CN102438814A - 将复合材料结构元件连接到管子的方法 - Google Patents

将复合材料结构元件连接到管子的方法 Download PDF

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CN102438814A
CN102438814A CN2009801544664A CN200980154466A CN102438814A CN 102438814 A CN102438814 A CN 102438814A CN 2009801544664 A CN2009801544664 A CN 2009801544664A CN 200980154466 A CN200980154466 A CN 200980154466A CN 102438814 A CN102438814 A CN 102438814A
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CN102438814B (zh
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J-P·瑟瑞
P·邓里维
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Safran Landing Systems SAS
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种制造结构件的方法，该结构件包括管状部分(30)，由复合材料制成的结构元件从管状部分中突出，所述方法包括如下步骤：使平面预制件(59)成形，该预制件包括叠置的多股纤维的堆叠，因而，在预制件将要形成结构部的至少一部分上，各股彼此固定，而在预制件将要形成用于连接到管子的一部分的至少另一部分上，各股是可分开的，以形成面向的两片(54)；将管子(30)插入连接部的各片之间，以使各片至少部分地围绕管子；将管子连结到预制件，以使管子形成管状部分，而预制件形成结构件的结构元件。

Description

将复合材料结构元件连接到管子的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种制造尤其用于航空领域的结构件的方法，该结构件包括由复合材料制成并连接到管子的结构元件。
背景技术
飞行器包括起落装置，在起落装置中，被称为“撑杆”的主结构件一般枢转地安装到飞行器，以使起落装置能够在起飞后缩回到飞行器内的外壳中。撑杆包括管子，该管子具有可滑动地安装于其内的杆，该杆在其底端承载有轮子。撑杆还包括用于将管子连接到飞行器的结构元件，诸如臂或腹板。尤其是，某些撑杆包括侧臂，这些侧臂在管子任一边上延伸并终止于用于接纳销的卷筒，这些销用于将撑杆铰接到飞行器。
那种类型的撑杆一般由金属(例如铝或钢)制成，尤其作为铸造件或锻造件。然后，易于提供管子和臂之间的连接形状以确保这些元件之间的连接在机械上足够牢固。
还已知通过将纤维绕丝到心轴上以使管子由复合材料制成。该制造方法易于工业化并可以控制纤维的定向和分布，以制成轻质同时机械上还牢固的管子。
本发明寻求提供一种使所述管子与结构元件(例如侧臂或梁)装配以传递力的方法。
业已建议采用粘合连结的加强件，从而横跨结构元件和管子进行装配。然而，那种类型的连接并不令人满意。结构元件的纤维对齐于管子而终止，且不提供连续性。为了使那种连接在机械上牢固，有必要使用较厚且面积较大的加强件。然后，组件变得更重并更难制造，且连接变得更庞大。
发明内容
本发明的一个特定目的是避免现有技术的缺点，并提出一种与复合材料元件一起使用的方法，该方法对于将结构元件连结到管子是有效且廉价的。该方法尤其可以制成用于飞行器起落装置的撑杆。
为此，本发明提供一种制造结构件的方法，该结构件包括管状部分，由复合材料制成的结构元件从该管状部分中突出，该方法包括如下步骤：
-使平面预制件成形，该预制件包括叠置的多股纤维的堆叠，因而，在预制件将要形成结构部的至少一部分上，各股彼此固定，而在预制件将要形成用于连接到管子的一部分的至少另一部分上，各股是可分开的，以形成面向的两片；
-将管子插入连接部的两片之间，以使两片至少部分地围绕管子；以及
-将管子连结到预制件，以使管子形成管状部分，而预制件形成结构件的结构元件。
预制件的纤维在适于例如形成臂的结构部与用于连接到管子的部分之间具有连续性。因此，预制件的纤维在较大的连接区域上配合在管子周围，由此使应力能够分布在较大的区域上并使力能够以极好的连续性从管子的结构元件传递。
可以用不同的方式获得预制件。
-可以从由叠置的多股构成的三维(3D)或两维半(2.5D)织物开始，然后在连接部中使各股松开以使它们能够分开成两片；
-还可以从两个坯料开始，这些坯料从由叠置的多股构成的织物中切出，两个坯料在结构部中叠置并缝合在一起，且在连接部中两个坯料是自由的，然后每个坯料形成相应的一片；以及
-还可以使用如下方式编织的2.5D织物：各股在结构部中紧密地连接在一起，而在连接部中是自由的，以使各股能够分开以形成两片。
附图说明
根据阅读结合附图以示例方式给出的以下说明书可更好地理解本发明，附图中：
图1是现有技术的带有金属撑杆的飞行器起落架的立体图；
图2是在制造过程中复合材料管子的立体图；
图3至5是在本发明的第一实施方式中的结构元件的预制件及其具有管子的组件的视图，在边上可看见结构元件；
图6至8是示出本发明的第二实施方式中的组件的视图；
图9示出图8的变型；
图10是示出本发明的第三实施方式中的组件的视图；
图11是使用如图6至8所示的本发明的方法制造的复合材料的撑杆的视图；
图12是示出本发明的第四实施方式中的组件的视图；以及
图13是适于实施本发明的方法的2.5D织物的示意剖视图。
具体实施方式
下面描述应用于航空领域，且尤其是起落装置领域的本发明。当然，本发明不限于这种类型的应用。
图1示出飞行器的前轮起落架，该起落架包括由铝合金制成的撑杆1，该撑杆包括带有两个侧臂4、6的圆筒形部分2，这些侧臂终止于卷筒8、9中的顶部处，这些卷筒接纳用于将撑杆连接到飞行器的铰接销。撑杆1还包括在此呈两个凸耳形式的紧固件12，这些凸耳形成用于接纳撑杆的叉(未示出)，以使起落架稳定在已伸出位置。
杆14安装成在撑杆1的圆筒形部分2中垂向滑动。杆14的底部承载接纳轮子的轮轴16。杆14由扭矩连杆18连接到紧固于撑杆1的操纵构件20，在此操纵构件包括用于使杆转动的液压制动器，由此能使轮子旋转，以便在滑行时操纵飞机。
本发明尤其寻求使撑杆能由复合材料制成，该撑杆包括管状元件和诸如臂或梁的结构元件。
首先制成复合材料的管子。在这方面，图2示出通过如下方式制成管子30：将纤维绕丝到心轴上，例如沿纵向轴线放置纤维32的相继各层，然后是交叉纤维34、36的各层，该方法能够调节各种纤维的分布。在卷绕过程中，纤维浸渍有随后经聚合的树脂。通过控制纤维的组分和定向，该方法可以获得轻质、同时具有较强机械特性的管子。已熟知此方法。在一变型中，管子可通过其它方法来获得，例如通过编织。
然后，制成结构元件并随后将其组装到管子30。为此，首先制备预制件。
在本发明的第一实施方式中，如图3至5中所示，使用两个坯料制成预制件49，这两个坯料从由叠置的各股制成的纤维垫中切出，各股例如通过纺织或缝合连接在一起，以获得各股之间良好的附着力并使诸垫被处理。借助例子，纤维可以是玻璃纤维、芳族聚酰胺纤维或碳纤维。然而，叠置的各股之间的连结较佳地足够松以使各股在坯料成形时相对于彼此滑动。
通过从纤维垫中切出坯料40来开始制造预制件49。如图3中可见，坯料40被相继叠置并在此例中由缝线42连结起来，同时注意使坯料40的端部自由。由此形成预制件49，该预制件具有对应于已缝合部分的结构部41，该结构部用于形成结构元件的臂，并具有对应于坯料40的自由端部分、用于连接到管子的连接部，这些部分形成可分开的面向的两片44。
如图4中可见，两片44被移开。随后，在图5中所示的下一个步骤中，管子30被插入两片44之间，以使两片44围绕管子并在直径上与梁41相对的位置43处连结到一起。在一变型中，根据对于连接所想要的强度，两端部44可以更短且不在位置43处连结在一起，或者它们可以更长并彼此叠盖。然后，例如通过已知的转移方法，诸如在压力下喷射树脂或在真空下浸透以使如此制成的组件浸渍有树脂。然后，树脂通过聚合而硬化。
这通过提供从结构部(从管子悬臂伸出的已缝合部分)的结构元件到连接部(围绕管子的未缝合的自由部分)的纤维连续性来形成结构元件和管子30之间的连接。连接部提供较大的接触面积，由此可使结构元件和管子之间的连接在机械上牢固。此外，实施起来较简单。由连接所占据的尺寸较小，且因此组件的重量和成本都降低。
较佳地，例如由拉挤材料制成的大体为三角形的插入件47被插入管子30和结构元件之间，并用于填充对齐于缝线48的两片之间的空间，该缝线形成结构元件41的结构部和连接部之间的边界。
图6至8示出本发明的第二实施方式，其包括制造具有在管子30的任一边上延伸的两臂51、53的结构元件。通过制备预制件59来开始制造。首先，从纤维垫中切出两个坯料50。坯料50被叠置并通过缝线52在坯料的端部区域中连结在一起，注意使坯料50不缝合在一起的中心区域自由。
由此形成结构元件，该结构元件具有对应于已缝合区域、形成各臂的结构部51、53以及连接部，该连接部对应于未缝合区域，其中中心部分54形成可分开的两片。因此，在面向的两片之间形成槽或空间56。
如图7中所示，然后两片54间隔开以形成大体圆形的中心通道。在图8中所示的下一个步骤中，管子30被插入两片54之间，以使两片完全围绕管子30。插入件57插设在两片和管子之间、两片起始之处。随后，如此制成的组件浸渍有通过聚合硬化的树脂。
这提供管子30和从管子悬臂出的两臂51、53之间的连接，其具有如上述实施例中的相同优点。
在一变型中，在平面图中，两个梁在其之间可如图9中所示形成一角度。在这种情况下，通过切出两个坯料60、66来制备预制件69，两个坯料具有两个未缝合的中心部分64和68，这些部分形成不同长度的各片，由坯料60形成的、位于该角度内的片64比由另一坯料66形成的片68短。插入件67置于两片和管子之间、两片起始之处。然后，使该组件聚合。
当将两个坯料60、66组装到一起时，这些坯料的端部被叠置并缝合到一起，以形成两臂61、63，而中心部分不缝合到一起以使其自由并形成两片64、68。随后，且以上述相同的方式，两片64、68间隔开且管子30被插入两片之间。组件浸渍有通过聚合硬化过的树脂。
图10示出本发明的第三实施方式。通过从纤维垫中切出呈细长形的单个坯料70来开始制造预制件79。然后，坯料70被对半折叠，以使其端部72被叠置并缝合到一起以形成结构部71。使坯料的中心部分74自由，以形成持续连结在一起的面向的两片。然后，管子30被插入完全围绕管子的中心部分74。如此制成的组件浸渍有通过聚合硬化的树脂。
借助于本发明的方法，可以根据构成梁41、51、53、61、71的坯料如何被切出并组装到一起而使这些梁有各种形状。
图11示出通过本发明的方法制成的撑杆的例子。在此例中，结构部形成腹板。如上所述，通过从纤维垫中切出坯料80、82来开始制造预制件99。然后，坯料80、82被叠置并通过缝线90缝合到一起，以形成两臂81、83，同时使中心连接区域自由，在该区域中坯料形成可分开的片94，管子30被插入片94之间(在图中仅看见这些片中的一片)。
应当观察到，坯料的已缝合部分并没有在它们整个高度上被缝合。使各边自由以使它们能够沿缝合线92折叠。如此折出的各边形成凸缘86、88，这些凸缘用于加固臂81、83，且特别用于加固由各臂的已缝合部分构成的腹板。
可加入呈编织套筒形式的加固件95，加固件具有配合到管子30上的圆筒形部分96和环圈97(collar)，该环圈压抵凸缘86的靠近管子30的端部。所述端部被缝合到环圈97。
如此制成的组件浸渍有通过聚合硬化的树脂，以形成牢固连接到管子30的两个加固腹板81和83。
最后，在图12中示出本发明的另一实施方式。
从两坯料100和106中获得预制件109，且坯料106比坯料100长得多。坯料100、106的端部被叠置并缝合到一起以形成臂101和103。使中心部分自由以形成两片104和105，管子30被插入两片之间。片105比片104长得多。臂101和103平行延伸。它们可例如用作在支撑件(stay)的端部接纳销的凸耳。插入件107被插入管子和两片之间。
因此，在所示的所有实施方式中，一个或多个坯料被切出，且属于相同坯料或属于两个不同坯料的两个部分被叠置，然后这些部分局部地缝合到一起以形成至少一个结构部和至少一个连接部，在结构部中面向的部分被缝合到一起，而在连接部中，面向的部分是自由的。此后，管子在连接区域中被插入这两部分之间，在该区域中使两部分自由以围绕管子，由此首先可以在从管子悬臂出的结构部和围绕管子延伸的连接部之间具有纤维连续性。
在图10中所示的具体实施方式中，只使用一个坯料，而叠置部分在连接部中连结在一起，以使在所述连接部中，已自由的面向的两部分形成环。
一般来说，可以各种方式实现缝合，尤其通过使用簇绒法(tufting)，缝针数可变化以实现对连接结构的专门加固。
构成坯料的增强纤维的定向可适于根据梁所受应力方向以有利于一个特定方向，从而以一种熟知的方法来提高机械强度。
为了提高组件的强度，结构元件可有利地在聚合之前缝合到管子。在图11中示出这种缝线。缝线平行于管子的轴线延伸且其使片连接到管子。
在所示的所有例子中，从预制件获得结构元件，而该预制件使用在结构部中叠置并缝合在一起的一个或两个坯料进行制备，该结构部将形成从管子中突出的臂、凸耳或腹板，而使另一部分自由以形成各片。
可以不同方式制成预制件。在图13中，以高度示意的方式示出织物，该织物包括叠置的四股纤维A、B、C和D，各股通过纬纱连接在一起，纬纱在E和F部分中使各股A、B、C和D紧密连接到一起以形成预制件的结构部，而在G部分中使各股自由，因而它们可以被分成两片。通过两片之间的点划线表示可能的分隔。
还可以从3D或2.5D织物开始，该织物包括通过纬纱连接在一起的互相叠置的多股，并可以使各股局部松开以使它们在连接部中相互分开，从而形成两片。
本发明并不局限于上述说明，而是覆盖落入由权利要求书限定的范围内的任何变型。特别是，尽管上面已述管子本身由复合材料构成，以使其能够同时浸渍有结构元件，但可以使用并不由复合材料制成的管子，例如金属管子来实施本发明。然后，需要选择树脂以有利于结构元件和管子之间较强的粘结。

Claims (7)

1.一种制造结构件的方法，所述结构件包括管状部分(30)，由复合材料制成的结构元件从所述管状部分中突出，所述方法包括如下步骤：
-使预制件(49；59；69；79；99)成形，所述预制件包括叠置的多股纤维的堆叠，因而，在所述预制件将要形成结构部的至少一部分上，所述各股彼此固定，而在所述预制件将要形成用于连接到所述管子的一部分的至少另一部分上，所述各股是可分开的，以形成面向的两片(44；54；64；68；74；94)；
-将管子(30)插入所述连接部的所述各片之间，以使所述各片至少部分地围绕所述管子；以及
-将所述管子连结到所述预制件，以使所述管子形成所述管状部分，而所述预制件形成所述结构件的所述结构元件。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述预制件包括从叠置各股的垫中切出的坯料，所述坯料被对半折叠，因而，所述坯料的端部被叠置并缝合在一起以形成所述结构部(71)，而未缝合的中心部分形成所述两片(74)。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述预制件包括从叠置各股的垫中切出的两个坯料，所述坯料在至少一部分中缝合在一起以形成所述结构部，而在至少另一部分中是自由的以形成用于连接到所述管子的部分，由此在所述部分中，每个坯料形成所述各片(44；54；64；68；94)的一片。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，所述两坯料的一个坯料比另一个坯料长，所述坯料的所述端部缝合在一起以留出剩余的两片(64，68；104，105)，所述剩余的两片中的一片比另一片长。
5.如权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，所述端部不完全缝合在一起，使边(86，88)自由以沿缝合线(92)折叠，从而形成用于所述结构部的加强件。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，大体三角形截面的插入件(47；57；67；77)置于所述管子和所述各片之间、所述各片起始之处。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述管子由复合材料制成，且在所述管子已经插入所述各片之间后，在使如此构成的组件聚合前将所述各片缝合到所述管子。
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CN102438814B (zh) 2015-10-07
WO2010072916A1 (fr) 2010-07-01
FR2940167A1 (fr) 2010-06-25
CA2748311A1 (fr) 2010-07-01
CA2748311C (fr) 2014-05-13

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