CN102438464B - 用于警觉的牛至提取物 - Google Patents
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Abstract
牛至提取物可作为兴奋剂发挥作用,但其不会像许多兴奋剂(例如咖啡因)那样干扰睡眠模式或诱导紧张。其还具有促进改善的警醒、改善注意力以及专注于任务的能力和改善通常的警觉的好处。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及牛至(oregano)提取物和其活性成分的用途,以提高人保持专注(focused)、警觉(alert)和警醒(vigilant)的能力,并且没有服用兴奋剂(例如咖啡因)时通常经历的伴随的紧张(nervousness)或激动(agitation)。
发明背景
随着西方社会的人们经历更长的预期寿命,保持独立的需求会继续增长。为了保持独立并确保在晚年中的健康的生活,人们必须在身体和精神上都保持健康。
随着我们变老,人们通常经历减少的注意力、信息处理速度、灵活性和短时记忆。但是,当面对由于生活经历(例如开始新工作、难以禁受的工作最后期限、学校竞争或使人精疲力竭的和令人疲倦的社会交往)的压力和信息超过负荷时,甚至非老年阶段的群体也可能经常经历类似的记忆问题。
天然成分能帮助人们自然地对抗疲劳并增加注意力和警醒性。在这些天然成分中,咖啡是被消耗最多的之一。咖啡显示出能增加觉醒和运动活性,以及改善警觉性和注意力(它们可提高精神表现和工作表现)。但是,咖啡也具有副作用,这取决于消费者和咖啡的摄入量。一次消耗超过几杯咖啡的敏感饮用者可能经历失眠、易怒、手震颤、烦乱不安、紧张、头痛、过度心跳并且有一段时间难于集中精力。其它副作用包括血压、呼吸速率和代谢的暂时升高。
因此,人们想要鉴定出具有咖啡的正面刺激作用但没有不良副作用的天然成分。
发明详述
已发现,根据本发明,以及基于EEG和诱发电位测试,施用牛至提取物和/或其活性成分导致与警醒性(vigilance)(即觉醒(wakefulness)、警觉性(alertness)、专注的能力)组合的放松状态,并/或激发注意力。
本发明的一个方面是牛至提取物和/或其活性成分用于在受试者中增强警醒性(即觉醒、警觉性和专注)的用途。本发明的另一方面是增强警醒性(即觉醒、警觉性和专注的能力)的食品、营养药物或药物组合物,其包含有效量的牛至提取物和/或其活性成分。另一方面是增强警醒性的方法,所述方法包括向受试者施用有效量的牛至并观察增强的警醒性。
因此,本发明的一种实施方式是在保持警醒性(即觉醒、警觉性和专注)时实现放松的状态的方法,所述方法包括以足以增加α-1和β-1波的量摄入牛至提取物。
本发明的另一方面是增加P300峰幅度的方法,所述方法包括施用牛至提取物或其活性成分。
本发明的另一方面是牛至提取物作为食品成分或食品补充剂的用途,从而在摄入后,人们会感觉放松,但仍警觉、警醒、专注并且具有注意力。
本发明的另一方面是改善警醒性的方法,所述方法包括施用牛至提取物以及观察增强的警醒性。
本发明的另一方面是包含牛至提取物或其活性成分的营养药物、药物或食品或食品补充剂,其能诱导觉醒但不干扰睡眠模式。
附图简述
图1显示了与安慰剂相比的120mg牛至提取物的药物—EFG间的交互动力学图谱,其针对绝对能量、α-1和β-1波的的。1小时后可见针对α-1和β-1波的显著改变。根据灰度显示了牛至提取物的正面改变的显著范围。
图2是整合的P300应答的S300图(统计显著的图),其显示了:较之安慰剂而言,摄入后2-6小时之间的30mg牛至提取物剂量的P300幅度的显著的正面改变(p<0.01)和摄入后2小时的60mg牛至提取物剂量的振幅的显著的正面改变(p<0.01)。
图3显示了牛至提取物和安慰剂在头顶导联(头上的中心电极)上相对于前剂量(基线)而言的P300峰幅度(以%计)。摄入后2小时,较之安慰剂及较之基线而言,60mg牛至提取物的P300幅度显著增加(用星号表示)。
图4显示了牛至提取物相对安慰剂的的P300峰潜伏期改变(以毫秒计)。摄入后1小时,可观测到牛至提取物减少P300峰潜伏期的趋势(10ms降低)。
图5显示了睡眠状况参数的图。没有参数显著改变。
术语“牛至提取物和/或其活性成分”意欲不仅包括可提取的化合物的完全混合物,还包括单独采用的或以任何相互组合存在的植物的仅挥发性组分。根据本发明的牛至提取物的最重要的挥发性组分是:香芹酚(carvacrol)、百里香酚(thymol)、百里醌(thymoquinone)和百里氢醌(thymoquinol)。因此,“牛至提取物和/或其活性成分”表示可存在牛至提取物、香芹酚、百里香酚、百里醌、百里氢醌或上述组分中的两种或多种的混合物。
本发明“牛至提取物”的表述不包括从牛至(Oregano)物种的新鲜或经干燥的叶片或任何其它部分制得的茶或热水提取物,因为茶仅含痕量的挥发物。
但是,通过蒸气蒸馏获得的提取物在本发明的范围内。此类提取物通常含有不易被降解的挥发性化合物。蒸馏得到的油基本不含百里醌和其它挥发物,因为它们在蒸气蒸馏期间更为迅速地降解。但是,它们可含有高含量的香芹酚。SFCO2提取物(超临界流体二氧化碳)因其稳定性(在封闭容器中可多至5年)而尤其优选。
术语“警醒性”包括以下特质中的一种或多种:觉醒、警觉性、具有注意力(attentiveness)、精力集中(concentration)和专注。具体地,人增加和/或保持精力集中的能力以及忽略与现状不相干的环境信号的能力一起被增强。
术语“观察增强的警醒性”表示观察者可以是摄入活性成分的人或其他观察者。观察可以是自我评估,或可基于客观的可衡量的标准。
对警醒性的评估
可以以若干方式测试认知功能和警醒性。已开发并验证了能测量认知的不同方面(例如空间学习(认知功能发展)或记忆)的若干认知测试。但是,尽管这些测试描述了改善的认知的结果,却没有关注神经生物活性。此外,它们通常无法鉴定出在认知表现中的小的改变。例如,测量轻度认知功能障碍中出现的较小的改变是困难的。而且,关于评估警醒性、觉醒、警觉性和注意力等品质的多份调查问卷通常不认为是对这些状态的准确的和有效的测量。它们通常受制于种族/文化的偏见解释,或可受到教育水平或质量的影响。
神经造影技术是低偏见技术中的一种类型,其可提供直接研究在不同脑区中作为对若干刺激或状况的应答的神经元活性的机会。就评估不同层次的全脑活动而言,脑电图(EEGs)和事件相关电位(ERPs)是优选的方法,因为它们能反映同步的皮层神经元整体活性的时序性模式,并且是直接测量神经元活动的唯一的无创方法并有足够的时间分辨。
EEG对脑中的神经元产生的、导致不同频率的脑波的、正在进行的电活性。这些波可被分成若干频段,特别是δ(0.5-3.5Hz)、θ(4-7.5Hz)、α(8-12.5Hz)和β(13-32Hz)。这些波反映了人们在记录的时刻下经历的脑功能的状态:
δ波通常出现于深睡眠中;
θ波见于与直觉、白日梦和幻想的关联中,并因此反映在觉醒和睡眠之间的状态。
α波反映了放松和警觉性的状态,其是脑的与学习和利用信息相关的最重要的波;和
β波与“警醒性”的所有要素——精神活动、警觉性、问题解决、判断、决策和处理信息相关。
ERP的一种量度是“P300”峰。该峰是诱发电位(例如通过视觉刺激或听觉刺激),其被称为“认知性的”或“事件相关应答”,其出现在300毫秒潜伏期区,具有大的正电压峰。注意力和唤醒的状态是诱发P300应答中的两个最重要的因素。P300幅度和潜伏期在临床上被用于评估患有阿尔茨海默疾病、帕金森疾病和痴呆的患者。患有这些神经退行性病症的患者趋于具有延长的P300潜伏期——被认为与神经递质的改变相关。已显示:P300潜伏期随着认知功能降低而增加(但幅度减小)。
已发现,根据本发明,牛至提取物和其活性成分能显著增加静息状态中的α-1和β-1EEG参数。
α活性的增加与放松、增加的创造力、压力下增加的表现以及改善的学习和精力集中以及减少的焦虑相关。(Eschenauer等人2006 Am J SystPharm 63:26-30;Boutcher等人1988 Physcophysiology 25:696-702)。β活性的增加与高等皮层活动(Kubitz等人1996 Res Q Exerc Sport 67:91-96)、增加的警觉性状态(Porjesz等人2002 BiolPhychol 61:229-48)和认知处理(Karrasch等人2004 Neurosci Lett366:18-23)相关。
因此,根据本发明,牛至提取物或其活性成分能提高放松、增加创造力、增加压力下的表现,提高精力集中并减少焦虑,因为它增加了α-1波。通过增加β-1波,牛至提取物或其活性成分可增加警觉性、集中精力并从而提高警醒性。
根据本发明还显示,牛至提取物和其活性成分可显著增加头顶导联上的表面P300峰幅度(S300)以及P300峰幅度。牛至提取物还减少P300峰潜伏期。
P300峰幅度的增大与选择性注意的较高的量相关(van Nunen等人1994 Acta Phychiatr Belg 94:96-97),而较短的P300峰潜伏期已通过更快的对刺激加以判别、参照和评价的处理时间关联于优良的认知性能(vanNunen,supra;Hansenne 2000 Neurophysiol Clin 30:191-210;Emmerson等人989 Exp.Aging Res 15:151-9)。
本发明的另一方面是牛至提取物用于补偿(例如午餐之前和之后(中午))注意力、觉醒和警觉性(警醒性)的每日节律下降的用途。还发现,根据本发明,接受牛至提取物的受试者不经历中午左右的注意力下降(这是许多人通常感觉到的)。根据我们的实验,安慰剂组接近午餐时间经历到选择性注意力、警觉性、觉醒和对他们的指定任务的专注的下降,这是通过在头顶导联上的P300峰幅度降低测量的。但是,在接受牛至提取物的组中,这些没有被观察到。接受牛至提取物的受试者显示出较之在清晨注意力的7%的注意力提高。
接近中午注意力下降节律已由Kirkcaldy 1984 Eur J Appl Physiol OccupPhysiol 52:375-9指出。在Kirkcaldy的研究中,报道了受试者在中午前后(在11:00AM和大约2:00PM之间)感觉到较少活力和较少警觉。从而,本发明的另一方面是,通过在11:00AM和2:00PM之间,或在午餐时间进餐后不晚于1小时施用有效量的牛至提取物,来避免在中午注意力和/或警觉性减少的方法。
因此,这些结果表明牛至提取物支持了与觉醒、警觉性和专注组合的放松状态。
剂量
用于平均体重的成人的剂量范围为每天25-200mg(优选地每天大约30-180mg)的牛至提取物或其活性成分。如果需要的话,可调整剂量。对于营养补充,剂量可以是胶囊、片剂、小袋的形式或本领域中已知的任何其它常规配料形式。
为获得最佳的警醒性和警觉性,成人在早上服用单次60mg的剂量是值得推荐的。便利地,剂量形式可以是胶囊形式。第二次的60mg胶囊(或其它剂量形式,例如片剂)可在午饭时或午饭后片刻服用,以防止在下午午餐后下降。或者,可以每天(优选地在早上)服用一次一份120mg的胶囊。在一种备选的实施方式中,如果人们希望在傍晚延续他们的觉醒,可一天服用30mg的剂量3次,即早上、午餐时和下午后。该应用不会在晚上引起任何失眠。
或者,剂量可以是功能性食品的形式,其中牛至提取物被添加到各种食物(包括饮料)中。
合适的牛至提取物是可商购的。一种优选的提取物是可从FlavexGmbh,Rehlingen,Germany获得的SFCO2提取物。
下述非限制性实施例用于更好地阐述本发明。
实施例1:通过人临床试验中量化的清醒和睡眠EEG以及清醒ERP,
来评估牛至提取物对神经元功能的作用
在20名健康年轻男性志愿者上进行的单中心、随机、具有安慰剂对照的、交叉人临床试验中,用定量脑电图(qEEG)和事件相关电位(ERPs)的方法,对比安慰剂,测试了三种不同剂量(30mg/60mg/120mg)的牛至提取物(购自Flavex Gmbh,Rehlingen,Germany)对清醒状态中脑活动的作用。此外,为了测试30mg、60mg或120mg牛至提取物的额外剂量后牛至提取物对睡眠的作用,在20名志愿者中进行了多相睡眠图记录和整夜睡眠EEG图谱分析。
方法:
4个连续的评估周期彼此间隔至少5天(多个洗脱期)。在这些周期下,每名受试者接受测试的3种剂量(30mg、60mg或120mg)中之一,或接受安慰剂作为单独的评估。三名受试者没有完成整个研究周期。
在每个周期的每个研究日,在剂量施用后记录qEEG。详细地:使用连接耳的参照和4个伪迹导联(artifact channel)(伪迹眼运动、肌肉活动和其它电位产生的删除),记录28个EEG导联。在第一个3分钟警醒性受控(VC)的记录状态(受试者被要求在记录状态期间按下两个按钮)之后是3分钟的静息(R)记录状态(受试者被要求闭上他们的眼睛放松),采集EEG。
在给药前1和0.5小时运行双基线。仅第二个基线被用于分析,第一个是训练阶段。在给药后1、2、4和6小时进行额外的qEEG测量。通过将他们划分为标准频率EEG带:δ(0.5-3.5Hz)、θ(4-7.5Hz)、α(8-12.5Hz)和β(13-32Hz),在各谱上进行参数提取。α和β带还分别被分为:α1(8-9.5Hz)和α2(10-12.5Hz)以及β1(13-17.5Hz)、β2(18-20.5Hz)和β3(21-32Hz)。
此外,进行了ERP测量。该ERP基于标准听觉的P300“odd-ball”模式。每个受试者听一系列的两个音调,其中500Hz的频率用作常见音调,2000Hz的频率用作不常见或目标音调。受试者被要求对不常见的音调加以技术。通过这种计数,在大约300ms之后在EEG中出现峰。从该峰中,可确定在Cz(中心)电极上的潜伏期、P300振幅和在所有电极上的S300(在P300波形以下的区域)。听觉P300测量时间点与用于qEEG的相同。
在每个研究日的傍晚,研究志愿者得到牛至提取物的第二次剂量(30mg/60mg/120mg)或安慰剂,并在2小时后经历整夜(8小时)的多相睡眠图记录(睡眠EEG)。由于第一夜晚的效果问题,即健康的受试者在不寻常的环境中第一个记录夜晚期间通常经历入睡困难和/或保持睡眠困难,每个治疗夜之前有不被分析的适应夜。在阶段0(清醒)、阶段1、阶段2、阶段3、阶段4、阶段5(快速眼动[REM]睡眠)或阶段6(活动时间)中,以30秒间隔,对完整的记录周期(从11:00p.m到7:00a.m)的多个睡眠阶段进行目测评分。使用Hypnos软件,从多个记录的目测记分中得到不同的目测睡眠参数。
结果:
EEG:
定量EEG记录和分析之后是系统性评估方法,以搜索化合物诱导的作用。这些分析揭示,在清醒的qEEG中,α-1和β-1EEG参数的静息状态中,对于120mg剂量而言,绝对功率的瞬时显著增加(p<0.05)持续超过1小时(图1)。此外,摄入120mg剂量的牛至提取物后2小时后,,α-1波较之安慰剂有所增加,尽管这不再是统计学上显著的(p<0.1)。
ERP:
对头顶导联上的P300峰潜伏期和幅度的分析显示了牛至提取物较之安慰剂的一些显著改变。与安慰剂相比较,针对30mg牛至提取物剂量而言最显著的是在左额和中心头皮区上在P300幅度图谱中的增加,但对于60mg牛至提取物剂量而言,在头皮的前半部分上最显著。这些改变在牛至提取物摄入之后的1-2小时之间开始出现,并且,在30mg剂量的情况下其持续达6小时,在60mg剂量情况下持续达2-3小时(图2)。此外,与安慰剂相比较,在摄入60mg和120mg牛至提取物后1小时,P300峰潜伏期减少(不是统计学上显著的,但是趋势被观察到)(图3)。
当单独观察头顶导联(在头皮上的中心导联)上的P300峰幅度时,摄入2小时后,60mg牛至提取物与基线相比较增加了7.4%的P300幅度,与安慰剂相比较增加了21.2%的P300幅度(图4)。
在摄入4小时后,较之基线,30mg剂量增加了达8%的P300幅度,较之安慰剂增加了达15%的P300幅度,但是这不是统计学上显著的。令人感兴趣地,在安慰剂摄入之后2小时,在安慰剂组中的振幅减小,这类似(午餐之前和之后)注意力下降的节律。60mg(30mg在一定程度上也是)牛至提取物能缓解这种下降,并且甚至能将P300幅度增加到比基线更高的水平。
因此,用牛至提取物获得的结果表明,牛至提取物能激发注意力,并有助于缓解在中午通常经历的日常注意力下降。
睡眠EEG:
为测试牛至提取物是否影响睡眠连续性或睡眠结构,进行了多功能睡眠记录仪记录。在研究日,在第二次摄入研究化合物后2小时开始进行多功能睡眠记录仪数据记录。分析所有受试者的全部睡眠参数组后,没有观察到对睡眠连续性或睡眠结构的有害影响(图5)。
已发现,根据本发明,在α-1和β-1EEG参数的静息状态中,采用120mg剂量,牛至提取物和其活性成分能显著增加α-1和β-1的EEG参数(绝对能量)达2小时。此外,30mg和60mg剂量的P300表面峰幅度(S300)也显著增加,该峰在1小时后出现并在6小时后回到基线水平。而且,较之安慰剂,在60mg牛至提取物施用后2小时,头顶导联上的P300峰幅度显著增加(+22%)。此外,较之基线,在2小时后60mg剂量使在头顶导联上的P300幅度显著增加(+7%)。此外,与安慰剂相比较,60mg和120mg牛至提取物摄入后1小时,P300峰潜伏期显示出被减小的趋势(-10ms)。
α活性的增加与放松、增加的创造力、压力下增加的表现和改善的学习和精力集中以及减少的焦虑相关5,6。α活性的增加与高等皮层活动、增加的警觉性状态和认知处理相关9。
实施例2:液体胶囊(LiCaps)的制备
可制备包含下述成分的液体胶囊(LiCaps):
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Claims (11)
1.包含选自由香芹酚、百里香酚、百里醌、百里氢醌或前述中两种或多种的混合物组成的组的牛至提取物在制造用于增加α-1和/或β-1脑波活动的营养药物、食品或食品补充剂中的用途。
2.根据权利要求1的用途,其中通过在保持清醒、警觉性、警醒性或专注时实现放松的状态,来观察所述α-1和/或β-1脑波活动。
3.包含选自由香芹酚、百里香酚、百里醌、百里氢醌或前述中两种或多种的混合物组成的组的牛至提取物在制造用于增加诱导电位P300峰幅度的营养药物、食品或食品补充剂中的用途。
4.根据权利要求3的用途,其中所述P300峰幅度导致所述受试者在保持觉醒、警觉性、警醒性或专注时实现放松的状态。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任何一项的用途,其中所述牛至提取物在11:00AM和2:00PM之间被摄入。
6.包含选自由香芹酚、百里香酚、百里醌、百里氢醌或前述中两种或多种的混合物组成的组的牛至提取物用于增加α-1和/或β-1脑波活动的用途。
7.根据权利要求6的用途,其中通过在保持清醒、警觉性、警醒性或专注时实现放松的状态,来观察所述α-1和/或β-1脑波活动。
8.根据权利要求6的用途,用于在不干扰睡眠模式时用来改善注意力或警醒性。
9.根据权利要求6的用途,所述用途用来增加诱发电位P300峰幅度。
10.根据权利要求9的用途,其中所述P300峰幅度导致受试者在保持觉醒、警觉性、警醒性或专注时实现放松的状态。
11.根据权利要求6-10中任何一项的用途,其中所述牛至提取物在11:00AM和2:00PM之间被摄入。
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JP5986793B2 (ja) * | 2012-04-26 | 2016-09-06 | 小川香料株式会社 | セイボリーエキスの製造方法 |
KR20150027154A (ko) * | 2012-07-02 | 2015-03-11 | 디에스엠 아이피 어셋츠 비.브이. | 타이모퀴논을 함유하는 캡슐 |
US20150209317A1 (en) * | 2014-01-30 | 2015-07-30 | Kemin Industries, Inc. | Plant Extracts for Improving Cognitive Function |
WO2016044299A1 (en) * | 2014-09-15 | 2016-03-24 | Kemin Industries, Inc. | Plant extracts for improving cognitive function |
US11389413B2 (en) * | 2017-09-12 | 2022-07-19 | Jina Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Methods of preparing compositions containing thymoquinone |
JP7187479B2 (ja) * | 2017-11-28 | 2022-12-12 | シャープ株式会社 | ストレス低減方法および集中度向上方法 |
CN108419702A (zh) * | 2018-01-16 | 2018-08-21 | 淄博南庚商贸有限公司 | 一种兔掌套 |
CN108157217A (zh) * | 2018-01-16 | 2018-06-15 | 淄博南庚商贸有限公司 | 一种猫掌套 |
EP3794421A4 (en) | 2018-05-09 | 2022-12-21 | Cavh Llc | INTELLIGENCE ALLOCATION TRAINING SYSTEMS AND METHODS BETWEEN VEHICLES AND HIGHWAYS |
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RU2114629C1 (ru) * | 1997-04-10 | 1998-07-10 | Бабаскина Людмила Ивановна | Сбор лекарственных трав, обладающий общеукрепляющим и нормализующим гормональный статус в климактерическом периоде действием |
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KR20110129905A (ko) | 2011-12-02 |
BRPI1008382A2 (pt) | 2015-08-25 |
WO2010094761A3 (en) | 2010-10-21 |
JP2015038131A (ja) | 2015-02-26 |
BRPI1008382A8 (pt) | 2017-07-25 |
WO2010094761A2 (en) | 2010-08-26 |
JP2012518618A (ja) | 2012-08-16 |
US20120142786A1 (en) | 2012-06-07 |
EP2398340A2 (en) | 2011-12-28 |
CN102438464A (zh) | 2012-05-02 |
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