CN102403402A - 太阳能电池的制造方法 - Google Patents

太阳能电池的制造方法 Download PDF

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CN102403402A
CN102403402A CN2011103351059A CN201110335105A CN102403402A CN 102403402 A CN102403402 A CN 102403402A CN 2011103351059 A CN2011103351059 A CN 2011103351059A CN 201110335105 A CN201110335105 A CN 201110335105A CN 102403402 A CN102403402 A CN 102403402A
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邱铭晖
杨士贤
胡雁程
陈钰君
陈宗保
王冠程
陈人杰
吴振诚
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AU Optronics Corp
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种太阳能电池的制造方法。提供一第一型基底,其具有一第一表面与一第二表面。使用一第一掺质对第一型基底的第一表面进行一第一掺杂工艺,以形成一第一型淡掺杂层。使用一第二掺质对部分第一型淡掺杂层进行一第二掺杂工艺,以形成一第二型重掺杂区,其中第二掺质的原子量大于第一掺质的原子量,第一掺杂工艺的温度高于第二掺杂工艺的温度。于第二型重掺杂区上形成一第一电极。于第一型基底的第二表面上形成一第二电极。本发明的方法能于淡掺杂层中清楚地定义深度较浅的重掺杂区,使得作为选择性射极的重掺杂区能对电极提供良好的欧姆接触,进而有效地提升太阳能电池中的再结合效率,使得太阳能电池具有较佳的效率。

Description

太阳能电池的制造方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种太阳能电池的制造方法,且尤其涉及一种具有良好效率的太阳能电池的制造方法。
背景技术
硅基太阳能电池为业界常见的一种太阳能电池。硅基太阳能电池的原理是将高纯度的半导体材料(硅)加入掺质使其呈现不同的性质,以形成p型半导体及n型半导体,并将pn两型半导体相接合,如此即可形成一p-n接面。当太阳光照射到一个p-n结构的半导体时,光子所提供的能量可能会把半导体中的电子激发出来产生电子-电洞对。通过分别于p型半导体及n型半导体上设置电极,使空穴往电场的方向移动并使电子则往相反的方向移动,如此即可构成太阳能电池。
一般来说,为了提供半导体层与电极之间具有更良好的接触特性,会在淡掺杂半导体层中形成重掺杂选择性射极。如此一来,可以进一步降低电池的串联电阻并使电池具有更高效率。然而,由于重掺杂选择性射极与淡掺杂半导体层通常是通过掺杂同一种掺质所形成的,因而两者之间的差异性不明显,导致太阳能电池的效率难以借此进一步提升。
发明内容
本发明提供一种太阳能电池的制造方法,使得太阳能电池具有较佳的效率。
本发明提出一种太阳能电池的制造方法。提供一第一型基底,其具有一第一表面与一第二表面。使用一第一掺质对第一型基底的第一表面进行一第一掺杂工艺,以形成一第一型淡掺杂层。使用一第二掺质对部分第一型淡掺杂层进行一第二掺杂工艺,以形成一第二型重掺杂区,其中第二掺质的原子量大于第一掺质的原子量,第一掺杂工艺的温度高于第二掺杂工艺的温度。于第二型重掺杂区上形成一第一电极。于第一型基底的第二表面上形成一第二电极。
其中,该第一型为p型,以及该第二型为n型。
其中,该第一掺质包括P。
其中,该第二掺质包括As与Sb。
其中,该第一掺质包括As。
其中,该第二掺质包括Sb。
其中,该第一型为n型,以及该第二型为p型。
其中,该第一掺杂工艺的温度介于800℃与1000℃之间。
其中,该第二掺杂工艺的温度介于700℃与900℃之间。
其中,该第一掺杂工艺的温度介于800℃与1000℃之间。
其中,该第二掺杂工艺的温度介于700℃与900之间。
其中,该第二型重掺杂区的形成方法包括:于该第一型淡掺杂层上形成一掩膜层,该掩膜层具有暴露出该部分第一型淡掺杂层的一开口;以及以该掩膜层为掩膜,经由该开口对该部分第一型淡掺杂层进行该第二掺杂工艺。
其中,该掩膜层包括一抗反射层。
其中,更包括移除该掩膜层。
其中,该第一电极的材料包括银或钛钯银。
其中,该第二电极的材料包括铝。
其中,该第二型重掺杂区的厚度为0.1微米至0.15微米。
基于上述,在本发明的太阳能电池的制造方法中,使用第一掺质形成淡掺杂层,以及使用第二掺质于淡掺杂层中形成重掺杂区,其中第二掺质的原子量大于第一掺质的原子量且第二掺质的掺杂温度低于第一掺质的掺杂温度。如此一来,能于淡掺杂层中清楚地定义深度较浅的重掺杂区,使得作为选择性射极的重掺杂区能对电极提供良好的欧姆接触,进而有效地提升太阳能电池中的再结合效率,使得太阳能电池具有较佳的效率。
以下结合附图和具体实施例对本发明进行详细描述,但不作为对本发明的限定。
附图说明
图1A至图1F为本发明的一实施例的太阳能电池的制造方法的流程示意图。
其中,附图标记:
100:太阳能电池
102:第一型基底
102a、102b:表面
104:第一型淡掺杂层
106:掩膜层
106a:开口
108:第二型重掺杂区
110、120:电极
122:后表面场层
DP1、DP2:掺杂工艺
具体实施方式
图1A至图1F为本发明的一实施例的太阳能电池的制造方法的流程示意图。请参照图1A,首先,提供一第一型基底102,其具有一第一表面102a与一第二表面102b。在本实施例中,第一型例如是p型,第二型例如是n型,反之,在另一实施例中,第一型与第二型也可以分别是n型与p型。在本实施例中,第一型基底102例如是掺杂有p型掺质的半导体材料。所述p型掺质可以是选自元素周期表中三族元素的群组,例如是硼(B)、铝(Al)、镓(Ga)、铟(In)等等。另外,基底102的材料可为硅、硫化镉(CdS)、铜铟镓二硒(CuInGaSe2,CIGS)、铜铟二硒(CuInSe2,CIS)、碲化镉(CdTe)、半导体有机材料(organic material)或上述材料堆栈之多层结构。上述之硅包括单晶硅(single crystal silicon)、多晶硅(polycrystal silicon)、非晶硅(amorphous silicon)或是微晶硅(microcrystalsilicon)。在本实施例中,第一表面102a例如是上表面,以及第二表面102b例如是下表面。在本实施例中,第一型基底102的第一表面102a例如是织化(textured)表面,以提高太阳光的吸收,如图1A中的锯齿状表面所示。
请参照图1B,接着,使用一第一掺质对第一型基底102的第一表面102a进行一第一掺杂工艺DP1,以形成一第一型淡掺杂层104。在本实施例中,第一掺质例如是n型掺质,所述n型掺质可以是选自元素周期表中的第五族元素,例如磷(P)、砷(As)或是锑(Sb)等等。第一掺杂工艺DP1例如是热扩散工艺或离子植入工艺。在本实施例中,第一掺杂工艺DP1的温度例如是介于800℃与1000℃之间,且较佳为介于800℃与850℃之间。在本实施例中,第一型淡掺杂层104例如是n型淡掺杂层。第一型淡掺杂层104的厚度例如是0.2微米至0.6微米。
请同时参照图1C与图1D,然后,使用一第二掺质对部分第一型淡掺杂层104进行一第二掺杂工艺DP2,以形成一第二型重掺杂区108,其中第二掺质的原子量大于第一掺质的原子量,第一掺杂工艺DP1的温度高于第二掺杂工艺DP2的温度。
在本实施例中,第二型重掺杂区108的形成方法包括以下步骤。首先,如图1C所示,先于第一型淡掺杂层104上形成一掩膜层106,掩膜层106具有暴露出部分第一型淡掺杂层104的一开口106a。在本实施例中,掩膜层106的材料例如是氮化硅(Si3N4)、氧化硅(SiO2)、氧化钛(TiO2)、氟化镁(MgF2)或上述的组合等具有抗反射特性的材料。掩膜层106的厚度例如是介于70纳米与90纳米之间。掩膜层106的形成方法例如是先以诸如电浆增强化学气相沉积法(PECVD)等方法形成一整层的掩膜材料层,再将掩膜材料层图案化成具有开口106a的掩膜层106。其中图案化掩膜层106的方法包括蚀刻胶(etching paste)、激光法、微影蚀刻工艺或其它方法。特别一提的是,在另一实施例中,掩膜层106也可以是其它不具有抗反射特性的材料。
接着,如图1D所示,以掩膜层106为掩膜,经由开口106a使用第二掺质对部分第一型淡掺杂层104进行第二掺杂工艺DP2,以形成第二型重掺杂区108。在本实施例中,第二掺质例如是n型掺质,所述n型掺质可以是选自元素周期表中的第五族元素,例如磷(P)、砷(As)或是锑(Sb)等等。特别注意的是,第二掺质的原子量大于第一掺质的原子量,举例来说,第一掺质例如是磷,第二掺质例如是砷或锑;或者是第一掺质例如是砷,第二掺质例如是锑,依此类推。在本实施例中,第二掺杂工艺DP2例如是热扩散工艺或离子植入工艺。第二掺杂工艺DP2的温度例如是介于700℃与900℃之间。在本实施例中,第一掺杂工艺DP1的温度例如是介于800℃与850℃之间,且较佳为850℃,以及第二掺杂工艺DP2的温度例如是介于800℃与850℃之间,且较佳为介于823℃与825℃之间,其中第一掺杂工艺DP1的温度高于第二掺杂工艺DP2的温度。在本实施例中,第二型重掺杂区108例如是n型重掺杂区,第二型重掺杂区108的厚度例如是0.1微米至0.15微米。在本实施例中,第二型重掺杂区108实质上为作为重掺杂选择性射极的浅掺杂区。
请参照图1E,接着,于第二型重掺杂区108上形成一第一电极110。第一电极110的材料例如是包括银、钛钯银或其它合适的导电材料。第一电极110的形成方法可以是电镀法(plating)、印刷法(printing)、溅镀法(sputtering)、金属有机化学气相沉积法(metal organic chemical vapor deposition,MOCVD)或蒸镀法(evaporation),本发明并不加以限定。特别一提的是,在本实施例中,由于掩膜层106可作为抗反射层而保留于第一型基板102上,因此第一电极110可以直接以印刷法等方法形成于开口106a中,而不需经图案化工艺。另一方面,若掩膜层106的材料为不具有抗反射特性的材料,则在形成第一电极110之前须先移除掩膜层106并额外于第一型基底102上形成一抗反射层,再于抗反射层上形成第一电极110,此时则适于以蚀刻胶的方式来形成第一电极110并使其形成于对应于第二型重掺杂区108的位置处。
请参照图1F,然后,于第一型基底102的第二表面102b上形成一第二电极120。第二电极120的材料例如是包括铝或其它合适的导电材料。第二电极120的形成方法可以参照第一电极110的形成方法,于此不赘述。值得注意的是,在本实施例中,为了防止在接近第一型基底102背面的载流子再复合产生的效果,可在第一型基底102与第二电极120之间设置后表面场层(Back surfaceField,BSF)122。后表面场层122的形成方法例如是进行共烧结工艺(co-firingprocess)。在本实施例中,在进行形成第二电极120的步骤后,太阳能电池100的制作大致完成。
特别一提的是,在本实施例中是以具有抗反射特性材料作为掩膜层106为例,因此,掩膜层106能保留在太阳能电池100中以作为抗反射层。然而,在另一实施例中(未绘示),在形成第二型重掺杂区108之后,可以移除掩膜层106,并额外形成一整层的抗反射层,再分别于第二型重掺杂区108与第一型基底102的第二表面102b上形成第一电极110与第二电极120。换言之,使用者可以根据需求选择掩膜层的材料及选择性地形成抗反射层,或者是使用其它方法来形成第二型重掺杂区108。
在本实施例中,是使用不同掺质来形成淡掺杂层与重掺杂区,其中先使用原子量较小的第一掺质来进行第一掺杂工艺以形成淡掺杂层,再使用原子量较大的第二掺质来进行第二掺杂工艺以于淡掺杂层中形成重掺杂区。其中,由于第二掺质的原子量大于第一掺质,且第二掺杂工艺的温度低于第一掺杂工艺的温度,因而第二掺质能准确地进行浅掺杂以形成掺杂深度较小的重掺杂区。如此一来,能于淡掺杂层中清楚地定义深度较浅的重掺杂区,使得作为选择性射极的重掺杂区能对电极提供良好的欧姆接触,进而有效地提升太阳能电池中的再结合效率,使得太阳能电池具有较佳的效率。特别一提的是,在本实施例中,是以具有抗反射特性的材料作为用以形成重掺杂区的掩膜层,因此掩膜层在形成重掺杂区之后能保留下来作为太阳能电池的抗反射层,而无需额外进行移除步骤,如此一来能简化太阳能电池的工艺且增加太阳能电池的效率。
综上所述,在本发明的太阳能电池的制造方法中,使用第一掺质形成淡掺杂层,以及使用第二掺质于淡掺杂层中形成重掺杂区,其中第二掺质的原子量大于第一掺质的原子量且第二掺质的掺杂温度低于第一掺质的掺杂温度。如此一来,能于淡掺杂层中清楚地定义深度较浅的重掺杂区,使得作为选择性射极的重掺杂区能对电极提供良好的欧姆接触,进而有效地提升太阳能电池中的再结合效率,使得太阳能电池具有较佳的效率。再者,本发明的太阳能电池的制造方法与现有的太阳能电池工艺兼容,无需额外添购设备,因此不会大幅增加太阳能电池的制造成本。
当然,本发明还可有其它多种实施例,在不背离本发明精神及其实质的情况下,熟悉本领域的技术人员可根据本发明作出各种相应的改变和变形,但这些相应的改变和变形都应属于本发明权利要求的保护范围。

Claims (17)

1.一种太阳能电池的制造方法,其特征在于,包括:
提供一第一型基底,其具有一第一表面与一第二表面;
使用一第一掺质对该第一型基底的该第一表面进行一第一掺杂工艺,以形成一第一型淡掺杂层;
使用一第二掺质对部分该第一型淡掺杂层进行一第二掺杂工艺,以形成一第二型重掺杂区,其中该第二掺质的原子量大于该第一掺质的原子量,该第一掺杂工艺的温度高于该第二掺杂工艺的温度;
于该第二型重掺杂区上形成一第一电极;以及
于该第一型基底的该第二表面上形成一第二电极。
2.根据权利要求1所述的太阳能电池的制造方法,其特征在于,该第一型为p型,以及该第二型为n型。
3.根据权利要求2所述的太阳能电池的制造方法,其特征在于,该第一掺质包括P。
4.根据权利要求3所述的太阳能电池的制造方法,其特征在于,该第二掺质包括As与Sb。
5.根据权利要求2所述的太阳能电池的制造方法,其特征在于,该第一掺质包括As。
6.根据权利要求5所述的太阳能电池的制造方法,其特征在于,该第二掺质包括Sb。
7.根据权利要求1所述的太阳能电池的制造方法,其特征在于,该第一型为n型,以及该第二型为p型。
8.根据权利要求7所述的太阳能电池的制造方法,其特征在于,该第一掺杂工艺的温度介于800℃与1000℃之间。
9.根据权利要求8所述的太阳能电池的制造方法,其特征在于,该第二掺杂工艺的温度介于700℃与900℃之间。
10.根据权利要求1所述的太阳能电池的制造方法,其特征在于,该第一掺杂工艺的温度介于800℃与1000℃之间。
11.根据权利要求10所述的太阳能电池的制造方法,其特征在于,该第二掺杂工艺的温度介于700℃与900之间。
12.根据权利要求1所述的太阳能电池的制造方法,其特征在于,该第二型重掺杂区的形成方法包括:
于该第一型淡掺杂层上形成一掩膜层,该掩膜层具有暴露出该部分第一型淡掺杂层的一开口;以及
以该掩膜层为掩膜,经由该开口对该部分第一型淡掺杂层进行该第二掺杂工艺。
13.根据权利要求12所述的太阳能电池的制造方法,其特征在于,该掩膜层包括一抗反射层。
14.根据权利要求12所述的太阳能电池的制造方法,其特征在于,更包括移除该掩膜层。
15.根据权利要求1所述的太阳能电池的制造方法,其特征在于,该第一电极的材料包括银或钛钯银。
16.根据权利要求1所述的太阳能电池的制造方法,其特征在于,该第二电极的材料包括铝。
17.根据权利要求1所述的太阳能电池的制造方法,其特征在于,该第二型重掺杂区的厚度为0.1微米至0.15微米。
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