CN102365347A - 使用合成气转化催化剂和贵金属助催化的酸性沸石加氢裂化-加氢异构化催化剂将合成气转化成液体燃料的方法 - Google Patents
使用合成气转化催化剂和贵金属助催化的酸性沸石加氢裂化-加氢异构化催化剂将合成气转化成液体燃料的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102365347A CN102365347A CN2010800148742A CN201080014874A CN102365347A CN 102365347 A CN102365347 A CN 102365347A CN 2010800148742 A CN2010800148742 A CN 2010800148742A CN 201080014874 A CN201080014874 A CN 201080014874A CN 102365347 A CN102365347 A CN 102365347A
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- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 30
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- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
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- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 102220500397 Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT_M41T_mutation Human genes 0.000 description 1
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- 229940001007 aluminium phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VIJYFGMFEVJQHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum oxosilicon(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Al+3].[Si+2]=O VIJYFGMFEVJQHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000001868 cobalt Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QGUAJWGNOXCYJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O QGUAJWGNOXCYJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHDPTDWLEKQKKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt molybdenum Chemical compound [Co].[Co].[Mo] WHDPTDWLEKQKKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JPNWDVUTVSTKMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt tungsten Chemical compound [Co].[W] JPNWDVUTVSTKMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940045029 cobaltous nitrate hexahydrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- 229910001657 ferrierite group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008246 gaseous mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001879 gelation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
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- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002779 inactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- FYDKNKUEBJQCCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [La+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O FYDKNKUEBJQCCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- DDTIGTPWGISMKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Mo] DDTIGTPWGISMKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052680 mordenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MOWMLACGTDMJRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel tungsten Chemical compound [Ni].[W] MOWMLACGTDMJRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006384 oligomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002940 palladium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GPNDARIEYHPYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium(ii) nitrate Chemical class [Pd+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O GPNDARIEYHPYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006069 physical mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002390 rotary evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Chemical compound [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 titanium aluminate Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001131 transforming effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively
- B01J29/42—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
- B01J29/46—Iron group metals or copper
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
- B01J23/8933—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/894—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with rare earths or actinides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively
- B01J29/42—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
- B01J29/44—Noble metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/19—Catalysts containing parts with different compositions
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/0201—Impregnation
- B01J37/0203—Impregnation the impregnation liquid containing organic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C1/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon
- C07C1/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon
- C07C1/04—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
- C07C1/0485—Set-up of reactors or accessories; Multi-step processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
- C10G2/30—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
- C10G2/32—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts
- C10G2/33—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G2/331—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing group VIII-metals
- C10G2/332—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing group VIII-metals of the iron-group
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种在基本上共同的反应条件下在单一反应器内将包含合成气的进料转化成液体烃的方法。将所述合成气与包含合成气转化催化剂的第一催化剂床以及包含加氢催化剂与固体酸催化剂的混合物的第二催化剂床接触。在所述第一催化剂床上形成费托蜡并然后在所述第二催化剂床上对所述蜡进行加氢裂化和加氢异构化,由此制得基本不含固体蜡的液体烃。
Description
发明背景
1.技术领域
本发明涉及通过在单一反应器内将合成气与以堆叠床排列的多种催化剂接触,从而将合成气转化成可用作蒸馏物燃料和/或润滑基础油的液体烃混合物的改进方法。
2.相关技术说明
现在,世界上使用的可燃性液体燃料的大部分得自原油。然而,将原油用作燃料来源存在许多限制。例如,原油的供应是有限制的。
期望开发可燃性液体燃料的替代来源。丰富的资源是天然气。将天然气转化成可燃性液体燃料典型地涉及将天然气转化成合成气体或合成气的第一步骤,所述天然气大部分为甲烷且所述合成气是一氧化碳和氢气的混合物。费托合成是将合成气转化成更高分子量烃类产物的已知手段。费托柴油具有非常高的十六烷值并在与常规柴油的共混物中可有效降低源自柴油机的NOx和微粒,使其满足更严格的排放标准。
通常在产生大量C21+蜡的条件下实施费托合成,所述C21+蜡也称作“费托蜡”,必须对其进行加氢处理以提供蒸馏物燃料。通常,对所述蜡进行加氢裂化以缩短链长度,然后,进行加氢处理以将含氧化合物和烯烃还原成链烷烃。加氢裂化往往缩短进料中所有烃的链长度。当进料包括已经在期望范围例如蒸馏物燃料范围内的烃时,不期望对这些烃进行加氢裂化。
使用相对酸性的催化剂如ZSM-5进行费托蜡的加氢裂化和加氢异构化需要与费托合成相比显著不同的工艺条件。鉴于此,商业化的费托装置需要单独的反应器以用于费托合成和用于后续的产物蜡的加氢裂化,且将固体蜡与更轻的产物分离需要复杂且昂贵的分离方案。
例如,美国专利4617288描述了一种方法,通过将气体首先流过含铁的费托催化剂,然后流过沸石,可将合成气转化成烃。将源自第一阶段的反应的流出物直接传送至第二阶段的沸石催化剂转化反应器中。在两个反应器之间的条件变化巨大;第一阶段中的操作条件在232℃~288℃的温度下实施,而将第二反应器中的操作温度规定为260℃~482℃。
Zhao,等人,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.2005,44,769-775公开了一种通过两阶段费托反应来合成中等异链烷烃的方法。在第一催化剂反应器中放置由Co/SiO2和H-ZSM-5的混合颗粒构成的费托合成催化剂,同时第二反应器含有包含Pd/SiO2和H-ZSM-5的加氢裂化催化剂。必须在比第一反应器高50℃的温度下运行第二反应器,同时另外添加氢气以获得合理的加氢裂化和加氢异构化速率。
Nam等人,Catalysis Letters,2009(在线早期版)公开了一种使用双床反应器来制造中等蒸馏物的方法。在第一床反应器中,在220℃、12巴和H2/CO之比为2.0的条件下进行费托合成,而在第二床反应器中,必须在330℃、12巴和更高的氢浓度(H2/CO为2.5)的更苛刻条件下进行加氢裂化和加氢异构化反应。在第一床中使用的费托催化剂是CO/TiO2,而在第二床式反应器中,使用由并入到中孔酸性氧化铝的钯构成的催化剂。
Liu等人,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,2005,44,7429-7336描述了一种使用单床反应器由费托合成来直接制造汽油范围的异链烷烃的方法。催化剂体系由Co/SiO2和浸渍在沸石β上的钯的单独颗粒的物理混合物构成。所述方法避免了蜡的形成,因为沸石会中断低聚过程。尽管这种方法可有效地将合成气转化成轻质汽油范围的烃产物,但是催化剂会非常快速地失活。
提供一种在一套共同的条件下在单个反应器内将合成气的转化和产物的加氢裂化与加氢异构化两者合并进行的方法是有利的。
发明概述
本发明涉及在单一反应器内将合成气转化成液体烃的方法,所述方法包括在基本上共同的温度和压力下将包含一氧化碳和氢气的混合物的进料与包含合成气转化催化剂的第一催化剂床以及在所述第一床下游且包含加氢催化剂与固体酸催化剂的混合物的第二催化剂床接触,使得在第一床上形成费托蜡并在第二催化剂床上对所述蜡进行加氢裂化和加氢异构化,由此制得基本不含固体蜡的液体烃。
发明详述
本发明公开了在单一固定床反应器中由合成气来合成在蒸馏物燃料和/或润滑基础油范围内的液体烃。在固定床反应器中,将多个、小直径的管装入共同的冷却介质中。在所述方法内提供一种方法,其用于通过将合成气与在第一、上游催化剂床中的合成气转化催化剂接触来合成烯烃和链烷烃的混合物。如此形成的烃混合物从甲烷到轻质蜡,且可包括线性、支化和环状化合物。然后,在同一反应器内在第一催化剂床的下游将该烃混合物与第二、下游催化剂床内的催化剂混合物接触。所述混合物包括对烯烃进行加氢的加氢催化剂和对直链烃进行加氢裂化和加氢异构化的固体酸催化剂。上游的床用作合成气转化催化剂,而下游的床充当加氢裂化和加氢异构化催化剂。在基本上共同的反应条件下在单一反应器内既实施合成气的转化又实施随后的加氢裂化和加氢异构化,而不必提供单独的反应器以用于加氢裂化和加氢异构化。“基本上共同的反应条件”是指在反应器内冷却介质的温度从一点到另一点稳定在几摄氏度内(例如0~3℃)且使得反应器内的压力在两个床之间平衡。上游的床和下游的床的温度和压力能够稍微不同,但有利的是,不需要对两个床的温度和压力分开控制。床温取决于在其内进行的反应的相对放热。由合成气转化所产生的放热通常比由加氢裂化所产生的放热大,所以平均上游床温通常比平均下游床温高。所述床之间的温度差取决于各种反应器的设计参数,包括但不限于,冷却介质的温度、反应器内的管的直径、气体流过反应器的速度等。为了适当地对热进行控制,优选将两个床温保持在冷却介质温度的约10℃以内,因此,上游床与下游床之间的温差优选小于约20℃,甚至小于约10℃。在上游床末端处的压力等于在下游床开始处的压力,因为两个床相互开放。应注意,从上游床的顶部到下游床的底部存在压降,因为气体被强制通过反应器内的窄管。跨越反应器的压降可能高达约50psi(3atm),因此在所述床之间的平均压差可高达约25psi。
所述上游催化剂床和下游催化剂床可以以堆叠床的构造串联排列。
通过进口将合成气进料导入反应器中。在进料气体中氢气与一氧化碳的比例通常足够高,使得在不向反应器中添加氢气或不使用水煤气变换制造另外的氢气的条件下不会对产率和碳的利用率有负面影响。在进料气体中氢气与一氧化碳的比例通常也低于会产生过量甲烷的水平。有利的是,氢气与一氧化碳的比例为约1.0~约2.2,甚至约1.5~约2.2。如果需要,能够使用纯的合成气,或者能够添加惰性稀释剂如氮气、CO2、甲烷、蒸汽等。术语“惰性稀释剂”是指所述稀释剂在反应条件下不具有反应性或者是一种正常的反应产物。
进料气首先与反应器的上游床中的合成气转化催化剂接触。根据一个实施方案,所述合成气转化催化剂能够为任意已知的费托合成催化剂。费托催化剂典型地是以VIII族金属例如铁、钴、镍和钌为基础的。优选具有低水煤气变换活性并适用于更低温度反应的催化剂例如钴。能够将合成气转化催化剂负载在任意合适的载体如固体氧化物上,所述固体氧化物包括但不限于氧化铝、氧化硅或氧化钛。
根据替代实施方案,所述上游床能够使用含有合成气转化催化剂并组合以烯烃异构化催化剂的混杂合成气转化催化剂,所述烯烃异构化催化剂为例如相对酸性的沸石,以对所形成的C4 +烯烃中的双键进行异构化。在共同待决的美国专利序列号12/343534中描述了制备这种混杂催化剂的方法,通过参考将所述方法并入本文中。这种方法包括使用包含钴盐的溶液对沸石挤出物进行浸渍以提供浸渍的沸石挤出物并通过还原-氧化-还原循环对浸渍的沸石挤出物进行活化。使用基本为非水性的钴溶液对沸石进行浸渍然后通过还原-氧化-还原循环来活化,降低了钴与沸石酸性位点的离子交换,由此提高了沸石组分的总活性。制得的沸石负载的钴催化剂包含作为小晶体分散在沸石载体上的钴金属。所述沸石负载的钴催化剂的钴含量能取决于沸石载体的氧化铝含量。例如,对于基于载体重量为约20~约99wt%的氧化铝含量,则在最低的氧化铝含量下,基于总的催化剂重量,所述催化剂能够含有例如约1~约20wt%的钴,优选5~约15wt%的钴。在最高的氧化铝含量下,所述催化剂能够含有例如约5~约30wt%的钴,优选约10~约25wt%的钴,基于总的催化剂重量。用于活化所述催化剂的还原-氧化-还原循环包括在约200℃~约450℃范围的温度下的第一还原步骤、在约250℃~约350℃范围的温度下的氧化步骤、以及在约200℃~约450℃范围的温度下的第二还原步骤。
所述下游催化剂床含有催化剂混合物,所述催化剂混合物包括用于对烯烃进行加氢的加氢催化剂和用于对直链烃进行加氢裂化和加氢异构化的固体酸催化剂。熟知的是,加氢裂化催化剂含有加氢组分和裂化组分。所述加氢组分典型地为选自VIII族贵金属和非贵金属以及VIB族金属中的金属或金属的组合。优选的贵族金属包括铂、钯、铑和铱。能够使用的非贵金属包括钼、钨、镍、钴等。当使用非贵金属时,通常优选使用金属、典型地为至少一种VIII族金属和一种VIB族金属的组合如镍-钼、钴-钼、镍-钨、以及钴-钨。所述非贵金属加氢金属通常以氧化物或更优选硫化物的形式存在于最终催化剂组合物中,当易于从所涉及的具体金属形成这些化合物时。优选的非贵金属总体催化剂组合物含有过量约5wt%,优选约5~约40wt%的钼和/或钨,和至少约0.5且通常约1~约15wt%的镍和/或钴,所述量是按对应氧化物来确定的。由于更高的活性、选择性和活性保持力而最优选这些金属的硫化物形式。
通过大量程序中的任意一种能够将加氢组分并入总催化剂组合物中。能够向裂化组分、向载体或两者的组合中添加加氢组分。在替代方案中,通过共研磨、浸渍或离子交换能够向裂化组分或基体组分中添加VIII族组分,并通过浸渍、共研磨或共沉淀能够将VI族组分即钼和钨与耐火氧化物合并。通常作为金属盐添加这些组分,所述金属盐在氧化气氛中能够热转化成相应的氧化物或利用氢气或其他还原剂还原成金属。
所述裂化组分是酸催化剂材料且能够为诸如无定形氧化硅-氧化铝或钨酸化的氧化锆或沸石或非沸石晶体的中孔分子筛的材料。合适的加氢裂化分子筛的实例包括沸石Y、沸石X和所谓的超稳定沸石Y和高结构二氧化硅∶氧化铝比例的沸石Y如在美国专利4401556、4820402和5059567中所述的实例,通过参考将其内容并入本文中。还能够使用诸如在美国专利5073530中所述的小晶体尺寸的沸石Y。可用作裂化催化剂的其他沸石包括名称为SSZ-13、SSZ-33、SSZ-46、SSZ-53、SSZ-55、SSZ-57、SSZ-58、SSZ-59、SSZ-64、ZSM-5、ZSM-11、ZSM-12、ZSM-23、H-Y、β、丝光沸石、SSZ-74、ZSM-48、TON型沸石、镁碱沸石、SSZ-60和SSZ-70的那些。能够使用的非沸石分子筛包括例如硅铝磷酸盐(SAPO)、铁铝磷酸盐、钛铝磷酸盐和在美国专利4913799和本文中引用的文献中所述的各种ELAPO分子筛。在美国专利5114563(SAPO)、美国专利4913799和在美国专利4913799中所应用的各种文献中能够发现关于制备各种非沸石分子筛的细节,通过参考以其完整的形式并入本文中。中孔分子筛还能够包括例如M41S类材料(J.Am.Chem.Soc.1992,114,10834-10843)、MCM-41(U.S.Pat.Nos.5,246,689,5,198,203,5,334,368)和MCM48(Kresge等人,Nature 359(1992)710)。
在下游床中催化剂混合物的量能够适当改变以得到期望的产物。如果所述催化剂混合物的量太低,则不能充分裂化将所有的蜡都除去;而如果在下游床中存在太多催化剂混合物,则发生太多的裂化且制得的产物太轻。在下游床中需要的催化剂混合物的量部分取决于在上游床中合成气转化催化剂产生蜡的趋势。通常,在下游床中的催化剂混合物的量为上游床中催化剂重量的约0.5~约2.5倍。反应温度适当地为约160℃~约260℃,例如约175℃~约250℃或约185℃~约235℃。更高的反应温度有助于更轻的产物。总压为例如约1~约100个大气压,例如约3~约35个大气压或约5~约20个大气压。更高的反应压力有助于更重的产物。基于进料总量的气时空速为小于20000体积的气体每体积的催化剂每小时,例如约100~约5000v/v/小时或约1000~约2500v/v/小时。
为了实施费托反应,已经开发了固定床反应器系统。这种反应器适用于本方法中。例如,合适的费托反应器系统包括多管固定床反应器,它的管装载有上游和下游催化剂床内。
在基本与合成气转化相同的反应条件下,本方法提供了高收率的在中间蒸馏物和/或轻质基础油范围内的链烷烃。所制造的烃在约0℃为液体且基本不含固体蜡。“基本不含固体蜡”是指产物在环境条件下是单一的液相而不存在不溶的固体蜡相。特别地,所述方法提供具有下列组成的产物:
0~20例如5~15或8~12wt%的CH4;
0~20例如5-15或8~12wt%的C2~C4;
50~95例如60~90或75~80wt%的C5+;和
0~8wt%的C21+。
另外,在不需要对源自第一催化剂床的产物进行分离且不需要含有用于加氢裂化和加氢异构化的催化剂的第二反应器的条件下,本方法提供了在中间蒸馏物和/或轻质基础油范围内的链烷烃的高收率。已经发现,利用催化剂组合物、催化剂床布置和反应条件的适当组合,能够在基本上共同的工艺条件下在单一反应器内既实施合成气转化反应又实现随后的加氢裂化/加氢异构化反应。
本方法另外的优势在于,作为将工艺温度保持在费托合成的最佳范围的下端且明显低于为了获得足够加氢裂化和加氢异构化活性所需要的通常所认为的温度的结果,能够将不期望的甲烷的选择性保持为低。熟知的是,在通常用于加氢裂化和加氢异构化的升高的温度下可存在高甲烷选择性。
实施例
实施例1
制备包含负载在72wt%的ZSM-5和20wt%的氧化铝上的10wt%Co-0.25wt%Ru的合成气转化催化剂
在单一步骤中通过浸渍制备在ZSM-5挤出物上的CoRu(10wt%的Co,0.25wt%的Ru)催化剂。首先,将硝酸亚硝酰基钌溶于水中。其次,将硝酸钴溶于丙酮中。两种溶液的体积比与金属的重量比类似(即40份丙酮∶1份水)。将两种溶液混合在一起,然后添加至结合了ZSM-5沸石(得自Zeolyst International的Zeolyst CBV 014,Si/Al比为40)的1/16”的氧化铝挤出物(20wt%的氧化铝)中。在环境温度下将混合物搅拌1小时之后,同样在环境温度下通过旋转蒸发将溶剂除去。然后,在120℃的烘箱中将催化剂干燥过夜,最后在马弗炉中在300℃下煅烧2小时。
实施例2
制备包含负载在72wt%的ZSM-5和18wt%的氧化铝上的0.5wt%Pd的加氢催化剂
将1.305g硝酸钯盐溶解于120cc水中。将该钯溶液添加至实施例1中所述的相同的结合了ZSM-5沸石的120g氧化铝(20%的氧化铝)中。通过缓慢加热至65℃,在旋转蒸发仪中将水除去。在120℃的烘箱中在空气中将真空干燥过的材料干燥过夜,最后在马弗炉中在300℃下煅烧2小时。
实施例3
对合成气转化催化剂进行非原位活化
将10g实施例1中制备的催化剂装入玻璃管反应器中。将反应器放入具有向上的气流的马弗炉中。首先利用环境温度下的氮气对所述管进行吹扫,其后,将气体进料改为具有750sccm流量的纯氢气。在1℃/分钟的速率下将反应器的温度升至350℃,然后保持恒定6小时。其后,将气体进料转换为氮气以对系统进行吹扫,然后将单元冷却至环境温度。然后,在750sccm下将1体积%O2/N2的气体混合物向上通过催化剂床并持续10小时以钝化催化剂。不进行加热,但氧气的化学吸附和部分氧化放热造成温度临时升高。在10小时之后,将气体进料改为纯空气,将流量降至200sccm并在1℃/分钟的速率下将温度升至300℃,然后保持恒定2小时。将催化剂冷却至环境温度下并从玻璃管反应器中排出。
实施例4
堆叠床催化剂(合成气转化和加氢催化剂)的原位活化
将10g利用10g γ-氧化铝稀释的得自实施例3的催化剂和得自实施例2的催化剂转移至与得自实施例3的催化剂串联的0.5”内径的316-SS管式反应器中,所述得自实施例3的催化剂放置在得自实施例2的催化剂的上游并通过1g γ-氧化铝层将其隔开。然后,将反应器放入蛤壳式炉中。利用向下的氦气流对催化剂床进行冲洗并持续2小时,其后,将气体进料切换为500sccm流量下的纯氢气。在1℃/分钟的温度间隔下将温度缓慢升至120℃,并保持恒定1小时,然后在1℃/分钟的温度间隔下升至250℃,并保持恒定10小时。其后,将催化剂床冷却至180℃,同时保持纯氢气的流量。所有流动都向下流动。
比较例1
使用实施例1的催化剂对合成气进行转化
按实施例3和实施例4中所述,对实施例1的催化剂进行活化,并使其经历合成条件,其中将20g催化剂和载体(10g催化剂和10g氧化铝)与在205℃~225℃的温度下在10a tm的总压下且在978~1951立方厘米气体每克催化剂每小时的总气体流量下的氢气与一氧化碳的进料气体接触,所述氢气与一氧化碳的比例为1.6~2.0。不存在Pd/ZSM-5的下游床。将结果示于表1中。在这些条件下,在没有Pd/ZSM-5的下游床的帮助的条件下形成了明显量的固体蜡。
表1
在流时间,小时 | 21 |
温度,℃ | 220 |
压力,atm | 10 |
WHSV,mL/g/h | 2100 |
H2/CO标称 | 1.6 |
H2/CO用量 | 2.14 |
CO/(H2+N2+CO) | 0.35 |
循环比 | 0 |
转化的H2% | 69.67% |
转化的CO% | 54.86% |
速率,gCH2/g/h | 0.25 |
速率,mLC5+/g/h | 0.16 |
%CH4 | 9.57% |
%C2 | 1.08% |
%C3+%C4 | 7.10% |
%C5+ | 82.24% |
蜡 | 8.00% |
实施例5
制备包含负载在氧化铝上的20%钴-0.5%钌-1.0%氧化镧的合成气转化催化剂
将已经经过研磨并筛分至16~30目大小(0.589mm~1.168mm)且在750℃的空气中加热16小时的70g γ-氧化铝挤出物(可从AkzoChemie商购得到的Ketjen CK-300)用作催化剂载体。将包含0.1680g乙酰丙酮化钌、2336g硝酸镧和87.563g六水合硝酸钴的单独部分溶于181立方厘米的丙酮中。将溶液分成三等份并在搅拌的条件下将氧化铝与催化剂溶液的第一部分接触。在40℃下在旋转蒸发仪中将溶剂从浸渍的氧化铝中除去。然后,在300℃下将干燥的材料煅烧2小时。然后,利用催化剂溶液的第二部分对煅烧的催化剂进行浸渍并重复干燥和煅烧步骤。然后,如前所述对煅烧的催化剂进行第三次的浸渍、干燥和煅烧。催化剂分析显示了20.0wt%的钴、1.0wt%的氧化镧、0.5wt%的钌,且剩余物为氧化铝。
使用实施例3中列出的程序对催化剂进行活化。
实施例6
使用实施例5的合成气转化催化剂和实施例2的加氢催化剂进行合成气转化、加氢裂化和加氢异构化
利用250mg 125~160μm大小的SiC对约250mg得自实施例5的125~160μm大小的合成气转化催化剂进行稀释。将约625mg的来自实施例2的加氢催化剂尺寸变为125-160μm。将5mm内径的反应器管以“堆叠床”布置装填有得自实施例2的催化剂以作为下面或下游的催化剂床和得自实施例5的催化剂以作为上面或上游的催化剂床(表2中的“催化剂1”)。将相同的反应器管中仅装入250mg得自实施例5的大小为125~160μm且利用250mg SiC进行类似稀释的催化剂(表2中的“催化剂2”)。通过实施例3和实施例4中列出的程序对所述床进行原位活化。
使双催化剂床经历合成条件,其中使用由hte AG(Heidelberg,德国)供应的高生产量的丝网反应器,在205℃~210℃的温度下在10atm的总压下且在8000立方厘米气体(0℃,1atm)每克实施例1的催化剂每小时的总气体流量(重时空速)下将催化剂与氢气和一氧化碳接触,所述氢气和一氧化碳的比例为1.6~2.0。总重时空速为2285立方厘米气体每克两床中的催化剂每小时。将工艺条件和结果示于表2中。制得的液体烃在0℃下为液体。
C2-C4烃的饱和度、C21+产物或费托蜡的量、C4烃的支化度和总产物构成体系的α数都是在对得自上游催化剂床的组合产物进行还原、加氢裂化和加氢异构化时所述下游Pd/ZSM-5床的效果如何的相对指示。表2中的结果清晰显示了Pd/ZSM-5下游床对于还原、加氢裂化和加氢异构化活性的功效。例如,尽管甲烷的收率对于两种催化剂体系都类似,如同所预期的,但是采用堆叠床双催化剂体系,C1-C4的百分比更高且C5+的百分比更低,这表明了Pd/ZSM-5的下部催化剂床的加氢裂化活性。另外,使用双床催化剂体系,对于C2-C4烃来说,链烷烃/烯烃比例明显更高,这证明了下游Pd/ZSM-5催化剂组分的强加氢活性。此外,2-丁烯异构体高得多的百分比和C4的支化度证明了双床催化剂体系的加氢裂化和加氢异构化活性。
碳数分布的度量是Schulz-Flory α值,其代表从给定碳数的化合物制备接下来更高碳数化合物的可能性。利用Schulz-Flory方程在数学上表示Schulz-Flory分布:
Wi=(1□α)2iαi□1
其中i代表碳数,α是Schulz-Flory分布因子,其代表链增长的速率与链增长速率加上链终止速率的比例,且Wi代表碳数i的产物的重量分数。α值高于约0.9,通常代表蜡的生产方法,且α数越高例如随着其接近1.0,则所述方法产生蜡分子的选择性更高。表2显示了两种催化剂体系之间α值的显著区别;得自含有下游Pd/ZSM-5催化剂的双床催化剂体系的产物的α值比得自常规费托催化剂的产物展示了低得多的α值。与使用常规费托催化剂所看到的相比,在双床催化剂体系中费托蜡的百分比非常低,进一步突出了这种重要区别。
实施例7
使用实施例1的合成气转化催化剂和实施例2的加氢催化剂进行合成气转化、加氢裂化和加氢异构化
使含有实施例4中所述的双催化剂床的单一反应器经历合成条件,其中在220℃~225℃的温度下在10atm的总压下且在1900立方厘米气体(0℃,1atm)每克实施例1的催化剂每小时的总气体流量下将催化剂与氢气和一氧化碳接触,所述氢气和一氧化碳的比例为2.0。将结果示于表3中。制得的液体烃在0℃下为液体。应注意,在这种实验的条件下,产生了高百分比的C5+的液体产物且未形成固体蜡,这表明在钴-催化的费托合成所需要的较低温度下Pd/ZSM-5下游床的效果。
表3
在流时间,小时 | 122 | 151 | 240 | 313 | 338 | 384 | |
温度,℃ | 220 | 220 | 220 | 225 | 225 | 225 | |
压力,atm | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | |
WHSV,mL/g/h | 1900 | 1900 | 1900 | 1900 | 1900 | 1900 | |
H2/CO进口 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | |
H2/CO用量 | 2.36 | 2.37 | 2.39 | 2.26 | 2.20 | 2.30 | |
CO/(H2+N2+CO) | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | |
循环比 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
转化的H2% | 72.9% | 68.3% | 63.0% | 87.9% | 80.4% | 81.1% | |
转化的CO% | 61.9% | 57.5% | 52.9% | 77.7% | 73.1% | 70.6% | |
速率,gCH2/g/h | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.28 | |
速率,mLC5+/g/h | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.27 | |
%CH4 | 14.6% | 14.1% | 14.9% | 15.5% | 12.9% | 15.6% | |
%C2 | 1.7% | 1.6% | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 1.7% | |
%C3+%C4 | 10.3% | 10.1% | 11.0% | 9.1% | 7.0% | 9.7% | |
%C5+ | 73.4% | 74.3% | 72.5% | 73.6% | 78.6% | 73.1% | |
蜡,g | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
比较例2
与10%的钴合成气转化催化剂和0.5%Pd/ZSM-5的加氢催化剂的堆叠床相比,使用10%的钴催化剂的合成气转化
将5mm内径的反应器管装载500mg得自实施例1的大小为125~160μm的催化剂(表4中的“催化剂类型3”)。将相同的反应器管以“堆叠床”排列填充各500mg的得自实施例2的催化剂以作为下面的或下游的催化剂床和得自实施例1的催化剂以作为上面的或上游的催化剂床(表4的“催化剂类型4”)。通过实施例3和实施例4中所述的程序对所述床进行原位活化。
使该双催化剂床经历合成条件,其中使用由hte AG(Heidelberg,德国)供应的高生产量的丝网反应器,在10atm的总压下且在4000立方厘米气体(0℃,1atm)每克实施例1的催化剂每小时的总气体流量(重时空速)下将催化剂与氢气和一氧化碳接触,所述氢气和一氧化碳在205℃下的比例为2.0且在215℃和225℃下的比例为1.5。基于双床的总重量,重时空速为2000立方厘米的气体每克催化剂每小时。将工艺条件和结果示于表4中。基于双催化剂床的总重量,以气体时空速度(立方厘米的气体每立方厘米的催化剂每小时)的方式给出了表4中的流量。
由这些结果的比较能够看出,链烷烃∶烯烃之比、α值和C4-异构体的支化度(DOB)都显示,Pd/ZSM-5的下游床即使在合成气转化反应所使用的相对温和的条件下对加氢异构化和加氢裂化两者都有效。
表4
在流时间,小时 | 102 | 104 | 315 | 317 | 399 | 401 |
催化剂类型 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
温度,℃ | 205 | 205 | 215 | 215 | 225 | 225 |
压力,巴 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
H2/CO用量 | 2 | 2 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
GHSV,小时-1 | 4000 | 1500 | 4000 | 1500 | 4000 | 1500 |
转化的CO% | 23.3 | 23.3 | 26.2 | 27.4 | 40.9 | 41.8 |
%C1 | 13.6 | 13.2 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 12.5 | 12.4 |
%C1+C2 | 14.9 | 14.7 | 12.8 | 12.9 | 14.1 | 14.1 |
%C3+C4 | 11.0 | 16.1 | 10.4 | 15.3 | 11.7 | 14.7 |
%C5-C12 | 44.7 | 55.2 | 51.3 | 61.4 | 55.3 | 62.0 |
%C5+ | 75.7 | 72.1 | 78.4 | 75.3 | 76.3 | 74.6 |
%C13+ | 31.0 | 16.9 | 27.1 | 13.9 | 20.9 | 12.6 |
%C21+ | 8.3 | 2.3 | 5.6 | 1.7 | 4.9 | 1.9 |
%链烷烃C2 | 91.6 | 100.0 | 90.8 | 100.0 | 94.3 | 100.0 |
%烯烃C2 | 8.4 | 0 | 9.2 | 0 | 5.7 | 0 |
%链烷烃C3 | 29.9 | 93.6 | 27.7 | 85.9 | 37.7 | 87.1 |
%烯烃C3 | 70.2 | 6.4 | 72.3 | 14.2 | 62.3 | 12.9 |
C4支化度% | 4.3 | 25.2 | 5.8 | 34.4 | 8.6 | 36.3 |
%正丁烷 | 20.3 | 63.2 | 17.4 | 43.5 | 18.3 | 43.5 |
%异丁烷 | 0.4 | 8.8 | 0.5 | 7.5 | 0.5 | 8.4 |
%1-丁烯 | 13.2 | 1.6 | 13.4 | 3.1 | 12.3 | 3.0 |
%异丁烯 | 3.9 | 16.5 | 5.3 | 26.9 | 8.1 | 27.9 |
%顺式-2-丁烯 | 24.2 | 3.9 | 24.7 | 7.5 | 23.7 | 6.9 |
%反式-2-丁烯 | 38.0 | 6.1 | 38.6 | 11.5 | 37.1 | 10.3 |
α4-12 | 0.841 | 0.781 | 0.867 | 0.781 | 0.840 | 0.783 |
比较例3
仅使用合成气转化催化剂、包括H-ZSM-5加氢催化剂的堆叠床和包括0.5%Pd/ZSM-5加氢催化剂的堆叠床的合成气转化的比较
表5给出了单独的250mg 20%钴的费托催化剂(实施例5的催化剂,在表中称作“催化剂类型5”)、以堆叠床排列的在625mg H-ZSM-5上的250mg 20%钴的费托催化剂(重量比为1∶2.5,在H-ZSM-5上的钴费托催化剂)(“催化剂类型6”)、和以堆叠床排列的在625mg 0.5%的Pd/ZSM-5上的250mg 20%钴的费托催化剂(重量比为1∶2.5)(“催化剂类型7”)。
表5中结果的比较显示,尽管与单独的20%钴的费托催化剂(催化剂类型5)相比,具有H-ZSM-5组分的双床(催化剂类型6)显示了某些裂化活性,但是钯VIII族金属的存在明显提高了ZSM-5组分的加氢异构化和加氢裂化活性两者。
表5
在流时间,小时 | 109 | 104 | 108 | 518 | 317 | 517 | 828 | 401 | 835 |
催化剂类型 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
温度,℃ | 205 | 205 | 205 | 215 | 215 | 215 | 225 | 225 | 225 |
压力,巴 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
H2/CO用量 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
GHSV,小时-1 | 7000 | 1500 | 1200 | 7000 | 1500 | 1200 | 7000 | 1500 | 1200 |
转化的CO% | 42 | 39 | 41 | 40 | 48 | 41 | 55 | 59 | 54 |
%C1 | 8.1 | 11.3 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 10.6 | 7.1 | 8.6 | 14.9 | 8.1 |
%C1+C2 | 9.0 | 12.7 | 9.8 | 9.1 | 12.2 | 8.4 | 9.8 | 17.4 | 9.7 |
%C3+C4 | 7.9 | 10.1 | 17.1 | 7.5 | 9.9 | 11.0 | 8.0 | 12.2 | 13.4 |
%C5-C12 | 42.3 | 40.5 | 66.5 | 42.1 | 42.9 | 59.9 | 36.4 | 48.1 | 58.7 |
%C5+ | 83 | 79 | 76 | 83 | 79 | 82 | 79 | 72 | 79 |
%C13+ | 40.8 | 38.1 | 9.6 | 41.2 | 36.4 | 22.1 | 47.0 | 24.3 | 20.6 |
%蜡 | 17 | >9 | <2 | 15 | >7 | <2 | 15 | >7 | <2 |
C4支化度% | 1.4 | 4.8 | 18.6 | 1.7 | 5.8 | 6.8 | 2.3 | 8.7 | 23.7 |
%正丁烷 | 39.9 | 43.9 | 75.6 | 34.8 | 41.1 | 78.9 | 41.7 | 44.6 | 65.0 |
%异丁烷 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 9.6 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 6.8 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 7.5 |
%1-丁烯 | 51.6 | 6.9 | 0.8 | 54.9 | 7.6 | 2.0 | 44.6 | 6.9 | 1.7 |
%异丁烯 | 1.2 | 4.3 | 9.0 | 1.5 | 5.3 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 7.9 | 16.2 |
%顺式-2-丁烯 | 4.4 | 16.6 | 2.0 | 4.6 | 17.2 | 4.9 | 6.7 | 15.3 | 3.9 |
%反式-2-丁烯 | 2.8 | 27.8 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 28.4 | 7.4 | 4.8 | 24.6 | 5.8 |
α4-12 | 0.87 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.85 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.85 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
实施例8
使用实施例1的合成气转化催化剂和实施例2的加氢催化剂的浊点、冰点和倾点分析
使含有实施例4中所述的双催化剂床的单一反应器经历合成条件,其中在220℃的温度和10atm的总压下将催化剂与氢气和一氧化碳接触,所述氢气与一氧化碳的比例为1.6。
确定了产物试样的浊点为约6℃。浊点是指低于该温度时液体烃产物中的蜡形成云状外观的温度。在常规燃料中存在凝固的蜡,使得产物增稠并堵塞发动机中的燃料过滤器和喷嘴。所述蜡还累积在冷表面上并与水形成乳液。因此,浊点显示了产物在冷操作温度下堵塞过滤器或小孔口的趋势。应注意,6℃浊点典型地对应2号柴油。
确定了产物试样的冰点为约-6.4℃。冰点(也称作凝胶点)是指低于该温度时固体蜡的颗粒大到足以被燃料过滤器阻止时的温度。
确定了产物试样的倾点为小于-60℃,或低于所使用测量设备的下限,这表明产物在低温下容易进行运输。倾点是液体烃产物易于进行倾倒和泵送的实际度量。如下确定倾点温度。将广口瓶中的产物试样在冷却浴内部进行冷却以允许形成链烷烃蜡晶体。在预期的倾点以上约9℃时,并在随后每隔3℃时,将广口瓶取出并倾斜以检查表面运动情况。当倾斜时试样不发生流动时,将广口瓶水平放置5秒钟。如果产物试样停止流动,将相应的温度增加3℃且该结果为倾点温度。
尽管已经描述了多种实施方案,但是应理解,可诉诸的变化和修改对本领域技术人员是显而易见的。认为这种变化和修改在附属权利要求书的界限和范围内。
Claims (15)
1.一种在单一反应器内将合成气转化成液体烃的方法,所述方法包括:
在基本上共同的反应条件下将包含一氧化碳和氢气的混合物的进料与包含合成气转化催化剂的第一催化剂床以及在所述第一催化剂床下游且包含加氢催化剂与固体酸催化剂的混合物的第二催化剂床接触,使得在所述第一催化剂床上形成费托蜡并在所述第二催化剂床上对所述蜡进行加氢裂化和加氢异构化,由此制得基本不含固体蜡的液体烃。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述合成气转化催化剂包含在固体氧化物载体上的钴。
3.权利要求2的方法,其中所述固体氧化物载体选自氧化铝、氧化硅和氧化钛。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中所述合成气转化催化剂包含负载在酸性组分上的钴。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中所述加氢催化剂包含选自铑、铱、钯和铂中的VIII族金属。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中所述固体酸催化剂包含沸石。
7.权利要求6的方法,其中所述沸石为中孔分子筛。
8.权利要求1的方法,其中将所述加氢催化剂直接负载在所述固体酸催化剂上。
9.权利要求1的方法,其中将所述加氢催化剂与所述固体酸催化剂密切混合。
10.权利要求1的方法,其中所述反应器的温度为约160℃~约260℃。
11.权利要求1的方法,其中所述第一催化剂床的温度和所述第二催化剂床的温度相差不超过约20℃。
12.权利要求1的方法,其中所述合成气转化催化剂还包含选自钌、铼、铂、钯、金和银中的助催化剂。
13.权利要求1的方法,其中所述产物包含:
0~20wt%的CH4;
0~20wt%的C2-C4;
50~95wt%的C5+;以及
0~8wt%的C21+。
14.权利要求1的方法,其中所述气时空速为小于约20000体积的气体每体积的催化剂每小时。
15.权利要求1的方法,其中所述反应压力为约1个大气压~约100个大气压。
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PCT/US2010/037169 WO2010141660A2 (en) | 2009-06-04 | 2010-06-03 | Process of synthesis gas conversion to liquid fuels using synthesis gas conversion catalyst and noble metal-promoted acidic zeolite hydrocracking-hydroisomerization catalyst |
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CN104096571A (zh) * | 2014-07-21 | 2014-10-15 | 宋华 | 一种合成气液化催化剂及其催化方法、床层以及制备方法 |
CN111954576A (zh) * | 2018-04-17 | 2020-11-17 | 国际壳牌研究有限公司 | 脱蜡催化剂体系 |
CN114130427A (zh) * | 2020-09-04 | 2022-03-04 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Y/ssz-13/稀土/asa复合材料、加氢裂化催化剂、催化剂载体、及其制备方法 |
CN114364453A (zh) * | 2019-09-13 | 2022-04-15 | 科莱恩国际有限公司 | 用于烃的催化加氢异构化的改进的方法 |
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US20130109768A1 (en) * | 2011-10-31 | 2013-05-02 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Processes and systems for converting synthesis gas to liquid hydrocarbon product |
WO2013154671A1 (en) * | 2012-04-12 | 2013-10-17 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Processes using molecular sieve ssz-87 |
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