CN102343609A - Recycled shaving, shaving board and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Recycled shaving, shaving board and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN102343609A CN102343609A CN2010102466243A CN201010246624A CN102343609A CN 102343609 A CN102343609 A CN 102343609A CN 2010102466243 A CN2010102466243 A CN 2010102466243A CN 201010246624 A CN201010246624 A CN 201010246624A CN 102343609 A CN102343609 A CN 102343609A
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Abstract
The invention relates to recycled shaving, a shaving board and a preparation method thereof. The method comprises the following steps of: preparing a waste shaving board into recycled shaving through alkaline hydrolysis treatment; and mixing the prepared recycled shaving and new shaving to prepare the shaving board. In the method, an adhesive layer of the waste shaving board is damaged to separate the shaving through the alkaline hydrolysis treatment, so that the shape of the original shaving can be kept complete, and the physicochemical property of the shaving is minimally influenced; and the performance indexes of the shaving board prepared by using the recycled shaving can meet the requirements of shaving board national standards (GB/T 4897.2-2003 and GB/T 17657-1999).
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of raw material of artifical plate, wood-based plate and preparation method thereof, particularly a kind of particieboard raw material and preparation method thereof and by the method for this particieboard feedstock production particieboard.
Background technology
China is one of timber consumption big country, but because China's Forest Resources is poor, wood supply is very nervous always; Simultaneously; Rapid economy development has driven furniture house ornamentation industry, has every year a large amount of wood-based panel products from update, to eliminate out, a large amount of discarded wood-based plates occurs; These reject products of reasonable use can be alleviated the Wood-based Panel Production resource scarcity, help environmental protection simultaneously again.
The waste wood material is an important renewable resources, and therefore reclaiming and make full use of waste and old wood materials occupies critical role in the Wood Processing utilization.The waste wood material is called as the 4th kind of forest abroad; Some developed countries are one after another through legislation; Promote the recycling of waste wood material, the Willamette industrial group of the U.S. and gondola Mauro Saviola group all are the rich anies influential family that utilize waste wood manufacture of materials regenerated particles plate.
The manufacturing of regenerated particles is to utilize waste and old wood or wood-based plate to make regenerated particles plate key link, proposes higher requirement for production equipment, production cost, efficient, wood shavings quality and end product quality.How obtaining high-quality cleaning wood chip or wood shavings is emphasis of R&D institution and business connection.
People's researchs " hydrothermal treatment consists is to the shaving shape of discarded particieboard and in recycling Effect on Performance " such as " timber industry " 1998 the 12nd volumes the 6th interim leaf crin; This research discloses the discarded particieboard of heat treated in the hot water of different temperatures; Make regenerated particles; Analyzed form, water imbibition and the again influence of glue performance of hydrothermal treatment process to regenerated particles; Shaving shape after the hydrothermal treatment consists is good; But this method processing time is long; The adhesive on wood shavings surface is handled not thorough, and the wood shavings water imbibition is compared the bigger difference of existence with wetability with the water imbibition of original wood shavings with wetability.
" wood processing machinery " (" technical research of waste and old particieboard poach "; The second phase in 2008; Wang Xia etc.) characteristics of utilizing ordinary particle board to use the urea-formaldehyde resin adhesive poor water resistance have been studied; Through the waste and old particieboard of the hot water treatment of different temperatures; Thereby the method can be separated wood shavings glue-line destruction and keep shaving shape, but the hydrothermal treatment consists time is longer, and the active group on wood shavings surface is few; Bonding strength is low again, and difficulty is bigger during suitability for industrialized production.
People such as Zhang Derong adopt Mechanical Method and blasting procedure to make regenerated particles; New and old wood shavings are carried out FFIR, X-ray diffraction comparative analysis; And with new and old wood shavings mixing manufacturing particieboard (Beijing Forestry University's journal, 2009 the 31st volume the 1st phases of supplementary issue).Blasting procedure destroys the original glue-line of particieboard through the blast action that the abrupt release of steam treatment pressure produces; Disperse wood shavings; When keeping original shaving shape; Wood shavings plasticity increases, but this method complicated process of preparation, and explosion treatment is influential to the chemical constitution of wood shavings timber; The cellulose of wood shavings, hemicellulose etc. there is destruction; Make the active group on wood shavings surfaces change or degrade, regenerated particles of poor quality influences the quality of regenerated particles plate.
Summary of the invention
Primary and foremost purpose of the present invention is to the problems referred to above a kind of method of utilizing waste and old particieboard to prepare regenerated particles to be provided; Prepare regenerated particles and utilize regenerated particles to prepare particieboard through this method; This method is handled through basic hydrolysis and is made waste and old particieboard be dispersed into wood shavings; The wood shavings that obtained can keep the form of former wood shavings, and the particieboard that utilizes this regenerated particles to prepare can satisfy the performance indications requirement of GB.
For realizing above-mentioned purpose, one aspect of the present invention provides a kind of method of utilizing waste and old particieboard to prepare regenerated particles, waste and old particieboard is carried out basic hydrolysis handle, and processes wood shavings.
Wherein, to handle be the reaction that in alkaline solution, is hydrolyzed of waste and old particieboard for described basic hydrolysis.
The present invention provides a kind of method of utilizing waste and old particieboard to prepare regenerated particles on the other hand, comprises following step in sequence: 1) waste and old particieboard is broken into the particieboard fragment; 2) the particieboard fragment is placed alkaline solution, heating is carried out basic hydrolysis and is handled (promptly under alkali condition, the reaction that is hydrolyzed of the adhesive in the particieboard fragment and water, the surperficial adhesive of wood shavings is made wood shavings come out by the alkaline solution hydrolysis); 3) filter, the particieboard fragment that uses water washing to handle through basic hydrolysis is neutrality to flowing out liquid, processes wood shavings.
Wherein, also comprise wood shavings are carried out dried, obtain the regenerated particles that moisture content is 5-15%.
Particularly, the moisture content of regenerated particles is preferably 6-10%.
Particularly, described dried is to dry naturally under the normal temperature, and drying temperature is 15-40 ℃.
Wherein, through wood chipping equipment waste and old particieboard is broken into described particieboard fragment in the step 1).
Particularly, the size of said particieboard fragment is preferably the long 20-40mm of being of particieboard fragment less than 40mm * 30mm, and wide is 20-30mm.
Wherein, step 2) said alkaline solution is selected a kind of in sodium hydroxide solution, potassium hydroxide solution, the sodium carbonate liquor, is preferably sodium hydroxide solution or potassium hydroxide solution; The molar concentration of said alkaline solution is 0.1-0.3mol/L, is preferably 0.1-0.2mol/L; Said basic hydrolysis treatment temperature is 60-100 ℃, is preferably 100 ℃; Processing time is 1-3h, is preferably 1-2h.
Further aspect of the present invention provides a kind of regenerated particles that is prepared from according to the method described above.
The present invention provides a kind of particieboard on the other hand, comprises new wood shavings and above-mentioned regenerated particles.
Wherein, the weight proportion of new wood shavings and regenerated particles is 6-9: 1-4.
The inventive method has the following advantages:
1, the inventive method is handled the glue-line that destroys waste and old particieboard wood shavings surface through basic hydrolysis, thereby wood shavings are separated, and former shaving shape is kept perfectly.
2, the regenerated particles water imbibition of the present invention's preparation is high; Good hydrophilic property; Water absorption reaches 105-128g/100g; Aqueous slkali quickens the decomposition of waste and old wood shavings surface glue stick in the basic hydrolysis processing procedure; Adhesive through hydrolysis degraded wood shavings surface comes out the wood shavings surface, and aqueous slkali can increase the carboxyl-content on wood shavings surface; Increase the water absorbing properties on regenerated particles surface, improved the hydrophily on regenerated particles surface.
3, in the regenerated particles process of the inventive method preparation; Aqueous slkali is with the disconnection that is connected between adhesive and the wood shavings surface; Bonding between degraded adhesive and the wood shavings; Make wood shavings from adhesive, dissociate out; Obtain the wood shavings that the surface thoroughly exposes; Lignin structure, cellulose to wood shavings do not exert an influence, and do not destroy the form and the structure of wood shavings, the regenerated particles good physical and chemical properties that makes.
4, utilize the performance indications of the regenerated particles plate of the regenerated particles preparation that the present invention prepares to satisfy the requirement of (GB/T4897.2-2003 and GB/T17657-1999).
Description of drawings
The infrared spectrogram of the regeneration China fir wood shavings of Fig. 1 China fir wood shavings and basic hydrolysis Processing of Preparation
The specific embodiment
The waste and old particieboard for preparing with single seeds China fir in the embodiment of the present invention is as the discarded particieboard of preparation regenerated particles; Except using discarded Chinese Fir Particleboard, can also adopt the waste and old particieboard of one or more preparations in Aspen wood shavings, pine wood shavings, birch wood shavings, Qinggang wood wool, Chinese toon wood wool, the jujube wood wool etc. among the present invention.
Embodiment 1
Adopt the waste and old particieboard of single seeds China fir preparation, waste and old particieboard processed regenerated particles according to following steps:
1, removes impurity such as metal connecting piece in the waste and old particieboard, plastics, earth;
2, adopt wood chipping equipment (Germany hot northern Er Kangpu (SiempelKamp) company) that particieboard is broken into the wood shavings fragment, subsequent use, wherein the length of wood shavings fragment is 20-40mm, the wide 20-30mm of being;
3, the wood shavings fragment is joined in the container that alkaline solution is housed; Make the wood shavings fragment be soaked in the alkaline solution fully; Then container is placed and heat in the thermostat water bath and constantly stirring; Carrying out basic hydrolysis handles; All be dissociated into wood shavings up to fragment, wherein, aqueous slkali is that molar concentration is the sodium hydroxide solution of 0.1mol/L; The basic hydrolysis treatment temperature is 100 ℃, and the processing time is 2h;
4, filter, filter residue (i.e. particieboard fragment after basic hydrolysis is handled) adopts clear water to carry out flushing repeatedly, after outflow liquid is neutrality, filter residue is dried under room temperature (25 ℃), makes regenerated particles, and wherein the moisture content of regenerated particles is 6%;
5, utilize the regenerated particles of gained to prepare particieboard, concrete steps are following:
1) be to get the raw materials ready and mix at 6: 4 by the weight proportion of new wood shavings and regenerated particles; The solid content that adhesive adopts the Beijing Timber Mill to produce is 51% urea-formaldehyde resin adhesive.The new wood shavings that adopt in the present embodiment are the China fir wood shavings.
New wood shavings can also be in Aspen wood shavings, pine wood shavings, birch wood shavings, Qinggang wood wool, Chinese toon wood wool, the jujube wood wool etc. one or more except the China fir wood shavings.
2) adhesive is uniformly applied in the shavings raw material of getting ready, wherein the resin added of urea-formaldehyde resin adhesive is 10% (pressing adhesive solid content and over dry wood shavings weight calculates).
The Lauxite that the present invention uses is not limited to above-mentioned Lauxite, and various common Lauxite that factory generally adopts and modified urea-formaldehyde resin all are suitable for.
3) compound after the applying glue is processed slab;
4) slab that paves is at room temperature carried out precompressed, preload pressure is 1.8MPa, and squeeze time is 120s.
5) slab to precompressed carries out hot pressing, and hot pressing temperature is 160-170 ℃, and hot pressing pressure is 2.0-3.0MPa, and hot pressing time is 40s/mm, processes the thick particieboard of 14mm, after cutting, obtains particieboard of the present invention.
Detect particieboard of the present invention according to GB GB/T17657-1999 " Test methods of evaluating the properties of woodbased panels and surface decorated woodbased panels ", the result sees table 1.
Embodiment 2
Waste and old particieboard is processed in the process of regenerated particles; Selecting molar concentration except aqueous slkali is the sodium hydroxide solution of 0.3mol/L, and the basic hydrolysis treatment temperature is 60 ℃, and the processing time is 3h; And the moisture content of regenerated particles is outside 10%, all the other and embodiment 1 with.
Utilize regenerated particles to prepare in the process of particieboard, the weight proportion that removes new wood shavings and regenerated particles is 7: 3, and new wood shavings adopt and mix outside the wood shavings, and all the other are with embodiment 1.
The particieboard performance test results of preparation is seen table 1.
Embodiment 3
Waste and old particieboard is processed in the process of regenerated particles, selecting molar concentration except aqueous slkali is the potassium hydroxide solution of 0.1mol/L, and the basic hydrolysis treatment temperature is 80 ℃, and the processing time is 3h, and all the other and embodiment 1 are together.
Utilize regenerated particles to prepare in the process of particieboard, the weight proportion that removes new wood shavings and regenerated particles is 9: 1, and new wood shavings adopt and mix outside the wood shavings, and all the other are with embodiment 1.
The particieboard performance test results of preparation is seen table 1.
Embodiment 4
Waste and old particieboard is processed in the process of regenerated particles, selecting molar concentration except aqueous slkali is the sodium hydroxide solution of 0.2mol/L, and the basic hydrolysis treatment temperature is 80 ℃, and the processing time is 2h, and all the other and embodiment 1 are together.
Utilize regenerated particles to prepare in the process of particieboard, the weight proportion that removes new wood shavings and regenerated particles is 8: 2, and new wood shavings adopt and mix outside the wood shavings, and all the other are with embodiment 1.
The particieboard performance test results of preparation is seen table 1.
Embodiment 5
Waste and old particieboard is processed in the process of regenerated particles, selecting molar concentration except aqueous slkali is the sodium hydroxide solution of 0.2mol/L, and the basic hydrolysis treatment temperature is 100 ℃, and the processing time is 1h, and all the other and embodiment 1 are together.
Utilize regenerated particles to prepare in the process of particieboard, the weight proportion that removes new wood shavings and regenerated particles is 7: 3, and new wood shavings adopt and mix outside the wood shavings, and all the other are with embodiment 1.
The particieboard performance test results of preparation is seen table 1.
Reference examples 1
Waste and old particieboard is processed in the process of regenerated particles, carried out the heating hydrolysis processing except replace using sodium hydroxide solution with clear water, all the other are identical with embodiment 1.
The particieboard performance test results of preparation is seen table 1.
Table 1 properties of product test result
The test result of table 1 shows, the particieboard density>=0.75g/cm of the inventive method preparation
3MOR reaches 11.7-12.0MPa; Internal bond strength reaches 0.30-0.32MPa; Elastic modelling quantity>=2500MPa; The particieboard thickness swelling rate is less than 7.7%; The performance indications of the particieboard of preparation satisfy the GB requirement of national standard (GB/T 4897.2-2003 and GB/T17657-1999), reach the requirement of category-A particieboard.
The infrared spectrum analysis of Test Example 1 wood shavings
The new wood shavings sample of regenerated particles, China fir of getting China fir regenerated particles, reference examples 1 preparation of embodiment 1 basic hydrolysis Processing of Preparation carries out infrared spectrum and detects; Adopt the TENSOR 27 type Fourier transformation infrared spectrometers of German Bruker company to carry out infrared spectrum and detect the resolution ratio of this instrument: 4cm
-1Signal to noise ratio: 40,000: 1 (P/P value); Scanning times 32 times.The new wood shavings of China fir are that new slicing is prepared from.
The new wood shavings results of IR of China fir regenerated particles and China fir is seen Fig. 1.
The infrared spectrum testing result shows:
The infrared spectrogram of the new wood shavings of China fir shows: 3334cm
-1The place has a strong and wide absorption band to be-the stretching vibration characteristic absorption peak of OH 2922cm
-1The peak is CH stretching vibration peak, 2855cm
-1The peak is CH
2The symmetric vibration peak, 1735cm
-1What the place characterized is the stretching vibration in non-conjugated ketone group and the carboxyl, and this peak is the characteristic peak of hemicellulose, 1651cm
-1The peak is primary amide scissoring vibration peak, 1560cm
-1The peak is the N-H peak of secondary amide, 1458cm
-1The peak is methylene C-H distortion peak, 1034cm
-1The peak is CO distortion peak, 897cm
-1The peak is the characteristic peak of β-glycoside bond.
Water is at 100 ℃ of 3334cm that handle the regenerated particles surface of 2h preparation
-1Near peak is similar with the new shavings raw material of China fir, but 2922cm
-1CH peak and 2855cm
-1CH
2The peak is than surperficial high many of shavings raw material, and the adhesive fracture on regenerated particles surface mainly was that the formaldehyde and the connection between the urea of adhesive broken off when water treatment was described, had produced a large amount of CH
2Group and NH key.
The China fir regenerated particles fiber of the inventive method basic hydrolysis Processing of Preparation is similar with the infrared spectrogram of the new wood shavings fiber of China fir; The intensity that just partially absorbs the peak changes; Proof does not have new chemical constitution and functional groups to generate; Timber main body chemical constitution does not have significant change, and the China fir regenerated particles of especially basic hydrolysis Processing of Preparation and the new wood shavings of China fir are almost completely similar.
3334cm
-1Neighbouring OH peak, 2922cm
-1CH peak, 2855cm
-1CH
2The peak is similar with the new shavings raw material of China fir, changes not quite, but 1034cm
-1CO peak-to-average force ratio shavings raw material in height; Illustrate wood shavings carry out in the basic hydrolysis processing procedure be adhesive with the wood shavings surface between be connected disconnection; The linking between adhesive and the wood shavings of having degraded; Make wood shavings from adhesive, dissociate out, therefore handle to obtain the wood shavings that the surface thoroughly exposes through basic hydrolysis;
1735cm
-1The characteristic peak of the hemicellulose at place, 1651cm
-1Primary amide peak and 1560cm
-1The secondary amide peak, 897cm
-1The characteristic peak of the β-glycoside bond at place changes little, similar with the new wood shavings of China fir, and the absorption intensity basically identical illustrates that double cellulosic structure of basic hydrolysis processing procedure, cellulose do not produce any influence.
Therefore, it is complete to reclaim shaving shape, can keep wood shavings original mechanical intensity preferably, helps reusing.
The carboxyl-content analysis on Test Example 2 regenerated particles surface
Adopt conductance method to measure the carboxyl-content on the regenerated particles surface of embodiment 1-5, reference examples 1 preparation, concrete grammar is following:
Take by weighing embodiment 1-5 respectively; The regenerated particles 3g (over dry) of reference examples 1 preparation; Respectively at concentration is to soak 2 times in the 0.1mol/L hydrochloric acid; And stir with magnetic stirrer; Each 45min; Change alkali into the acidic group form; Then wash to stable conductivity with not carbonated deionized water; After doing with filter filter; Then slurries are scattered in 450ml is housed; Concentration is in the beaker of NaCl solution of 0.001mol/L; Airtight with preservative film, insert people's nitrogen breather pipe and conductivity meter electrode, at last under nitrogen environment and electromagnetic agitation; Drip 0.5ml; Concentration is 0.1mol/L NaOH solution; After treating stable conductivity, the record electrical conductivity drips NaOH solution again; 0.5ml each time; Till electrical conductivity is close with first data, be ordinate with the electrical conductivity, the NaOH milliliter number that titration consumes is the abscissa mapping; According to the variation tendency of curve three tangent lines that can draw, the intersection point of three tangent lines is V
1And V
2, according to V
1And V
2Calculate the carboxyl-content on regenerated particles surface.
Wood shavings surface carboxyl-content calculates according to following formula:
Carboxyl-content (mmol/Kg)=[(NV
2-NV
1)/w] * 1000
In the formula: V
1: left side equivalent point NaOH liquor capacity, ml;
V
2: the right equivalent point NaOH liquor capacity, ml;
The N:NaOH solution concentration, mol/L;
W: the sample over dry is heavy, g,
Mensuration result is as shown in table 2.
The carboxyl-content on table 2 regenerated particles surface
| Carboxyl-content (g/100g) | |
| Embodiment 1 | 166 |
| Embodiment 2 | 120 |
| Embodiment 3 | 135 |
| Embodiment 4 | 140 |
| Embodiment 5 | 142 |
| Reference examples 1 | 93.6 |
Result of the test shows: adopt the be hydrolyzed carboxyl-content on surface of regenerated particles of Processing of Preparation of alkaline solution high; The regenerated particles degree of surface activation is high; Carboxyl is a hydrophilic radical; The carboxyl-content height shows the active big of wood shavings surface; Improved the hydrophily on regenerated particles surface; Regenerated particles reacts easily, and adhesion strength is high during gummed.Test Example 3 regenerated particles water vapor absorption tests
With embodiment 1-5; The regenerated particles of reference examples 1 preparation dries by the fire to over dry in 105 ℃ baking oven; Take by weighing the sample of heavily about 1g (over dry) respectively; In the stainless steel tube of the centrifuge (Beijing Medical Centrifugal Machine Factory) of the LD4-A model of respectively sample being packed into then; The 100 purpose stainless (steel) wires that the useful screw of one end of stainless steel tube is fixing; The other end of stainless steel tube covers layer of plastic film; Stainless steel tube is put into the 500ml beaker that distilled water is housed soak taking-up at once in 1 minute; The net end is put into centrifuge tube down; Place centrifuge; Under the rotating speed of 3000r/min centrifugal 5 minutes; Take out centrifugal appearance; Weigh immediately centrifugal wood shavings weight in wet base; At last centrifugal wood shavings are put into 105 ℃ baking oven and dried by the fire to over dry and weigh, it is heavy to obtain centrifugal wood shavings over dry, calculates the regenerated particles hygroscopicity value according to following formula.
Water absorption (WRV) %=(a-b) * 100/b
A in the formula: the weight in wet base b of centrifugal wood shavings: centrifugal wood shavings over dry is heavy
Regenerated particles water absorption test result is seen than shown in the table 3.
Table 3 regenerated particles water vapor absorption test result
| Water absorption (g/100g) | |
| Embodiment 1 | 128 |
| Embodiment 2 | 105 |
| Embodiment 3 | 113 |
| Embodiment 4 | 115 |
| Embodiment 5 | 117 |
| Reference examples 1 | 72.33 |
Result of the test shows:
1, adopts the water imbibition height of the regenerated particles of basic hydrolysis Processing of Preparation; Water absorption reaches 105-128g/100g; Illustrate that the basic hydrolysis processing has destroyed the adhesive on wood shavings surfaces; Come out in the wood shavings surface; The water absorption height shows that the exposure on wood shavings surface is many; The destruction that wood shavings surface glue-line is described is many more, increases the water absorbing properties on regenerated particles surface, has improved the hydrophily on regenerated particles surface.
2, adopt the water absorption of the regenerated particles of basic hydrolysis Processing of Preparation to be higher than to adopt the water absorption of the regenerated particles that hot water treatment makes; Illustrate that alkaline solution is high to the degradation capability of the glue-line on waste and old wood shavings surface; Destruction to glue-line is bigger, and the wood shavings surface that makes exposes many, and water imbibition is higher.
Claims (10)
1. a method for preparing regenerated particles is characterized in that waste and old particieboard is carried out basic hydrolysis to be handled, and processes wood shavings.
2. a method for preparing regenerated particles is characterized in that comprising following step in sequence: 1) waste and old particieboard is broken into the particieboard fragment; 2) the particieboard fragment is placed alkaline solution, heating is carried out basic hydrolysis and is handled; 3) filter, use water washing to be neutrality to flowing out liquid, process wood shavings through the particieboard fragment of basic hydrolysis.
3. method as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, said alkaline solution is selected a kind of in sodium hydroxide solution, potassium hydroxide solution, the sodium carbonate liquor.
4. like claim 2 or 3 described methods, the molar concentration that it is characterized in that said alkaline solution is 0.1-0.3mol/L.
5. method as claimed in claim 4, the molar concentration that it is characterized in that said alkaline solution is 0.1-0.2mol/L.
6. like claim 2 or 3 described methods, it is characterized in that the basic hydrolysis treatment temperature is 60-100 ℃, the processing time is 1-3h.
7. method as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that the basic hydrolysis treatment temperature is 100 ℃, and the processing time is 1-2h.
8. regenerated particles is characterized in that being prepared from according to method as described in arbitrary like claim 1-7.
9. a particieboard is characterized in that comprising new wood shavings and regenerated particles as claimed in claim 8.
10. particieboard as claimed in claim 9, the weight portion proportioning that it is characterized in that said new wood shavings and regenerated particles is 6-9: 1-4.
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| CN108162120A (en) * | 2017-12-07 | 2018-06-15 | 常州市日臣艺术装饰材料有限公司 | A kind of preparation method of formaldehydeless high strength moistureproof particieboard |
| CN108325998A (en) * | 2017-12-28 | 2018-07-27 | 北京林业大学 | A kind of Waste Wood-based Materials blending thermal cracking energy classified utilization method |
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| CN108325998A (en) * | 2017-12-28 | 2018-07-27 | 北京林业大学 | A kind of Waste Wood-based Materials blending thermal cracking energy classified utilization method |
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Application publication date: 20120208 |