CN102413926B - 加氢转化多金属催化剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
加氢转化多金属催化剂及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102413926B CN102413926B CN201080018711.1A CN201080018711A CN102413926B CN 102413926 B CN102413926 B CN 102413926B CN 201080018711 A CN201080018711 A CN 201080018711A CN 102413926 B CN102413926 B CN 102413926B
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于加氢处理重油进料的本体多金属催化剂并涉及该催化剂的制备方法。通过对催化剂前体进行硫化可制备所述本体多金属催化剂,所述催化剂前体具有差的结晶结构,带有杂乱的堆叠层,带有IV型氮吸附-脱附等温线,且滞后起点值P/P0为约0.35,以得到硫化的催化剂,该硫化的催化剂在催化应用中便于反应物和产物的扩散。在另一个实施方案中,所述前体的特征在于具有H3型滞后圈。在第三实施方案中,所述滞后圈的特征在于具有高于约0.55的P/P0的充分发展的平台。所述前体的中孔能够是可调节的或可调的。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请主张美国专利申请序号12/432,730、12/432,728和12/432,723、的优先权,所述专利的提交日期均为2009年4月29日。本申请主张上述专利的优先权和权益,通过参考将其内容并入本文中。
背景
本发明一般地涉及加氢加工催化剂前体、制备催化剂前体的方法、使用所述催化剂前体制备的多金属催化剂、以及使用所述多金属催化剂的加氢转化方法。
技术领域
石油工业正日益转向重质原油、残油、煤和沥青砂即更低等级的烃(“重油”),以作为原料的来源。通过在催化剂存在下利用氢对原料进行处理以实施将至少一部分进料转化为更低分子量的烃、或实施不期望的成分或化合物的去除、或将其转化为无害或期望的化合物,可完成对这些原料的提质或精炼。
催化剂的孔结构通常在结晶阶段中或在后续处理中形成。取决于它们的主要的孔径,固体材料根据尺寸分类为三种:微孔(尺寸小于3.5nm),中孔(尺寸为3.5~500nm)和大孔(尺寸大于500nm)。因为它们的低表面积和大的不均匀孔,大孔固体作为吸附剂和催化剂的用途是相对受限的。然而,微孔和中孔固体广泛地用于吸附、分离技术和催化中。对于有效的化学工艺,由于需要更高的可到达的表面积和孔体积,对于新型的高度稳定的中孔催化剂有着日益增长的需求。然而,高度多孔的催化剂并不必然意味着该催化剂具有很多的表面积。催化剂可能过于多孔,具有非常小的表面积,且相应地,就反应性点位而言具有低催化活性。
在现有技术中已知,制备具有中孔结构的沸石和负载型硫化物催化剂来增加表面积。仍需要一种具有改进的性能(即在最佳孔隙率和表面积下提供高收率的转化)的用于较低等级烃的加氢转化的本体/非负载型催化剂。还需要一种具有足够的孔体积/大小以用于对重油进料进行加氢处理的本体多金属催化剂。
发明概述
在一个方面中,本发明涉及由具有带有H3型滞后圈的IV型等温线的催化剂前体形成的稳定的本体多金属催化剂。在一个实施方案中,中孔的特征在于是可调的。在另一个实施方案中,所述催化剂前体的特征在于具有差的结晶结构,该差的结晶结构具有杂乱的堆叠层,即,各层的堆叠是高度随机的。
在还另一个方面中,本发明涉及由具有带有H3型滞后圈的IV型等温线的催化剂前体形成的稳定的本体多金属催化剂的制备方法。该制备方法包括:a)形成一种沉淀物,所述沉淀物包含至少一种助催化剂金属前体、至少一种VIB族金属前体、任选地配位剂和任选地至少一种稀释剂,其中所述助催化剂金属前体选自VIII族、IIB族、IIA族、IVA族及其组合;b)将至少50%的液体从沉淀物中除去以形成滤饼;c)向所述滤饼中添加成形助剂、孔形成剂、胶溶剂、稀释剂及其组合中的至少一种,形成母料混合物(batch mixture);d)通过造粒、挤出、制片、模制、翻转、压制、喷雾和喷雾干燥中的任意一种将所述母料混合物成形为成形的催化剂前体;以及b)对所述成形的催化剂前体进行硫化以形成本体多金属催化剂。在一个实施方案中,控制配位剂的量以改变或调节催化剂前体的中孔。在另一个实施方案中,改变并控制加到成形步骤的添加剂以调节催化剂前体的中孔。
附图简述
图1是显示由具有带有H3型滞后圈的IV型等温线的中孔催化剂前体制备多金属催化剂的制备方法的实施方案的框图。
图2是显示所述催化剂前体的一个实施方案的N2吸附(-|-)和脱附(-o-)等温线的图。
图3是显示图2的催化剂前体在0.35~1.00的相对压力范围内的N2吸附(-|-)和脱附(-o-)等温线的图。
图4是显示所述催化剂前体的另一个实施方案的N2吸附(-|-)和脱附(-o-)等温线的图,显示了宽的H3型脱附滞后圈。
图5是显示图4的催化剂前体在0.35~1.00的相对压力范围内的N2吸附(-|-)和脱附(-o-)等温线的图。
图6是显示不具有IV型等温线的催化剂前体的N2吸附(-|-)的图。
发明详述
在整个说明书中使用如下术语,除非有其他说明,否则下列术语具有如下意思。
SCF/BBL(或scf/bbl、或scfb或SCFB)是指气体(N2、H2等)标准立方英尺单位数每桶烃进料。
LHSV是指液时空速。
本文中所涉及的周期表是由IUPAC和美国国家标准局批准的表,实例为由Los Alamos国家实验室化学分部于2001年10月提供的元素周期表。
如本文中所使用的,术语“本体催化剂”可与“非负载型催化剂”互换使用,是指不具有常规催化剂形状的催化剂组合物,所述常规催化剂形状具有预制的、成形的催化剂载体,然后通过浸渍或沉积催化剂对所述载体负载金属。在一个实施方案中,通过沉淀来形成所述本体催化剂。在另一个实施方案中,所述本体催化剂具有并入所述催化剂组合物中的粘接剂。在还另一个实施方案中,由金属化合物形成本体催化剂且不含任何粘接剂。
如本文中所使用的,当用作几种元素或元素类别例如X、Y和Z或X1-Xn、Y1-Yn和Z1-Zn的前缀时,“一种或多种”或“至少一种”是指选自X或Y或Z中的单种元素、选自同种类别的元素的组合(例如X1和X2)、以及选自不同类别的元素的组合(例如X1、Y2和Zn)。
如本文中所使用的,“加氢转化”或“加氢加工”是指在氢存在下实施的任意一种方法,包括但不限于,甲烷化、水煤气变换反应、加氢、加氢处理、加氢脱硫、加氢脱氮、加氢脱金属、加氢脱芳构化、加氢异构化、加氢脱蜡和加氢裂化,所述加氢裂化包含选择性加氢裂化。根据加氢加工的类型和反应条件,加氢加工的产物能够显示改进的粘度、粘度指数、饱和物含量、低温性能、挥发性和去极化等。
如本文中所使用的,700华氏度+转化率是指在烃转化方法中具有大于700华氏度+的沸点的油原料向沸点低于700华氏度(371℃)的材料的转化率,其按照(100%×(进料中沸点超过700华氏度的物质的wt%-产物中沸点超过700华氏度的物质的wt%)/进料中沸点超过700华氏度的物质的wt%)计算。
如本文中所使用的,“LD50”是指一次性提供的会造成一组试验动物死亡50%(一半)的物质的量。LD-50(单位为mg/Kg)测量了材料的短期中毒可能性(急性毒性),利用较小的动物如大鼠和小鼠进行所述试验。
如本文中所使用的,“成形的催化剂前体”是指通过喷雾干燥、造粒、成丸、粒化、造珠、片压制、制砖、经由挤出或本领域中已知的其他手段使用压缩方法或通过湿混合物的团聚而形成(或成形)的催化剂前体。所述成形的催化剂前体能够为任意形式或形状,包括但不限于球粒、圆柱体、直或弯曲(扭曲)的三叶体、多孔圆柱体、片、环、立方体、蜂巢、星、三叶体、四叶体、丸、颗粒等。
根据ASTM标准法D 4284,使用压汞孔隙仪测量了一个实施方案中的孔隙率和孔径分布。在另一个实施方案中,通过氮吸附法测量了孔隙率和孔径分布。
分层孔隙率(layered porosity)或构造上的孔隙率(texturalporosity)是能够归因于催化剂前体的层或板(platter)之间的空隙的孔隙率。透射电子显微镜(TEM)领域内的技术人员能够由高分辨率TEM图像确定催化剂前体的层或板的存在。吸附领域的技术人员能够通过催化剂前体的特定的吸附行为来分辨和评价所述分层孔隙率。检测和评定分层孔隙率或构造上的孔隙率的一种方法通过IV型吸附-脱附等温线的存在来证明,该IV型吸附-脱附等温线在相对压力P/P0>0.40的区域内呈现良好界定的滞后圈(Sing等人,Pure Appl.Chem.,vol.57,603-619(1985))。
本发明的本体催化剂由随机堆叠的分层的或构造上的中孔催化剂前体(即,呈现IV型等温线的结晶结构差的催化剂前体)制成。在一个实施方案中,形成所述本体催化剂的催化剂前体的特征在于具有H3型滞后圈。
催化剂产物:经过硫化,将具有IV型吸附-脱附等温线的催化剂前体转化成催化剂(变为具有催化活性),随后用于加氢脱硫(HDS)、加氢脱芳构化(HDA)和加氢脱氮(HDN)方法中。所述催化剂前体能够为氢氧化物或氧化物材料,其由至少一种助催化剂金属前体和至少一种VIB族金属前体制得。
在一个实施方案中,本体多金属氧化物形式的催化剂前体包含至少一种VIII族非贵金属材料和至少两种VIB族金属。在一个实施方案中,VIB族金属与VIII族非贵金属的比例为约10∶1~约1∶10。在另一个实施方案中,氧化物催化剂前体具有通式:(X)b(Mo)c(W)dOz;其中X为Ni或Co,摩尔比b∶(c+d)为0.5/1~3/1,摩尔比c∶d>0.01/1,且z=[2b+6(c+d)]/2。在一个实施方案中,所述氧化物催化剂前体还包含一种或多种配位剂L。
术语“配体”可与“配位剂”、“螯合剂”或“络合剂”(或螯合剂、或螯合掩蔽剂)互换使用,其是指可与金属离子例如VIB族和/或助催化剂金属结合的添加剂,以形成更大的络合物,例如催化剂前体,并有助于调节或调整中孔的孔隙率。
在一个实施方案中,催化剂前体为氢氧化物的形式,所述氢氧化物包含至少一种VIII族非贵金属材料和至少两种VIB族金属。在一个实施方案中,所述氢氧化物具有通式Av[(MP)(OH)x(L)n y]z(MVIBO4),其中A为一种或多种单价阳离子物质,M是指处于其元素或化合物形式的至少一种金属,且L是指一种或多种配位剂。
在一个实施方案中,由包括至少一种稀释剂在内的工艺来制备催化剂前体,以使所述前体具有式Ar[(MIIA)s(MVIII)t(Al)u(OH)v(L)w]x(Si(1-y)AlyO2)z(MVIBO4),其中A为一种或多种单价阳离子物质,MIIA为一种或多种IIA族金属,MVIII为一种或多种VIII族金属,Al为铝,L为一种或多种配位剂,(Si(1-y)AlyO2)为氧化硅-氧化铝部分,MVIB为一种或多种VIB族金属,原子比MVIII∶MVIB为100∶1~1∶100。在一个实施方案中,A为碱金属阳离子、铵、有机铵和磷鎓阳离子中的至少一种。在一个实施方案中,A选自单价阳离子如NH4+,其他的季铵离子、有机磷鎓阳离子、碱金属阳离子及其组合。
在一个实施方案中,L为一种或多种任选的配位剂。在另一个实施方案中,L呈电中性或具有负电荷n<=0。在另一个实施方案中,L为无毒有机含氧配位剂且LD50比率(作为大鼠的单次口服剂量)为大于500mg/Kg。术语“电中性”是指催化剂前体不携带净正电荷或负电荷的事实。实例包括但不限于多齿配体以及单齿配体,例如NH3、以及烷基胺和芳基胺;羧化物、羧酸、醛、酮、醛的烯醇化物形式、酮的烯醇化物形式和半缩醛;有机酸加成盐例如甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、马来酸、苹果酸、葡萄糖酸(cluconic acid)、富马酸、琥珀酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、草酸、二羟基乙酸、天冬氨酸、链烷磺酸、芳基磺酸、芳基羧酸;含羧酸根的化合物及其组合。
MP是至少一种助催化剂金属。在一个实施方案中,MP具有+2或+4的氧化态,这取决于所使用的助催化剂金属。MP选自VIII族、IIB族、IIA族、IVA族及其组合。在一个实施方案中,MP为至少一种VIII族金属且MP具有+2的氧化态P。在另一个实施方案中,MP选自IIB族、IVA族及其组合。在一个实施方案中,助催化剂金属MP为至少一种VIII族金属,MP具有+2的氧化态,且催化剂前体具有式Av[(MP)(OH)x(L)n y]z(MVIBO4)以使得(v-2+2z-x*z+n*y*z)=0。在一个实施方案中,助催化剂金属MP为两种VIII族金属如Ni和Co的混合物。在还另一个实施方案中,MP为三种金属如Ni、Co和Fe的组合。在MP为两种IIB族金属如Zn和Cd的混合物的一个实施方案中,所述催化剂前体具有式Av[(ZnaCda’)(OH)x(L)y]z(MVIBO4)。在还另一个实施方案中,MP为三种金属如Zn、Cd和Hg的组合,且所述催化剂前体具有式Av[(ZnaCda’Hga”)(OH)x(L)n y]z(MVIBO4)。
在一个实施方案中,助催化剂金属MP选自处于其元素、化合物或离子形式的IIB族和VIA族金属如锌、镉、汞、锗、锡、铅及其组合。在还另一个实施方案中,助催化剂金属MP还包含处于其元素、化合物或离子形式的Ni、Co、Fe及其组合中的至少一种。在另一个实施方案中,助催化剂金属为选自镁、钙、锶和钡化合物的IIA族金属化合物,其为至少部分地处于固体状态,例如水不溶性化合物如碳酸盐、氢氧化物、富马酸盐、磷酸盐、亚磷酸盐、硫化物、钼酸盐、钨酸盐、氧化物或其混合物。
在一个实施方案中,MVIB为具有+6氧化态的至少一种VIB族金属。在一个实施方案中,MP∶MVIB具有100∶1~1∶100的原子比。v-2+P*z-x*z+n*y*z=0且0≤y≤-P/n;0≤x≤P;0≤v≤2;0≤z。在一个实施方案中,MVIB为钼。在还另一个实施方案中,MVIB为至少两种VIB族金属如钼和钨的混合物。
制备催化剂的方法:参考图1,所述图1为示意性地显示由呈现IV型吸附等温线的催化剂前体制备出所述本体催化剂的一般方法的实施方案的框图。
形成沉淀物或共凝胶:所述方法中的第一步骤10是沉淀或共凝胶化步骤,其涉及在金属前体11的混合物中将例如助催化剂金属成分和VIB族金属成分反应以得到沉淀物或共凝胶。术语“共凝胶”是指至少两种金属化合物的共沉淀物(或沉淀物)。能够以固体、溶液、悬浮液或其组合的形式向反应混合物中添加金属前体。如果以此方式添加可溶解的盐,可将其溶于反应混合物中,随后使其沉淀或共凝胶化、或形成悬浮液。任选地,在真空下对所述溶液进行加热以实现沉淀和液体的蒸发。
在助催化剂金属化合物和VIB族金属化合物发生沉淀或形成共凝胶的温度和pH下进行沉淀(或共凝胶化)。在一个实施方案中,形成共凝胶的温度为25~350℃。在一个实施方案中,在0~3000psig的压力下形成催化剂前体。在第二实施方案中,所述压力为10~1000psig。在第三实施方案中,所述压力为30~100psig。根据产物的期望特性,能够改变所述混合物的pH以提高或降低所述沉淀或共凝胶化的速率。在一个实施方案中,在反应步骤期间将所述混合物置于其自然pH下。在另一个实施方案中,将pH保持在0~12的范围内。在另一个实施方案中,将pH保持在7~10的范围内。通过向反应混合物中添加碱或酸12或添加化合物,能够改变所述pH,所述化合物在温度升高时会分解为氢氧根离子或H+离子以分别提高或降低pH。在另一个实施方案中,添加在水解反应中会沉淀的化合物。
在一个实施方案中,(在助催化剂金属化合物和/或VIB族金属化合物沉淀或共凝胶化之前)能够任选地添加至少一种配位剂L,以作为形成沉淀物的试剂中的一种。在另一实施方案中,在沉淀物形成之后添加配位剂L(如图1中的步骤25所示)。在一个实施方案中,在所述沉淀步骤之后添加的配位剂L不同于在所述沉淀步骤之前添加的配位剂。
应该提到的是,所述催化剂前体的中孔孔隙率能够通过选择配位剂和/或添加量来控制或调节。在一个实施方案中,观察到,并入配位剂L明显提高了催化剂前体的孔隙率。
在一个实施方案中,作为配位剂L的替代或除了所述配位剂L之外,还能够向该步骤中添加量为催化剂前体的总组成的5~95wt%的稀释剂,这取决于预期的催化剂应用。在金属前体沉淀或共凝胶化之前或之后,能够应用这些材料。实例但不限于包括氧化锌;硫化锌;氧化铌;原硅酸四乙酯;硅酸;氧化钛;硅成分如硅酸钠、硅酸钾、二氧化硅凝胶、二氧化硅溶胶、二氧化硅凝胶、水合氢离子-或铵稳定的二氧化硅溶胶、及其组合;用于本发明方法中的铝成分,包括但不限于铝酸钠、铝酸钾、硫酸铝、硝酸铝及其组合;镁成分如铝硅酸镁粘土、镁金属、氢氧化镁、卤化镁、硫酸镁和硝酸镁;氧化锆;阳离子粘土或阴离子粘土如皂石、膨润土、高岭土、海泡石、水滑石或其混合物。在一个实施方案中,基于最终催化剂前体(作为氧化物或氢氧化物),以大于50wt%的量将氧化钛用作稀释剂。
去除液体:在下一步骤20中,通过本领域中已知的分离方法如过滤、倾析、离心分离等从所述沉淀物(或悬浮液)中除去至少50wt%的液体(上清液/水)。在一个实施方案中,利用本领域中已知的真空技术或设备通过过滤将沉淀物中的液体除去,以提供湿滤饼。通常将湿滤饼定义为具有约10~50wt%液体的滤饼,由此通常不含水或其他溶剂如甲醇等。
在一个实施方案中,任选地,在大气条件或在惰性气氛如氮、氩或真空下并在足以除去水但不除去有机化合物的温度下对滤饼实施干燥。在一个实施方案中,在约50~120℃下实施干燥,直至催化剂前体的重量达到恒定。在另一个实施方案中,在50℃~200℃的温度下实施干燥并持续约0.5小时~6小时。通过本领域内已知的热干燥技术如闪蒸干燥、带式干燥、烘箱干燥等来实施干燥。
形成催化剂前体混合物以用于成形:在该步骤30中,将滤饼与水和其他任选材料混合在一起,所述其他任选材料包括但不限于成形助剂32、造粒剂、孔形成剂和稀释剂材料13。在一个实施方案中,源自上次运行中的处于前体材料的滤饼材料、可挤出料团和/或干燥颗粒/片形式的再加工材料能够任选地被包括在材料内以形成新批次的催化剂前体混合物的材料。在一个实施方案中,改变水量和/或任选的材料的量或类型,以控制和/或调节所形成的催化剂前体的中孔孔隙率。在一个实施方案中,添加水有助于增加催化剂前体的表面积。
将所述前体母料混合物混合足够的时间段以得到基本均匀或均一的混合物。所述混合时间取决于混合技术如研磨、捏合、浆体混合、干法或湿法混合或其组合的类型和效率、以及所使用的混合设备如搅拌磨、共混机、双臂捏合混合器、转子定子混合器或混合研磨机。在一个实施方案中,混合时间为0.1~10小时。在一个实施方案中,以100∶1~10∶1的比例(wt%催化剂前体与wt%成形助剂之比)添加成形助剂。成形助剂的实例包括但不限于纤维素醚型有机粘接剂和/或衍生物、聚亚烃基二醇、饱或不饱和的脂肪酸(例如破梨泰克酸(politicacid)、赛提瑞克酸(satiric acid)或油酸)或其盐、多糖衍生的酸或其盐、石墨、淀粉、碱金属硬脂酸盐、硬脂酸铵、硬脂酸、矿物油及其组合。
在一个实施方案中,可向混合物中添加胶溶剂。所述胶溶剂可以为碱或酸,例如氨、甲酸、柠檬酸、硝酸、马来酸、羧酸等。在另一个实施方案中,还可随再加工材料一起向混合物中添加孔形成剂。孔形成剂的实例包括但不限于矿物油、司台瑞克酸(steric acid)、聚乙二醇聚合物、碳水化合物聚合物、甲基丙烯酸酯、纤维素聚合物和经加热时发生分解的羧化物。在还另一个实施方案中,能够添加稀释剂材料。在该步骤中添加的稀释剂材料能够与已经添加至从上述金属前体形成沉淀物的步骤中的任意一种稀释剂材料相同或不同。
在其中通过造粒、挤出或压制对催化剂前体进行成形的一个实施方案中,向混合母料中添加足够量的水以将母料的粘度调节至便于塑化和成形的水平即料团稠度的混合物。在一个实施方案中,添加足够量的水,使得混合物具有50~90%的固体(LOI)。在另一个实施方案中,为60~70%的固体(LOI)。
成形方法:在该步骤40中,使用本领域中已知的任意一种方法,包括造粒、挤出、制片、模制、翻转、压制、喷雾和喷雾干燥,可将催化剂前体混合物成形为成形的颗粒如球状体、丸、片、圆柱体、不规则挤出物、仅松散粘接的聚集体或簇等。
在一个实施方案中,使用本领域中已知的挤出设备如单螺旋挤出机、柱塞式挤出机、双螺旋挤出机等通过挤出来形成成形的催化剂前体。在另一个实施方案中,通过喷雾干燥在100℃~320℃的出口温度下实施成形。在一个实施方案中,将成形的催化剂前体挤出为具有约1/16~1/6英寸直径的挤出物。在挤出之后,将挤出物切割为合适的长度如1/16英寸~5/16英寸以制造圆柱形球粒。
热处理:在一个实施方案中,将成形的催化剂前体经历热处理步骤50。在一个实施方案中,催化剂前体在直接或间接加热烘箱、托盘干燥器或带式干燥器中在约50℃~325℃下空气(或氮气)干燥约15分钟~24小时,其中温度以每分钟1~50℃速率从室温到干燥温度。在一个实施方案中,温度在1~2℃/分钟的缓慢速率下升高。在第二实施方案中,在至少25℃/分钟的快速升温速率下进行空气干燥。在一个实施方案中,在100℃或100℃之下的温度下进行所述干燥。
通常,已知的是,热处理的温度越高,催化剂前体的密度越大,因此,经过硫化,导致催化剂也具有低收缩率。在某些实施方案中,利用在低温如低于325℃、低于200℃、甚至100℃以下的温度下的热处理,获得了低(小于10%)的体积收缩。
在一个实施方案中,在任选的热处理之后,任选地在合适的气氛如惰性气体如氮气或氩气或蒸汽中在约350℃~750℃的温度下对成形的催化剂进行煅烧。在还另一个实施方案中,在350℃~600℃的温度下进行煅烧。在煅烧工艺中,所述催化剂前体转化为氧化物。在一个实施方案中,所述氧化物催化剂前体具有通式:(X)b(Mo)c(W)dOz,其中X为Ni或Co,b∶(c+d)的摩尔比为0.5/1~3/1。c∶d的摩尔比为>0.01/1,且z=[2b+6(c+d)]/2。
在一个实施方案中,催化剂前体是氮稳定的。如本文中所使用的,术语氮稳定的是指干燥剂不会对性质产生影响(在对催化剂前体进行硫化以形成催化剂之后),即无论是在氮气或氧气环境中干燥。
硫化步骤:在硫化步骤60中使用至少一种硫化剂62能够对成形的催化剂前体(具有任选的再加工材料)进行硫化以形成活性催化剂,所述至少一种硫化剂选自:元素硫自身;在盛行条件下可分解成硫化氢的含硫化合物;H2S自身或在任意一种惰性或还原环境如H2中的H2S。硫化剂的实例包括硫化铵、多硫化铵([(NH4)2Sx)、硫代硫酸铵((NH4)2S2O3)、硫代硫酸钠(Na2S2O3)、硫脲CSN2H4、二硫化碳、二甲二硫(DMDS)、二甲基硫醚(DMS)、二丁基多硫醚(DBPS)、硫醇、叔丁基多硫醚(PSTB)、叔壬基多硫醚(PSTN)等。在一个实施方案中,将烃原料用作硫源以对催化剂前体进行硫化。
在硫化步骤中,在25℃~500℃的温度下、在10分钟~15天内、并在含H2的气体压力下经过与硫化剂接触将成形的催化剂前体转化为活性催化剂。在硫化步骤期间总压力能够为大气压至约10巴(1MPa)。如果硫化温度低于硫化剂的沸点,则通常在大气压下实施所述方法。在硫化剂/任选成分(如果存在)的沸点以上,通常在增大的压力下实施所述反应。
催化剂的用途:由于例如在加氢处理期间在同一加氢处理反应器内有时能够对催化剂前体进行原位硫化,所以通过硫化之前催化剂前体的性质能够对催化剂的性能进行表征。
在一个实施方案中,用于制备本体催化剂的催化剂前体的特征在于具有差的结晶结构,带有杂乱的堆叠层,带有IV型氮吸附-脱附等温线。N2吸附和脱附等温线的相对压力P/P0开始不同之处的点限定了硫化的催化剂产物的吸附能力。本发明的催化剂前体的N2吸附脱附等温线形成了闭合的滞后回线,其封闭面积与特定的中孔体积成比例。P/P0值越低,滞后回线所封闭的面积越大,相应地吸附能力就越大。P0为N2饱和压力。在一个实施方案中,所述催化剂前体的P/P0滞后起点值为约0.35。
在一个实施方案中,所述前体的特征在于具有H3滞后圈。在一个实施方案中,该滞后圈的特征在于具有高于约0.55的P/P0的充分发展的平台。
所述前体的特征还在于具有在一个实施方案中平均孔径(宽度)为2nm~200nm、在第二实施方案中为5nm~150nm、在另一实施方案中为10nm~125nm且在第四实施方案中为15nm~100nm的中孔结构。在一个实施方案中,孔体积大于0.01cm3/g。在还另一个实施方案中,孔体积为0.01~0.50cm3/g。在第三实施方案中为0.02~0.20cm3/g,在第四实施方案中为0.05~0.15cm3/g。使用氮作为吸附质通过BET法测得的表面积在一个实施方案中为25~400m2/g,在第二实施方案中为40~200m2/g,在第三实施方案中为60~150m2/g。
由于催化剂前体和由其形成的硫化的本体金属催化剂具有足够的中孔位点和大的孔体积以克服重质石油进料的扩散限制,所以在一个实施方案中本体金属催化剂特别适用于加氢处理具有在343℃(650华氏度)~454℃(850华氏度)且特别在371℃(700华氏度)以上范围内的常压渣油(AR)沸点的重质石油进料。具有大于343℃(650华氏度)沸点的重油进料通常的特征为具有相对高的比重、低的氢与碳之比、和高的碳残余物。其含有大量沥青质、硫、氮和金属,以其大分子直径增大了加氢处理的难度。
在一个实施方案中,由具有杂乱的堆叠层和IV型吸附-脱附等温线的前体形成的本体催化剂的特征在于是非常稳定的。可基于催化剂前体的剩余几何体积收缩来评价催化剂的稳定性,催化剂前体的剩余几何体积收缩作为在成形的催化剂前体被硫化之前和之后的几何体积的变化来测量。硫化步骤之后测量的体积收缩能够用作在苛刻的加氢加工条件下催化剂的机械完整性的指标,因为前体通常在与加氢加工反应器同一的反应器中被原位硫化。在一个实施方案中,具有IV型吸附-脱附等温线的催化剂前体的特征在于经过在硫化步骤中在至少100℃的温度下暴露至少30分钟,剩余几何体积收缩为小于约12%。在第二实施方案中,体积收缩小于约10%。在第三实施方案中,体积收缩小于约8%。在第四实施方案中,小于5%。
在一个实施方案中,本体催化剂特别适合于对具有0.9nm~1.7nm(9~17埃)平均分子直径的重质石油进料进行加氢处理,提供>99.99%(700华氏度+转化率)的HDN转化水平,在一个实施方案中将700华氏度以上沸点的馏分中的硫含量降至小于20ppm,并在第二实施方案中降至小于10ppm。在一个实施方案中,本体催化剂特别适用于对具有0.9nm~1.7nm平均分子直径的重质石油进料进行加氢处理。在还另一个实施方案中,本体催化剂特别适用于对具有300~400g/mol平均分子量Mn的重油进料进行处理。
在一个实施方案中,用于形成催化剂的前体还展示了其他期望的性质,包括至多1.6g/cc的紧密堆积密度(CBD);至少约4lbs的压碎强度;和小于7wt%的磨损损失。磨损损失是指当在旋转桶中翻转一个半小时时测得的细粉量的损失。在另一个实施方案中,磨损损失为小于5wt%。在第三实施方案中,CBD为至多1.4g/cc。在第四实施方案中,CBD为至多1.2g/cc。在第五实施方案中,CBD为1.2g/cc~1.4g/cc。在一个实施方案中,压碎强度为至少6lbs。在一个实施方案中,催化剂前体具有等于或小于2.5g/cc的颗粒密度。在另一个实施方案中,颗粒密度为等于或小于2.2g/cc。
能够将本体多金属催化剂用于几乎所有的加氢加工方法中,以在宽范围的反应条件如200~450℃的温度、15~300巴的氢气压力、0.05~10小时-1的液时空速和35.6~2670m3/m3(200~15000SCF/B-或标准立方英尺每桶进料至反应器的烃化合物)的氢气处理气体比率下对多种进料进行处理。所述催化剂另外的特征为优异的催化活性,因为在重油原料如VGO的加氢处理中提供了几乎完全的HDN转化率(>99.99%)。
实施例
下列示例性实例意图是非限制性的。在实施例中,通过使用标准的连续吸附程序测量N2吸附脱附等温线来表征孔结构。遵循IUPAC推荐内容,能够由该等温线计算比表面积和总孔体积。对应于构造上的中孔的孔的体积能够由低P/P0滞后圈的上部拐点来评估。
实施例1 Ni-Mo-W-马来酸盐催化剂前体
按如下制备式(NH4){[Ni2.6(OH)2.08(C4H2O4 2-)0.06](Mo0.35W0.65O4)2}的催化剂前体:在室温下将954.8g的七钼酸铵(NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O溶于4.8L去离子水中。制得的溶液的pH为2~3。将1334g偏钨酸铵(NH4)6H2W12O40·4.7H2O溶解于1.3L水中。将该钼酸盐和钨酸盐溶液添加到34.9L去离子水中。向该混合的钼酸盐和钨酸盐溶液中添加2.03L 7.0wt%的NH4OH溶液(氨水),然后在恒定搅拌下将温度升至77℃。该溶液的pH为8~10。制备第二溶液,其含有溶于2.7L去离子水中的3149g的Ni(NO3)2·6H2O。向该镍溶液中添加1.2L 28wt%的(NH4)OH溶液,然后添加将108g马来酸溶于0.25L去离子水中的溶液。然后在10分钟内向钼酸盐/钨酸盐溶液中添加该镍溶液,同时维持温度为77℃。将制得的混合物保持在77℃下并继续搅拌1小时。悬浮物的pH为6~7。在添加0.72L 7.0wt%的(NH4)OH溶液并冷却至60℃之后,通过过滤收集蓝-绿色的沉淀物,并通过在压滤机中在150psi下对其进行压缩来干燥。将收集并压缩后的沉淀物在密封容器中在50℃下老化15小时。老化后,将沉淀物与4wt%的甲基纤维素混合,并在50℃下干燥直至它呈现45wt%的烧失量(LOI)和1500psi的卡沃尔(carver),并在具有NAQ模头的Wolf螺杆挤出机中挤出。
该前体的N2吸附脱附等温线示于图2-3中,其由良好界定的滞后圈组成,对应于中孔孔隙率的存在。该前体的其它孔特征包括:1g/cm3的样品密度。表面积特征包括在P/P0=0.20处的单点表面积为110.4051m2/g;BET表面积为112.5688m2/g;在17和3000埃宽度之间的孔的BJH(Barret-Joyner-Halenda)吸附累积表面积为73.137m2/g。BJH脱附为75.886m2/g。孔体积特征包括在P/P0=0.99处小于2278埃的孔的单点脱附总孔体积为0.089960cm3/g;在17和3000埃宽度之间的孔的BJH吸附累积表面积为0.068115cm3/g。BJH脱附为0.074654cm3/g。孔径特征包括脱附平均孔宽(4V/A,由BET测得)为31.9662埃;BJH吸附平均孔宽为37.254埃;和BJH脱附平均孔宽为39.350埃。
实施例2 Ni-Mo-W马来酸盐催化剂前体的另一实施方案
按如下制备式(NH4){[Ni2.6(OH)2.08(C4H2O4 2-)0.06](Mo0.35W0.65O4)2}的催化剂前体:在室温下将477.2g的七钼酸铵(NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O溶于2.9L去离子水中。将666.6g偏钨酸铵(NH4)6H2W12O40·4.7H2O溶解于0.67L水中。将该钼酸盐和钨酸盐溶液添加至15.4L去离子水中。向该混合的钼酸盐和钨酸盐溶液中添加1.9L 7.0wt%的NH4OH溶液(氨水),以使pH达到9~10。此后,在恒定搅拌下将温度升至76℃。制备第二溶液,其含有溶于1.5L去离子水中的1575g的Ni(NO3)2·6H2O。然后在25分钟内向钼酸盐/钨酸盐溶液中添加该镍溶液,同时维持温度为76℃。将制得的混合物保持在76℃下并搅拌半小时。随后,将95g马来酸添加至该悬浮物中并再持续搅拌半小时。悬浮物的pH为5~6。在冷却至60℃之后,通过过滤收集蓝-绿色的沉淀物,并通过在压滤机中在150psi下对其压缩30分钟来干燥。在50wt%的烧失量(LOI)和800psi的卡沃尔下,将该沉淀物于4wt%的MethocelTM混合,并在具有NAQ模头的Wolf螺杆挤出机中挤出。
实施例2的前体的N2吸附脱附等温线示于图4-5中,其也由良好界定的滞后圈组成,对应于中孔孔隙率的存在。该前体的其它孔特征包括:1g/cm3的样品密度。表面积特征包括在P/P0=0.20处的单点表面积为56.1297m2/g;BET表面积为58.1421m2/g;在17和3000埃宽度之间的孔的BJH(Barret-Joyner-Halenda)吸附累积表面积为56.2515m2/g。BJH脱附为59.6379m2/g。孔体积特征包括在P/P0=0.99处小于2008埃的孔的单点脱附总孔体积为0.149469cm3/g;在17和3000埃宽度之间的孔的BJH吸附累积表面积为0.145741cm3/g。BJH脱附为0.148929cm3/g。孔径特征包括脱附平均孔宽(4V/A,由BET测得)为102.8301埃;BJH吸附平均孔宽为103.635埃;和BJH脱附平均孔宽为99.889埃。
实施例3:Ni-Mo-W马来酸盐催化剂前体的第三实施方案
按如下制备式(NH4){[Ni2.6(OH)2.08(C4H2O4 2-)0.06](Mo0.35W0.65O4)2}的催化剂前体:在室温下将954.4g的七钼酸铵(NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O溶于5.8L去离子水中。将1333g偏钨酸铵(NH4)6H2W12O40·4.7H2O溶解于1.3L水中。将该钼酸盐和钨酸盐溶液添加至15.0L去离子水中。向该混合的钼酸盐和钨酸盐溶液中添加5.0L 7.0wt%的NH4OH溶液(氨水),直至pH达到9.8。制备第二溶液,其含有溶于6.38L去离子水中的2835g的Ni(NO3)2·6H2O。通过将284.9g Ni(SO4)·6H2O溶于2.0L水中,然后用浓硫酸调节pH至1.0,来制备第三溶液。在合并两种镍溶液之后,将溶解于0.60L水中的110.0g马来酸添加至该镍溶液中。通过同轴高剪切混合机将混合的钼酸盐/钨酸盐溶液与该镍溶液合并,该混合机将合并的溶液排放至9.78L的去离子水中。将得到的悬浮液继续搅拌并维持在77℃下。通过加入7.0wt%的NH4OH溶液将该悬浮液的pH升高至6.5,并在77℃下用连续搅拌来老化90分钟。通过过滤收集蓝-绿色的沉淀物,并在115℃下干燥直至5000psi的卡沃尔。随后将糊料增湿至卡沃尔为1500psi,添加4wt%的MethocelTM,并将该糊料在具有NAQ模头的Wolf螺杆挤出机中挤出。
图6是显示实施例3中制备的催化剂前体的等温线的图,其不属于IV型等温线的图案。
出于该说明书和附属权利要求书的目的,除非有其他说明,否则,用于本说明书和权利要求书中的表示数量、百分比或比例、和其他数值的所有数在所有情况中都可以用术语“约”进行修饰。因此,除非明确相反,否则下列说明书和附属权利要求书中列出的数字参数是能够根据本发明所探究的期望性质而变化的近似值。应注意,如本说明书和附属权利要求书中所使用的,除非明确且清楚地限制为一个指示物,否则单数形式包括多个参考物。如本文中所使用的,术语“包括”及其语法变体是非限制性的,使得列表中的项的叙述不排除能够取代或添加到列出的项中的其他类似项。
此处书写的说明书使用实例以公开本发明,包括最佳方式,另外,使得本领域中的任意一位技术人员能够制备和使用本发明。专利的范围由权利要求书限定,且能够包括本领域中技术人员能够想到的其他实例。如果这种其他实例具有与权利要求书的文字语言相同的结构元素、或如果其包括具有与权利要求书的文字语言基本类似的等价结构元素,则所述这种其他实例也在权利要求书的范围内。此处,通过参考将所有引用明确地并入本文中。
Claims (15)
1.一种催化剂前体,其经过硫化形成用于在加氢加工条件下对烃进料进行加氢处理的本体多金属催化剂,所述催化剂前体包含:
至少一种VIB族金属化合物;
选自VIII族、IIB族、IIA族、IVA族及其组合中的至少一种助催化剂金属化合物;
任选地至少一种配位剂L;
任选地至少一种稀释剂;
其中所述催化剂前体的特征在于具有差的结晶结构,该差的晶体机构带有杂乱的堆叠层,带有IV型氮吸附-脱附等温线,且滞后起点值P/P0为0.35。
2.权利要求1的催化剂前体,其中所述前体具有H3型滞后圈。
3.权利要求2的催化剂前体,其中所述滞后圈具有高于0.55的P/P0的充分发展的平台。
4.权利要求1~3任一项的催化剂前体,其中所述催化剂前体的特征在于具有BET表面积为25~400m2/g的中孔结构。
5.权利要求4的催化剂前体,其中所述BET表面积为40~200m2/g。
6.权利要求1~3任一项的催化剂前体,其中所述催化剂前体的特征在于具有平均孔径为2nm~200nm的中孔结构。
7.权利要求6的催化剂前体,其中所述平均孔径为10~125nm。
8.权利要求1~3任一项的催化剂前体,其中所述催化剂前体的特征在于孔体积为0.01~0.50cm3/g。
9.权利要求8的催化剂前体,其中所述孔体积为0.02~0.20cm3/g。
10.权利要求1~3任一项的催化剂前体,其中所述催化剂前体经过在至少100℃的温度下硫化至少30分钟,剩余几何体积收缩为小于10%。
11.权利要求1~3任一项的催化剂前体,其中所述催化剂前体具有至多1.6g/cc的紧密堆积密度。
12.权利要求1~3任一项的催化剂前体,其中所述催化剂前体经过在至少100℃的温度下硫化至少30分钟,剩余几何体积收缩为小于8%。
13.权利要求1~3任一项的催化剂前体,其中所述催化剂前体具有式Av[(MP)(OH)x(L)n y]z(MVIBO4),且其中
A为碱金属阳离子、铵、有机铵和磷鎓阳离子中的至少一种;
MP为氧化态为P的至少一种助催化剂金属化合物,且MP选自VIII族、IIB族、IIA族、IVA族及其组合;
L为至少一种配位剂,
MVIB为至少一种VIB族金属,其具有+6的氧化态;
MP∶MVIB具有100∶1~1∶100的原子比;
v-2+P*z-x*z+n*y*z=0且0<y≤-P/n;0<x≤P;0<v≤2;0<z。
14.权利要求13的催化剂前体,其中MP为至少一种VIII族金属,MVIB选自钼、钨及其组合,且L是羧化物、烯醇化物及其组合中的至少一种。
15.权利要求1~3任一项的催化剂前体,其中所述催化剂前体具有式:(X)b(M)c(W)dOz;其中M为至少一种VIB族金属化合物,X为选自Ni和Co中的至少一种助催化剂金属,b∶(c+d)的摩尔比为0.5/1~3/1,c∶d的摩尔比为>0.01/1,且z=[2b+6(c+d)]/2。
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