CN102362068A - 海上风电场 - Google Patents
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Abstract
风电场包括至少一个漂浮结构,该漂浮结构具有设置有风轮机的两个拐角和包括系泊部分的第三拐角,该系泊部分例如具有可解脱的系泊转塔。第三拐角并不承载其中一个风轮机。用于两个风轮机的共用设备例如直升机起落甲板和/或电气设备,例如变换器和/或变压器,能够位于第三拐角上或附近。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种包括两个或更多风轮机的海上风电场。在本文中,措辞海上的意思是在水上的任意位置,例如在海、洋或湖上,靠近海滨或在远海。
背景技术
在海上风电场中,在风轮机之间的最小距离需要防止由风轮机引起的湍流干扰撞上相邻风轮机的风流。图1示意示出了具有115米转子直径的5MW风轮机的计算尾流效果。在上游风轮机和它的下风侧的其它风轮机之间的距离应当足以使得风轮机在上游风轮机的尾流区域的外部,以避免能量转换效率的降低和不希望的负载,该不希望的负载可能加速风轮机部件的损坏。图1示出了在不可变风向情况下的尾流区域。不过,通常风向是变化的。这导致延伸的尾流区域和局部的尾流,从而需要进一步间开相邻风轮机。
风轮机通常设置有偏转系统,从而使得它们能够随着风转向,并对于各风向都保持逆风或顺风方向,以便使得能量效率最大。尾流区域随着风轮机的偏转而转动。因此,在风轮机之间的距离应当沿所有方向都足够大。
WO02/073032公开了一种具有三角形浮体的海上浮动风力发电气设备,该三角形浮体有单点系泊系统和在它的各拐角处的风轮机。浮体形成等边三角形。风轮机具有平行定向。沿风的方向,一个风轮机离另外两个一定距离。在风轮机之间的距离应当足够大,以便使得下风侧的风轮机在前部风轮机的尾流区域之外。因此,必须使用较大的浮动结构。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提高给定尺寸的海上风电场的能量产量。还一目的是提供一种高产量的风电场,它具有简单结构的风轮机。
本发明的目的通过一种风电场来实现,该风电场包括至少一个漂浮结构,该漂浮结构具有设置有风轮机的两个拐角以及包括系泊部分的第三拐角,其中,第三拐角并不承载其中一个风轮机。这样,由风轮机引起的湍流不会干扰撞上相邻风轮机的风流。与当第三前部风轮机存在于漂浮结构上并在两个风轮机前面一定距离处时可能的情况相比,这两个风轮机能够竖立成靠拢得多。例如,在两个风轮机之间的距离能够小于转子叶片区域的直径的两倍,例如转子叶片区域的直径的大约1.5倍。因为漂浮结构能够制作成更紧凑,因此,每单位表面面积能够使用更多的风轮机,并能够实现具有较高涡轮密度的紧凑风电场。在系泊部分和风轮机之间的距离增强了通过随风向改变方位(weathervaning)而自动与风向的对齐。
各风轮机包括转子,该转子具有确定了旋转平面的一个或多个转子叶片。当风轮机的旋转平面处于相同平面中时,由湍流引起的干扰最小。当一个或多个风轮机包括偏转机构以便在特定角度范围内偏转时,风轮机能够定位成这样,当风轮机处于中心偏转位置时,旋转平面在相同平面内。
当转子叶片确定了旋转平面时,叶片不需要具有平行的直纵向轴线。需要时,叶片可以总体或局部弯曲、扭转和/或相对于毂成锥形。不过,在总体印象中,叶片将确定旋转平面。
风轮机例如能够具有相对于漂浮结构的固定方位。在这种情况下,它们不需要具有偏转机构。当没有偏转机构时,风轮机包括更少的运动部件,并需要更少的维护和修理。漂浮结构能够旋转,以便将风轮机定位在逆风或顺风位置。也可选择,一个或多个风轮机能够具有偏转机构,该偏转机构允许有限的偏转运动,例如在大约20度的范围内偏转,例如大约10度,以便当在风向和洋流之间并不对齐的情况下风轮机偏离风向时能够进行校正。
该结构例如能够包括用于系泊线的系泊部分,该系泊线将漂浮结构锚固在海底。该系泊部分能够形成旋转点。转塔系泊系统特别合适。转塔系泊系统是线与转塔连接的系泊系统,该转塔通过轴承而允许漂浮结构环绕锚腿旋转。单点式系泊系统使得漂浮结构能够随风向改变方向至合适位置。
可选择的,该结构可以设置有一个或多个驱动单元(例如在一个或多个角上的推进器),用于更精确地定位漂浮结构。这例如对于补偿水流使得漂浮的风轮机运动远离相对于风的最佳位置是理想的。
在还一可能实施例中,转塔能够是可解脱的转塔,例如包括可浸没的系泊浮体,该系泊浮体可释放地与转塔连接。合适的可解脱转塔的实例是来自德克萨斯州休斯顿的SBM Tmodco Inc.的Riser TurretMooring(RTM)系统和Buoyant Turret Mooring(BTM)系统。使用用于系泊漂浮结构(该漂浮结构承载一个或多个风轮机)的可解脱转塔系统的优点是该漂浮结构能够解脱,并输送至任何位置,例如用于维护或修理,或者用于暂时存放在其它位置,以便使其免受预料到的极端天气条件(例如飓风)的危害。在可浸没的系泊浮体脱开之后,它能够保持漂浮在海平面的下面,以便防止波浪撞击。浮体可以承载电缆的连接端,该电缆使得风轮机与电网连接。
风轮机通常为同等的尺寸、功率、类型和高度。不过,当需要时,可以使用不同的风轮机,例如不同高度的风轮机。
在漂浮结构上的风轮机以平行布置定位成一排。也可选择,第三、第四或更多风轮机能够存在为与在漂浮结构的两个拐角处的风轮机成一排。优选是,当风轮机相对于漂浮结构具有固定方位时,所有风轮机的旋转平面都将在相同平面内。当它们具有允许在限定的角度范围内进行偏转的偏转机构时,优选是当风轮机处于中心偏转位置时所有风轮机的旋转平面都在相同平面内。
为了减小在两个相邻风轮机的两个通过叶尖之间的速度差,风轮机能够设置成沿相反方向旋转。在这种情况下,风轮机例如可以具有镜像的叶片几何形状,或者转子叶片可以具有对称的转子叶片几何形状。当存在超过两个的风轮机时,它们例如可以具有交替的旋转方向。也可选择,风轮机可以在需要时布置成沿相同方向旋转。
承载风轮机的拐角和具有系泊部分的第三拐角形成三角形布置。该三角形结构例如能够形成等边三角形。也可选择,在需要时,在系泊部分和风轮机之间的距离能够大于在两个风轮机之间的距离,或者该距离可以更小。通常,漂浮结构作为整体具有三角形轮廓,尽管在需要时也能够采用其它形状。
风电场例如能够包括由两个风轮机共用的电气设备,例如变换器和/或变压器,该电气设备位于漂浮结构的第三拐角或者其它自由拐角上或附近。其它共用设备也能够存在于漂浮结构上,例如直升机起落甲板。共用的直升机起落甲板的优点是每次飞行都能够维护两个风轮机。用于维护风轮机所需的飞行次数能够大大减少。
在特定实施例中,漂浮结构的重心能够位于它的浮力中心处或上面。
该结构例如能够包括三个竖直柱和多个连接元件,各连接元件连接两个柱。柱例如能够半浸没,以便使它对于波浪的碰撞稳定。也可选择,该结构能够具有浸没的水平水截留板,该水截留板安装在各柱的下端上,向外延伸形成环绕各柱的基部的圆形或多边形部分,其中,水截留板的面积超过它安装于其上的稳定柱的截面面积,水截留板由多个径向梁和横向梁支承,各径向梁在一端处与柱的基部连接,在另一端处与水截留板的边缘连接,各横向梁在它的两端处与柱的基部连接,并提供对于水截留板的连续支承。
也可选择,漂浮结构包括安装在柱的上端上的甲板,和/或它能够设置有在柱之间的人行道。
风轮机通常包括塔,该塔承载具有转子毂的吊篮或吊舱,该转子毂承载具有至少一个转子叶片的转子。在一个或多个叶片上的风力使得转子旋转,该转子与发电机例如无传动装置地连接或通过齿轮传动机构而连接,该发电机能够例如位于吊舱中。
漂浮结构可以包括:漂浮子结构;甲板,该甲板支承最少量的海上设备;和/或在该结构和可能的水下设备(该水下设备在漂浮结构的下面)之间的脐带(umbilical)。子结构可以包括多个竖直漂浮柱,这些竖直漂浮柱在它们的下端处安装在水平的水截留板上,并在它们的上端安装在支承设备的甲板上。水平板能够从各柱径向伸出,以便覆盖由柱基部的中心形成的区域。漂浮结构例如能够包括其它设备,例如用于与主平台交换信息的天线和其它通信设备、直升机起落甲板、储存和分配系统、用于维护人员的夜晚住所、用于使得设备在甲板上运动的起重机或起重台架、绞车等。漂浮结构可以是稳定柱单元,具有安装在柱的基部处的大水截留板。浸没的水平水截留板能够设计成提供对于竖直加速以及滚转和俯仰旋转加速增大的阻力。当板将竖直运动时,将排开大量的水。该排开的水的质量大约与漂浮结构的质量相同或更大。板的总面积是柱的截面面积的数倍。板的尺寸和形状调节成使得它不仅能够补偿起伏,而且还补偿作用在承载的风轮机上的较强风力。这保证在正常工作过程中使得漂浮结构的运动保持很小。板能够从各柱径向伸出,从而形成多边形部分。径向距离能够进行调节,以便控制滚转和俯仰的固有周期。总体板面积调节成控制起伏的固有周期。在向柱外延伸的水截留板部分中,在板的外边缘附近没有对船体的其它部分的支承件,因此,水截留板必须从柱伸出为悬臂。因为由水截留板支持的较大水力负载,因此需要较大的结构支承件来保证板和它与柱的连接的整体性。这样的漂浮结构适合阻尼波浪和涡轮机的运动,从而使得风轮机能够布置在以前不能达到的具有强风的位置。用于漂浮结构的合适构造例如在US7281881中公开,该文献在此被本文参引。
附图说明
下面将参考附图进一步介绍本发明,附图中:
图1示意示出了单个风轮机的滑流;
图2示出了根据本发明的风电场的透视图。
具体实施方式
图2示出了根据本发明的海上风电场1的透视图。风电场1包括承载两个风轮机3的漂浮结构2。风轮机3包括塔4,该塔4承载具有转子6的吊篮或吊舱5,该转子6包括毂7,该毂7承载三个转子叶片8。撞上转子叶片7的风力使得转子6旋转,该转子6与位于吊舱中的发电机例如无传动机构地连接或通过齿轮传动机构而连接,将转子的机械能转变成电能,电能供给公共电网中。各风轮机3的转子叶片7确定了旋转平面。如图2中所示,两个风轮机的这些旋转平面处于相同平面内。风轮机3相对于漂浮结构2具有固定方位,没有偏转机构。
漂浮结构2的重心位于它的浮力中心上面。结构2包括成三角形布置的三个竖直柱10。浸没的水平水截留板(未示出)安装在各柱10的下端上,该水截留板向外延伸,以便形成环绕各柱3的基部的圆形或多边形部分。水截留板的面积超过稳定柱3(水截留板安装在该稳定柱3上)的截面面积。水截留板由多个径向梁和横向梁支承,各径向梁在一端与柱3的基部连接,在另一端与水截留板的边缘连接,各横向梁在两端处与柱的基部连接,并提供对水截留板的连续支承。
三个柱10形成三角形。柱10的顶部形成平台20。其中的两个平台20承载风轮机3。在第三拐角21上的平台22可以承载共用设备,例如用于两个风轮机的公用变换器或变压器和/或共用的直升机起落甲板等(未示出)。在第三拐角21上的平台22还用作具有转塔(未示出)的系泊部分,用于安装系泊线,该系泊线将漂浮结构2锚固在海底。漂浮结构2能够绕第三拐角21旋转。风力使得具有风轮机3的漂浮结构2定向至逆风方向。三个柱10通过连接元件23连接。
Claims (12)
1.一种风电场,包括至少一个漂浮结构,该漂浮结构具有设置有风轮机的两个拐角以及包括系泊部分的第三拐角,其中,第三拐角并不承载其中任一个风轮机。
2.根据权利要求1所述的风电场,其中:各风轮机包括转子,该转子具有确定了旋转平面的一个或多个转子叶片,风轮机的旋转平面处于相同平面中。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的风电场,其中:两个风轮机具有相对于漂浮结构的固定方位。
4.根据权利要求3所述的风电场,其中:漂浮结构包括转塔系泊系统。
5.根据权利要求4所述的风电场,其中:转塔系泊系统包括可解脱和可浸没的转塔。
6.根据前述任意一项权利要求所述的风电场,其中:在风轮机之间的距离小于转子叶片区域的直径的两倍,例如是转子叶片区域的直径的大约1.5倍。
7.根据前述任意一项权利要求所述的风电场,其中:漂浮结构设置有一个或多个推进器。
8.根据前述任意一项权利要求所述的风电场,其中:漂浮结构的重心位于它的浮力中心上面。
9.根据前述任意一项权利要求所述的风电场,其中:漂浮结构包括三个可半浸没的竖直柱以及每个与竖直柱连接的多个连接元件。
10.根据前述任意一项权利要求所述的风电场,其中:漂浮结构平台包括三个竖直柱和浸没的水平的水截留板,该水截留板安装在各竖直柱的下端上,向外延伸从而形成围绕各竖直柱的基部的部分,其中,水截留板安装在稳定柱上,水截留板的面积超过稳定柱的横截面面积,水截留板由径向梁和横向梁支承,各径向梁在一端处与竖直柱的基部连接,在另一端处与水截留板的边缘连接,各横向梁在它的两端处与竖直柱的基部连接,并提供对于水截留板的连续支承。
11.根据前述任意一项权利要求所述的风电场,其中:漂浮结构包括用于两个风轮机的共用设备,例如直升机起落甲板和/或电气设备,例如变换器和/或变压器,所述共用设备位于第三拐角上或附近。
12.一种漂浮结构,用于前述任意一项权利要求所述的风电场。
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US8823198B2 (en) | 2014-09-02 |
US20120043763A1 (en) | 2012-02-23 |
ES2663352T3 (es) | 2018-04-12 |
EP2399026B1 (en) | 2017-12-20 |
JP5738203B2 (ja) | 2015-06-17 |
JP2012518736A (ja) | 2012-08-16 |
KR20110130429A (ko) | 2011-12-05 |
WO2010094776A1 (en) | 2010-08-26 |
EP2399026A1 (en) | 2011-12-28 |
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CN102362068B (zh) | 2015-04-22 |
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