酸和没食子酸。
在烟草燃烧期间,烟草材料中含有的各种多酚类化合物导致形成不期望的酚类化合物如苯酚、间苯二酚、氢醌类(例如氢醌、甲基氢醌和2,3-二甲基氢醌)、儿茶酚类(例如儿茶酚、3-甲基儿茶酚、4-甲基儿茶酚、二甲基儿茶酚和乙基儿茶酚)和甲酚(例如邻甲酚、间甲酚和对甲酚)。特别地,当利用多酚类抗氧化剂如氯原酸对烟草材料的提取物进行处理并重新应用以得到再造的烟草材料时,制得的烟草材料可含有更高浓度的多酚类化合物,其包括所使用的未消耗的抗氧化剂和烟草起始材料中所含有的多酚类化合物。通过降低经抗氧化剂处理的烟草材料中包括多酚类化合物在内的酚类化合物前体的浓度,能够降低主流烟中这些酚类化合物的浓度。
如本文中所述的,使用抗氧化剂清除剂可将这些多酚类化合物从烟草提取物中除去。如本文中所使用的,术语“抗氧化剂清除剂”是指通过直接与抗氧化剂缔合或帮助抗氧化剂与一种或多种其他化合物缔合而使得抗氧化剂、特别是本文中所述的抗氧化剂被封存的化合物。如本文中所使用的,术语“使得缔合”和“缔合”是指化学和/或静电相互作用如化学反应、形成络合物等。优选地,抗氧化剂清除剂含有多酚清除剂,其能够从组合物中吸附、反应或以其它方式除去多酚和多酚类化合物。
在实施方案中,包括多酚类抗氧化剂的多酚和多酚类化合物能够被吸附并由此通过各种聚合物从溶液中被除去。优选地,将不溶性聚合化合物如聚乙烯基咪唑(PVI)、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)、聚乙烯基聚吡咯烷酮(PVPP)、聚(乙烯基咪唑-共-乙烯基吡咯烷酮)(PVP/PVI)共聚物等用作抗氧化剂清除剂。该方法中不需要酶。这些聚合物能够单独或以其组合的方式使用。共同拥有的未决的申请2005/0279374描述,通过在不使用酶的条件下利用PVPP或PVI进行的处理降低烟草中酚类化合物前体。这种聚合物易于制备成具有足够高的分子量和/或足够的交联,从而其基本不溶于溶液、尤其是水溶液中。适合使用的商购获得的聚合物包括RS、PVPP聚合物以及HM、PVP/PVI共聚物(为BASF Aktiengesellschaft的注册商标)。
这些吸附不溶性多酚类化合物的聚合物能够用作本文中所述的抗氧化剂清除剂,以从经抗氧化剂处理的烟草提取物中除去多酚类化合物。
如本文中所述的,在抗氧化剂处理之后的烟草提取物可含有一种或多种多酚类化合物,其存在于最初的烟草提取物中和/或在抗氧化剂处理期间作为抗氧化剂引入。为了除去这些多酚类化合物,可通过各种方法中的一种方法将经抗氧化剂处理的烟草提取物与抗氧化剂清除剂接触。例如可将不溶性固体抗氧化剂清除剂添加至烟草提取物中,并吸附烟草提取物中的多酚类化合物。在实施方案中,可在室温下将抗氧化剂清除剂应用于烟草提取物。一旦已经基本吸附了多酚类化合物,通过不会使得吸附的多酚类化合物从抗氧化剂清除剂中解吸的任意一种合适方法将吸附多酚类化合物的抗氧化剂清除剂与提取物分离。合适的分离方法的实例包括但不限于,过滤、超滤、沉降、反渗透、离心、倾析及其任意组合。
抗氧化剂清除剂的量可随所使用抗氧化剂的量和类型、以及所处理烟草材料的类型和条件而变化。典型地,能够以足以至少基本除去混合物中的抗氧化剂的量使用抗氧化剂清除剂。优选地,添加抗氧化剂清除剂以完全除去烟草提取物中的抗氧化剂。此外,优选在室温下实施烟草提取物的抗氧化剂清除剂处理。
在一个实施方案中,以使用之后易于从溶液中分离的形式供应抗氧化剂清除剂。例如可将抗氧化剂清除剂包括在多孔容器中或粘附到固体物体的表面上,使其易于从所处理的溶液中回收。另外,将抗氧化剂清除剂施加到膜如滤膜上,使得所处理的溶液通过所述膜。此外,将抗氧化剂清除剂粘附到固体或流化床的表面上,从而使得所处理的溶液能够通过。可以以任意合适的方法将抗氧化剂清除剂粘附到固体物体或床上,这取决于所使用的固体和抗氧化剂清除剂材料。利用这些构造,在利用抗氧化剂清除剂进行处理之后,处理的溶液不再与抗氧化剂清除剂接触。因此,不需要进一步分离含有经处理的烟草提取物(液相)和吸附抗氧化剂的抗氧化剂清除剂(固相)的混合物,由此提高了生产效率并降低了生产成本。
在另一个实施方案中,抗氧化剂清除剂也能够吸附,由此除了除去其中的多酚类化合物之外,还能够除去烟草提取物中的一种或多种金属。抗氧化剂清除剂能够从烟草提取物中除去选自镉、镍、铁、铜和铝中的至少一种金属。例如,能够将聚乙烯基咪唑(PVI)和PVP/PVI共聚物粘接到各种金属如镉、镍、铁、铜、铝等上,使它们同时从烟草提取物中除去。
在利用本文中所述的抗氧化剂和抗氧化剂清除剂进行处理之后,通过除去其中一部分溶剂任选地将烟草提取物浓缩至期望体积并然后重新施加到得自提取的固体烟草残余物,以形成再造的烟草材料。制得的再造烟草材料能够具有下降量的亚硝胺化合物、酚和酚类化合物和/或金属,然后将其用于制备用于抽烟制品的抽烟组合物或用于无烟烟草口服产品的无烟组合物。
如本文中所使用的,术语“抽烟制品”意图包括香烟、雪茄和烟斗等。特别地,所述抽烟制品能够为包含烟草杆和连接到其上的过滤器的传统或非传统末端点燃的香烟。非传统香烟包括但不限于,如通常指定的美国专利6,026,820、5,988,176、5,915,387、5,692,526、5,692,525、5,666,976和5,499,636中所述的电子抽烟系统用香烟。其他非传统香烟包括具有如美国专利4,966,171中所述的烟草杆中的燃料元素的那些。
在一个实施方案中,抽烟制品为香烟。
优选地,调节无烟烟草口服产品如咀嚼烟草或袋装烟草的尺寸以舒服地被人嘴接受。另外,调节口服产品的尺寸,从而使其能够在人嘴内来回移动而不会实质性干扰谈话或口头呼吸。
袋装烟草一般含有外部包装和其中的烟草材料。外部包装优选包含足够多孔的膜,以允许嘴中的液体如唾液穿过该膜。所述外部包装膜优选对在唾液和细菌存在下的劣化具有抵抗性,且其可由纤维素纤维如茶叶袋材料构成。
通过如下具体实例,进一步显示了本文中公开的实施方案,但不能限制于此。
实施例
实施例I使用氯原酸减少烟草提取物中的亚硝酸盐
在室温下利用去离子水(10mL)对烟草(0.5g)提取1小时。将固体烟草材料脱离与水溶液的接触,并向溶液中添加氯原酸(0.25g)。将所述溶液在室温下搅拌2小时。在利用氯原酸处理之前和之后都测定了亚硝酸盐的浓度。发现在添加氯原酸之后,亚硝酸盐的浓度下降。
实施例II使用添加抗氧化剂与随后利用PVI处理的组合来减少烟草中的亚硝胺和TSNA
将烟草(0.5g)和氯原酸(100mg)与去离子水(10mL)合并,并搅拌1小时。将固体从提取物中除去,添加PVI(固体颗粒,2.0g)并将制得的混合物搅拌1小时。将混合物离心并通过0.45□m的过滤器进行过滤。将滤液浓缩并重新应用到提取的烟草中,然后将其加工成香烟。对香烟进行分析。香烟中TSNA、多酚、镉、镍、铁、铜和铝的浓度都低于由未处理烟草制得的香烟中的浓度。
尽管已经参考其具体实施方案对上述内容进行了详细说明,但是本领域技术人员应清楚,在不背离权利要求书的范围的条件下,可完成各种变化和改变,并可使用其等价物。
通过参考以其完整形式将所有上述文献并入本文中,并入程度仿佛各个单独文献被以其完整形式专门且单独指出并入本文中。
Claims (12)
1.一种对烟草材料进行处理的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)利用溶剂提取烟草材料以制造烟草提取物和烟草残余物,其中所述烟草提取物包含至少一种亚硝酸盐化合物;
(b)将所述烟草提取物与抗氧化剂接触,以制造所述至少一种亚硝酸盐化合物的含量下降的混合物;以及
(c)将所述混合物与抗氧化剂清除剂接触,由此除去其中的抗氧化剂以制造经处理的烟草提取物。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,还包括将所述抗氧化剂清除剂从所述接触(c)中的所述混合物中分离。
3.根据权利要求1的方法,还包括在所述接触(c)之后,将所述经处理的烟草提取物施加到所述烟草残余物中。
4.根据权利要求1的方法,还包括在所述接触(c)之后,将所述经处理的烟草提取物中的一部分溶剂除去。
5.根据权利要求1的方法,还包括在所述提取(a)之后并在所述接触(b)之前,将所述烟草残余物与所述烟草提取物分离。
6.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述溶剂包含选自水、甲醇、乙醇和乙二醇中的至少一种。
7.根据权利要求6的方法,其中所述溶剂还包含丙酮和醚中的至少一种。
8.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述抗氧化剂包含氯原酸或抗坏血酸。
9.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述抗氧化剂清除剂不溶于所述烟草提取物中。
10.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述抗氧化剂清除剂包含选自聚乙烯基咪唑(PVI)、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)、聚乙烯基聚吡咯烷酮(PVPP)、聚(乙烯基咪唑-共-乙烯基吡咯烷酮)(PVI/PVP共聚物)及其组合中的聚合物。
11.一种通过权利要求3的方法处理过的烟草材料。
12.一种抽烟组合物、抽烟制品或无烟烟草材料,其包含通过权利要求3的方法处理过的烟草材料。
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US8360072B2 (en) | 2013-01-29 |
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US20130133674A1 (en) | 2013-05-30 |
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