CN102379376B - 一种提高红螯光壳螯虾亲虾繁殖性能的饲料 - Google Patents
一种提高红螯光壳螯虾亲虾繁殖性能的饲料 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种提高红螯光壳螯虾亲虾繁殖性能的饲料,其特征在于,所述饲料的组分以及各组分的质量百分比包括:鱼粉25-35%,豆粕20-30%,面粉18-24%,复合维生素2%,复合矿物质2%,甜菜碱0.3%,维生素C 0.02-0.6%,维生素E 0-0.55%,氯化胆碱0.5%,胆固醇0-0.2%,卵磷脂0-0.5%,豆油5%,羧甲基纤维素钠余量。本发明饲料的营养价值高,红螯光壳螯虾生长快、存活率高、且能有效提高红螯光壳螯虾亲虾繁殖性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于水产增养殖技术领域,涉及一种红螯光壳螯虾亲虾饲料配方,具体涉及一种提高红螯光壳螯虾亲虾繁殖性能的饲料。
背景技术
红螯光壳螯虾(Cherax quadricarionatus)又称澳洲淡水龙虾(红螯光壳螯虾)。属甲壳纲、十足目、长尾亚目、拟螯虾科、光壳虾属。由于红螯光壳螯虾亲虾产卵量少,出苗率低,虾苗价格高,因而目前在国内尚未形成规模化养殖。如何促进虾蟹卵巢成熟及提高其繁殖性能不仅是当今甲壳类动物生殖生物学研究的热点,也是实际生产上亟待解决的问题。红螯光壳螯虾人工育苗成活率的高低与亲虾的营养有关,亲体性腺的发育成熟、同步抱卵率、繁殖力、受精率、胚胎孵化率、幼体存活率等均与生殖阶段亲体的营养状况关系密切。目前对促进罗氏沼虾、中华绒螯蟹等经济甲壳动物的饲料配方都有研究,但对促进红螯光壳螯虾亲虾繁殖性能的营养饲料配方则尚未见有详细的研究报道。本发明正是克服现有技术的以上缺陷,提供了一种促进提高红螯光壳螯虾亲虾繁殖性能的饲料配方。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提出一种有效提高红螯光壳螯虾亲虾繁殖性能的饲料配方。采用该饲料喂养的红螯光壳螯虾生长快、成活率高、具有较好的繁殖性能。
本发明提高红螯光壳螯虾亲虾繁殖性能的饲料,其特征在于,该所述饲料的组分以及各组分的质量百分比组成为包括:鱼粉25-35%,豆粕20-30%,面粉18-24%,复合维生素 2%,复合矿物质 2%,甜菜碱0.3%,维生素C 0.02-0.6%,维生素E 0-0.55%,氯化胆碱0.5%,胆固醇0.2%,卵磷脂0.5%,豆油5%,羧甲基纤维素钠余量。
本发明的提高红螯光壳螯虾亲虾繁殖性能饲料,其特征在于,所述饲料的组分以及各组分的质量百分比包括:鱼粉30%,豆粕30%,面粉22%,复合维生素 2%,复合矿物质 2%,甜菜碱0.3%,维生素C 0.5%,维生素E 0-0.55%,氯化胆碱0.5%,胆固醇 0-0.2%,卵磷脂 0-0.5%,豆油 5%,羧甲基纤维素钠余量。饲料中鱼粉与豆粕的质量比例为1:1。
本发明的提高红螯光壳螯虾亲虾繁殖性能饲料,包括鱼粉30%,豆粕30%,面粉 22%,复合维生素 2%,复合矿物质 2%,甜菜碱 0.3%,维生素C 0.05%,维生素E 0.022%,氯化胆碱0.5%,胆固醇 0.2%,卵磷脂 0.5%,豆油 5%,羧甲基纤维素钠余量。
本发明的提高红螯光壳螯虾亲虾繁殖性能饲料中,所述复合维生素在每千克饲料中的添加成分及添加量包括:维生素 A 10,000 IU; 维生素D 2500 IU; 维生素K 64 mg; 维生素B1 60 mg; 维生素B2 250 mg; 维生素B6 60 mg; 泛酸240 mg; 烟酸60 mg; 叶酸12 mg; 维生素H 50 mg; 维生素B12 4 mg。所述复合矿物质在每千克饲料中的添加成分及添加量包括:Ca(H2PO4)2 10 g; MgSO4.7H2O 2.4 g; KCl 4.5 g; NaCl 2.1 g; FeSO4.H2O 155 mg; CuSO4.5H2O 40 mg; ZnSO4.H2O 80 mg; MnSO4.H2O 30 mg; KI 11.7 mg; CoCl2.6H2O 4.8 mg; Na2SeO3 2.4 mg。
本发明采用雌虾体重增长率、成活率、雌虾性腺发育指数、抱卵量、单体抱卵卵重、同步抱卵率为指标,研究了红螯光壳螯虾饲料中不同脂肪源及不同维生素E的添加量对红螯光壳螯虾雌虾生长和繁殖性能的影响。结果表明,在含有较高的鱼粉比例的饲料中采用豆油作为脂肪源能提高雌虾的体重增长率和性腺指数。添加合适量的维生素E能有效提高红螯光壳螯虾的繁殖力及同步抱卵率,过量的维生素E会对亲虾生长和繁殖产生负面影响。
本发明红螯光壳螯虾的饲料配方,有效促进红螯光壳螯虾亲虾生长及提高繁殖性能,适用于红螯光壳螯虾生长繁殖技术研究及提高红螯光壳螯虾繁殖量。
附图说明
图1显示不同脂肪源饲料对红螯光壳螯虾亲虾Vg基因表达的影响。
具体实施方式
以下结合具体的实施例和试验数据对本发明作进一步说明。
实施例1:不同脂肪源红螯光壳螯虾饲料配方对其生长和繁殖性能的实验
试验饲料具体配方见表1。饲料原料采用进口秘鲁蒸气鱼粉、智利天然鱼油、豆油等脂肪源以及豆粕、面粉和卵磷脂等均购于上海红马饲料公司,其余成分均为分析纯或生化级试剂。各种原料粉碎后过40目筛,微量添加成分采取逐级扩大法混合均匀,用双螺旋挤条机制粒,风干后置于-20℃保存备用。
选择附肢完整、健康、活力好的雌性红螯光壳螯虾进行实验,平均体重为19.25±0.72g,养于300升的塑料水族箱中,每个水族箱中10只,每组50只。在60天的实验中,每天早晚各投喂一次,投喂量约为总体重的5%并根据实际消耗量做适量的调整。每天定时吸去饲料残留以及排泄物,并换30%的水,定期检查水质;光照周期为(14L: 10D),用电热棒加热将水温控制在25℃,连续充氧保持水中溶氧在4 mg L-1以上,并在每个水族箱里放置躲避物以防止蜕皮期的互残。
指标的说明如下:特殊生长率 (SGR): SGR = (lnWf - lnWi)/t×100,lnWx为终体重的自然对数, lnWi 为初体重的自然对数;存活率 (SR): SR = (final number of crayfish / initial number of crayfish) ×100. 性腺指数 (GSI): GSI=(weight of gonad / body weight) ×100。
肌肉中的脂肪酸组成采用气相色谱法进行测定 (Hewlett-Packard Model HP 5890)。各组的肝胰腺样品的总RNA采Trizol 试剂盒提取 (invitrogen, USA),翻转录采用SuperScript Ⅲ First-Strand Synthesis System for RT-PCR Kit (invitrogen, USA)。实时定量PCR均采用TaKaRa SYBR Premix EX Taq (Perfect Real Time) 试剂盒 (TaKaRa, Dalian, China) and Mx3000p Real Time PCR System (Stratagene, USA)进行。
试验结果表明:采用豆油作为脂肪源的饲料组亲虾的终体重、增重率和特殊增长率均好于其他脂肪源组,在存活率和性腺指数上各组无显著差异。生化成分测定结果显示,各组之间虾体的脂肪酸组成无显著差异,肌肉中主要的脂肪酸为c16:0, c18:0, c18:1n-9, c18:2n-6 和c20:5n-3,各组肌肉脂肪酸的SFA/PUFA占总脂的比率没有显著的差异,仅在MUFA水平上有一定差异。如图1所示,结果显示以豆油作为脂肪源能获得较好的生长效果,且对亲虾卵巢的促成熟作用最好,在亲虾肝胰腺卵黄蛋白原Vg基因的表达水平上,豆油组亲虾Vg的相对表达量最高,显著高于其余各组。
实施例2 :不同维生素E添加量对红螯光壳螯虾亲虾繁殖性能的影响
试验饲料具体配方见表3.
记录雌虾生长情况,当发现首只抱卵虾后,开始计算第一和第二个月的抱卵亲虾数,并从每个实验组的3个平行中分别随机抽取未抱卵的亲虾,擦干虾体表水分,准确称重,然后迅速取出其肝胰腺和卵巢,称重并计算性腺指数(Gonadosomatic index,GSI)和肝体指数(Hepatopancrea somatic index,HSI)。其余亲虾继续饲养至抱卵,并从各组的3个平行中随机抽取刚抱卵的亲虾,取其受精卵,称重后迅速放入-70℃保存,以备生化测定;剩余的刚抱卵亲虾称重后,小心展开其腹部计算抱卵数,之后单独饲养(每个亲虾养殖条件相同)至仔虾孵出,分别计算其孵化率,孵化率=(仔虾数/抱卵数)×100。
氨基酸测定:每组取受精卵0.5 g,样品经真空冷冻干燥后,用6 N盐酸110 ℃水解18小时,然后用日立835-50型氨基酸分析仪测定氨基酸的含量。
脂类及脂肪酸测定:采用 Folch法提取总脂,采用溶剂法(液-液分离法)分离中性脂和磷脂,采用毛细管气相色谱法(APGC)分析脂肪酸组成。
试验结果表明:在饲料中添加适量的VE,可促进红螯光壳螯虾的性腺成熟,并有效调控性激素的生物合成,从而提高其繁殖性能。饲料3组中红螯光壳螯虾雌虾第二个月的抱卵率、增重率、性腺指数和孵化率,均显著高于其它各组,说明在饲料中添加VE不仅能够增加红螯光壳螯虾雌虾的体重、促进卵巢的同步发育,并加速其交配和抱卵,而且还能增加了每个受精卵的卵重,明显提高受精卵的孵化率,从整体上有效地增进了红螯光壳螯虾雌虾的繁殖性能。但从饲料4和5组红螯光壳螯虾亲虾的大多数繁殖性能指标出现明显下降表明,饲料中过量添加VE会影响亲虾繁殖性能的提高。因此,VE的适宜添加量对于有效提高红螯光壳螯虾的繁殖性能具有重要意义。
本研究饲料3组受精卵的必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸总量以及Leu、Arg和Glu均有显著增加,说明饲料中适量添加VE不仅可以促进卵子对氨基酸的积累,而且明显提高卵内Leu、Arg和Glu的含量,保证受精卵的正常代谢,促进胚胎发育的顺利进行。饲料3组中受精卵的总脂含量最高,且无论中性脂还是磷脂,其高不饱和脂肪酸EPA和DHA的含量均较高,说明VE可有效提高卵内脂类的积累,并通过VE的抗氧化特性保护主要高不饱和脂肪酸(EPA和DHA),从而保证胚胎发育顺利进行。
实施例3
分别于2008、2009年在金山漕泾特种水产实验场采用体长为3.5-4cm,体重为1. 8-2.5g的虾苗进行养殖试验。
试验结果表明:经过6个月池塘饲养试验,至当年10月底,平均起捕规格可达到50-60g/尾,大的雄虾个体可达到150克、雌虾个体达到100克左右。2008年的平均成活率达到60%左右,平均亩产达225公斤左右。2009年的平均成活率达到65%左右,平均亩产在275公斤左右。从结果可以看出,本发明的饲料营养价值高,安全可靠,采用该饲料喂养的红螯光壳螯虾生长快、成活率高、产量高。
以上对本发明的具体实施例进行描述。本发明并不局限于上述特定实施方式,本领域技术人员可以在权利要求的范围内做出各种变形或修改,并不影响本发明的实质内容。
Claims (3)
1.一种提高红螯光壳螯虾亲虾繁殖性能的饲料,其特征在于,所述饲料的组分以及各组分的质量百分比包括:鱼粉25-35%,豆粕20-30%,面粉18-24%,复合维生素 2%,复合矿物质 2%,甜菜碱0.3%,维生素C 0.02-0.6%,维生素E 0.022%,氯化胆碱0.5%,胆固醇0.2%,卵磷脂0.5%,豆油5%,羧甲基纤维素钠余量。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种提高红螯光壳螯虾亲虾繁殖性能的饲料,其特征在于,所述饲料的组分以及各组分的质量百分比包括:鱼粉30%,豆粕30%,面粉22%,复合维生素 2%,复合矿物质 2%,甜菜碱0.3%,维生素C 0.5%,维生素E 0.022%,氯化胆碱0.5%,胆固醇 0.2%,卵磷脂0.5%,豆油 5%,羧甲基纤维素钠余量。
3.如权利要求1所述的一种提高红螯光壳螯虾亲虾繁殖性能的饲料,其特征在于,所述复合维生素在每千克饲料中的添加成分及添加量包括:维生素 A 10,000 IU,维生素D 2500 IU,维生素K 64 mg,维生素B1 60 mg,维生素B2 250 mg,维生素B6 60 mg,泛酸240 mg,烟酸60 mg, 叶酸12 mg,维生素H 50 mg,维生素B12 4 mg;所述复合矿物质在每千克饲料中的添加成分及添加量包括:Ca(H2PO4)2 10 g, MgSO4.7H2O 2.4 g, KCl 4.5 g,NaCl 2.1 g,FeSO4.H2O 155 mg, CuSO4.5H2O 40 mg,ZnSO4.H2O 80 mg, MnSO4.H2O 30 mg,KI 11.7 mg,CoCl2.6H2O 4.8 mg,Na2SeO3 2.4 mg。
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