CN102295983A - Production method for comprehensive utilization of microalgae - Google Patents
Production method for comprehensive utilization of microalgae Download PDFInfo
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- CN102295983A CN102295983A CN2011102046769A CN201110204676A CN102295983A CN 102295983 A CN102295983 A CN 102295983A CN 2011102046769 A CN2011102046769 A CN 2011102046769A CN 201110204676 A CN201110204676 A CN 201110204676A CN 102295983 A CN102295983 A CN 102295983A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a production method for comprehensive utilization of microalgae, comprising the steps of: subjecting microalgae to wall breaking by homogenization under room temperature and high pressure with a high pressure homogenizer; transferring the microalgae to an extraction kettle, extracting microalgal oil under stirring, and separating liquid phase and solid phase after centrifugation, washing the solid phase for 3 times, then adding the solid phase into a spray dryer for drying, thus obtaining microalga powder; adding the liquid phase and washing solutions of three times into an oil-water separator so as to separate oil phase and water phase, with the oil phase as the microalgal oil; subjecting the separated water phase to separation and purification, thus obtaining bioactive substances like microalga protein, microalga polysaccharide, and microalga liquid fertilizers. Characterized by less investment, simple operation and large scale utilization of microalgae, the method of the invention can produce semi-finished products of high added value like microalgal oil, EPA, DHA, microalga powder, microalga protein, microalga polysaccharide, and microalga liquid fertilizers.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to bionic technical field, invention relates to the method that a kind of little algae utilizes, and is specifically related to a kind of production method that fully utilizes oil-containing micro-algae, especially " DHA " supercritical extraction method of oil-containing micro-algae.
Background technology
Little algae is former at first crucial ocean of a class and living aquatic resources, be rich in various biologically active substances such as fat, protein, polysaccharide, astaxanthin, VITAMIN, mineral substance, chlorophyll, β-Hu Luobusu, and have that growth is fast, characteristics such as high, the orientable cultivation of output, adaptive faculty are strong, easy-regulating, the active substance that utilizes little algae to obtain high value has become one of focus of present various countries research.
Be divided into according to the little algae in source: from freshwater microalgae, the little algae of salty lake water, the little algae of seawater etc.; Be divided into according to the little algae of structure: spirulina, unicell green alga etc.Wherein, oil-containing micro-algae comprises: chrysophyceae, green alga, diatom, blue-green algae, red algae etc. are preferably and contain the high little algae of fat, as grape algae, chlorella, Isochrysis galbana 3011, pavlova viridis etc.
The contained unsaturated fatty acids of little algae fat (oil) is not only the important component of higher animal cell, and cardiovascular disorder there are special prevention and result of treatment, has arteriosclerosis, reducing blood-fat, suppress hematoblastic cohesion, bring high blood pressure down, anti-inflammatory, adjusting immunity function, anti-allergic, antitumorly press down effect such as cancer, wherein particularly outstanding with timnodonic acid (EPA) and docosahexenoic acid (DHA).
Little algae albumen is a kind of important physical active substance, can remove interior free yl, and delaying human body caducity improves body immunity, promotes animal erythrocyte generation etc., can be used as a kind of medicine resource that has very much exploitation to be worth.Little algae albumen has photosensitivity, and prepared photosensitizers has sizable lethality to tumour cell after purifying, modifying, and nontoxic, side effect, and therefore, little algae albumen is a kind of raw material of very important photo-dynamical medicine.Little algae albumen can also be applied to industry such as food, makeup, dyestuff as natural element; The quality protein additive that can be used as food again, the protein in the nutrient fortified food; Also can be made into fluorescent reagent, be used for research fields such as clinical diagnose and immunochemistry.At present, little algae albumen is used morely in light industry such as food, makeup, at aspects such as medical diagnosis, biotechnology more wide application prospect is arranged.
That little polysaccharides has is antitumor, antiviral, Antiradiation injury, anti-mutation, anti-ageing, anticoagulation, reducing blood-fat and regulate physiological function widely such as immunity of organisms, can remove active oxygen radical, improve cell immune function of human body and liquid immunologic function, regulating the organism physiology metabolism, strengthen the resistance of human body aspect and have unique effect, and energy anticancer DNA's is synthetic, resist the propagation of cancer cells, alleviating the caused genetic damage of radiation etc., is the rare important component of health medicine and functional food.
Though little algae has multiple utility value, but present utilization to little algae often is confined to utilization in a certain respect, as the unsaturated fatty acids that only extracts little algae as health material, or only extract little algae albumen as food color, or extract little algae liquid as foliage fertilizer or the like, and the technology that high-tech fully utilizes little algae seldom, thisly utilizes method to cause waste to a great extent to the part of defending algae.In addition, the present little algae that utilizes mainly concentrates on spirulina, chlorella, and the method for utilizing mostly is the laboratory study achievement greatly.In fact, the various compositions of little algae can obtain utilizing, but scale utilizes the production method of little algae and processing unit thereof very limited.
Supercritical fluid extraction (supercritical fluid extraction is called for short SFE).
One, supercritical CO
2The principle of fluid extraction (SFE) sepn process is to utilize the dissolving power of supercutical fluid and the relation of its density, promptly utilizes pressure and temperature that the influence of supercutical fluid dissolving power is carried out.Under supercritical state, supercutical fluid is contacted with material to be separated, it is extracted the composition of polarity size, boiling point height and molecular weight size selectively successively.Certainly, the resulting extract of corresponding each pressure range can not be single, but the mixing element that can control condition obtains optimum proportion, method by decompression, intensification makes supercutical fluid become common gases then, being extracted material then separates out fully or substantially, separate the purpose of purifying thereby reach, so supercritical CO
2The fluid extraction process is combined by extraction and sepn process.
Two, the characteristics of supercritical fluid extraction
1, supercritical extraction can be near room temperature (35～40 ℃) and CO
2Extract under gas shrouds, prevented the oxidation and the loss of heat-sensitive substance effectively.Therefore, in extract, keeping the effective constituent of medicinal plant, and can under far below its boiling temperature, extract high boiling point, low volatility, easy pyrolytic material.
2, using SFE is the cleanest extracting method, because whole process is without organic solvent, so the vehicle substance of the exhausted noresidue of extract, thereby prevented the existence of harmful thing in the leaching process and to the pollution of environment, has guaranteed 100% pure natural property.
3, extraction unites two into one with separating, as the CO of saturated solute
2When fluid enters separator, because the decline or the variation of temperature of pressure, make CO
2Become two-phase (gas-liquid separation) rapidly with extract and separate immediately, not only Cui Qu efficient height but also energy consumption is less, has improved production efficiency and has also reduced expense cost.
4, CO
2Be a kind of inactive gas, chemical reaction do not take place in the extraction process, and belong to non-flammable gases, tasteless, odorless, nontoxic, security is very good.
5, CO
2Gas price is cheap, and the purity height is produced easily, and can recirculation use aborning, thereby has reduced cost effectively.
6, pressure and temperature can become the parameter of regulating extraction process, and by changing the purpose that temperature and pressure reaches extraction, pressure fixing can be come separating substances too by changing temperature; Otherwise, temperature is fixed, by reducing pressure extract is separated, so the simple grasp easily of technology, and the speed of extraction is fast.
Three, supercritical CO
2The application of abstraction technique
Supercritical CO
2The characteristics of extraction have determined its range of application very wide.As in medicine industry, can be used for the extraction of herbal medicine effective ingredient, making with extra care of thermo-sensitivity biological medicine reaches the separation of lipid mixture; In foodstuffs industry, the extraction of hops, the extraction of pigment etc.; In perfume industry, natural and synthetic perfume refining; Separation of mixture etc. in the chemical industry.Concrete application can be divided into the following aspects:
1, extract bioactive molecules from medicinal plant, alkaloid extracts and separates.
2,, or be used for lipoid lipid and reclaim from the lipoid lipid of different microorganisms, or from join sugar and protein removal lipoid lipid.
3, from various plants, extract cancer-resisting substance, particularly from bark of Ramulus et folium taxi cuspidatae and branches and leaves, obtain the anti-curing cancers of taxol.
4, VITAMIN mainly is the extraction of vitamin-E.
5, various active substances (natural or synthetic) are purified, removing does not need molecule (such as remove sterilant from vegetable extract) or " slag thing " to obtain refined product.
6, to the processing of various natural antibacterials or anti-oxidant extract,, Thymus vulgaris red, garlic, onion, Phytoconcentrol Chamomile, red chilly powder, Radix Glycyrrhizae and aniseed etc. as sweet basil, string.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to, a kind of production method that fully utilizes oil-containing micro-algae is provided, to overcome the existing above-mentioned shortcoming and defect of production method that existing little algae utilizes.
The objective of the invention is to overcome and utilize the low deficiency of little algae production efficiency at present, develop a kind of less investment, simple to operate, the energy scale is utilized the production method of little algae, particularly at the oil-containing micro-algae of paying close attention to for the solution oil crisis.
The technical problem that will solve required for the present invention can be achieved through the following technical solutions:
A kind of production method that fully utilizes oil-containing micro-algae may further comprise the steps:
(1) little algae is cultivated, gathers, use high pressure homogenizer under room temperature, high pressure, little algae homogeneous broken wall;
In the step (1), described little algae 1 comprises chrysophyceae, green alga, diatom, blue-green algae, red algae.Further, described little algae is to contain the high little algae of fat, as grape algae, chlorella, Isochrysis galbana 3011, pavlova viridis.
In the step (1), described little algae 1 water ratio is 80%-92% according to weight percent.
In the step (1), described room temperature is 18～28 ℃, uses high pressure homogenizer, with the homogenization pressure of 20-40MPa with little algae homogeneous 1-3 time, the above microalgae wall breaking of homogeneous to 90%.
(2) material behind the microalgae wall breaking enters extraction kettle, and adds extraction agent, the little algae oil of extraction under whipped state, and the material after the extraction is isolated liquid phase and solid phase through after centrifugal, and solid phase is through 3 washings, is added to carry out drying in the spray-dryer and make microalgae powder; The microalgae powder of dry back gained can be processed into little algae fertilizer or feed, or the raw material of as fertilizer sources and feed;
In the step (2), the material of extraction and the weight ratio of extraction agent are 1: 0.2-0.5, and extraction temperature is made as 60-80 ℃, and the extraction time was made as 2-5 hour; Described extraction agent is a fatty acid methyl ester.
In extracting operation, parameters such as extraction agent consumption, temperature, time are remarkable to the yield influence of little algae oil.
In the step (2), described centrifugal employing horizontal spiral centrifuge, the rotating speed of described horizontal spiral centrifuge is 6800-7800rpm.
(3) because the residue behind the microalgae wall breaking only is several microns, and the liquid-solid ratio method of double differences is again little, the isolated solid phase of step (2) is after 3 washings; The isolated liquid phase of step (2) and 3 water lotions are added in the lump are separated into oil phase and water in the water-and-oil separator, oil phase is little algae oil;
In the step (3), described little algae oil is as the stock oil of production biofuel, EPA and DHA.
(4) after the isolated water of step (3) concentrates through the vacuum concentration still, enter the still of saltouing, add salt,, isolate liquid phase and solid phase through the high speed centrifugation filter;
Described solid phase is isolated little algae albumen through lyophilizer;
In the step (4), described salt is ammonium sulfate.
In the step (4), the rotating speed of described high speed centrifugation filter is 8000-9200rpm.
(5) liquid phase with step (4) preparation is transferred to the alcohol precipitation still, adds pure liquid, through the high speed centrifugation filter, isolates liquid phase and solid phase;
Described liquid phase obtains little algae liquid fertilizer through the ethanol recovery tower, reclaims ethanol;
In the step (5), described pure liquid is ethanol.
In the step (5), the rotating speed of described high speed centrifugation filter is 7800-8800rpm.
(6) solid phase with step (6) preparation prepares little polysaccharides through lyophilizer.
Can extract biologically active substances such as little algae albumen, little polysaccharides, little algae liquid fertilizer at aqueous phase.
Beneficial effect of the present invention:
Owing to adopted technique scheme, the present invention has less investment, and is simple to operate, and the energy scale is utilized the production method of little algae.
The present invention can produce high added value work in-process such as little algae oil, EPA, DHA, microalgae powder, little algae albumen, little polysaccharides, little algae liquid fertilizer.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is technological process of production figure of the present invention.
Fig. 2 pressure is to the influence of percentage extraction.
Description of drawings:
Little algae 1, the equal filter 100 of high pressure, extraction kettle 200, fatty acid methyl ester 210, horizontal spiral centrifuge 300, liquid phase 320, solid phase 330,3 water lotions 340, spray-dryer 400, water-and-oil separator 500, microalgae powder 2, water 520, little algae oil 3, vacuum concentration still 600, the still 700 of saltouing, ammonium sulfate 710, high speed centrifugation filter 800, liquid phase 820, solid phase 830, lyophilizer 900, little algae albumen 4, alcohol precipitation still 1000, industrial alcohol 1010, high speed centrifugation filter 1100, liquid phase 1120, solid phase 1130, ethanol recovery tower 1200, ethanol 1230, little algae liquid fertilizer 5, lyophilizer 1300, little polysaccharides 6.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, the invention will be further described.Should be understood that following examples only are used to the present invention is described but not are used to limit scope of the present invention.
The experimental technique of unreceipted actual conditions in the following example carries out according to the condition that normal condition or manufacturer provide usually.Among the embodiment, adopt weight ratio to calculate.
Little algae described in the present invention comprises from freshwater microalgae, the little algae of salty lake water, the little algae of seawater etc., classification is chrysophyceae, green alga, diatom, blue-green algae, red algae etc., be preferably and contain the high little algae of fat, as grape algae, chlorella, Isochrysis galbana 3011, pavlova viridis etc., the local collection that derive from that Guangdong biotechnology company limited of profit section buys or gather in specialty marine site, Shantou, Guangdong.This slightly algae 1 be rich in various biologically active substances such as little algae oil 3, little algae albumen 4 and little polysaccharides 6, but these materials belong to intracellular organic matter, need broken microalgae cell cell walls, cytolemma, intracellular organic matter is discharged with the dissolved state, and keep its activity.The cytoclasis degree is high more, and the yield of intracellular organic matter is also high more.Different method of cell disruption extraction effect differences.
As shown in Figure 1, the present invention is a raw material with little algae 1, extraction agent (fatty acid methyl ester 210), salt (ammonium sulfate 710), the conventional solvent of pure liquid (industrial alcohol 1010) have been adopted, also has the equal filter 100 of high pressure, extraction kettle 200, horizontal spiral centrifuge 300, spray-dryer 400, water-and-oil separator 500, vacuum concentration still 600, the still 700 of saltouing, high speed centrifugation filter 800, lyophilizer 900, alcohol precipitation still 1000, high speed centrifugation filter 1100, ethanol recovery tower 1200, lyophilizer 1300.
Wherein, high speed centrifugation filter 800 and high speed centrifugation filter 1100 can adopt same equipment.
Wherein, lyophilizer 900 and lyophilizer 1300 can adopt same equipment.
Principle of the present invention:
Residue behind the microalgae wall breaking only is several microns, the liquid-solid ratio method of double differences is again little, and its isolated solid phase is added to and carries out drying in the spray-dryer and make microalgae powder after 3 washings, the microalgae powder of dry back gained can be processed into little algae fertilizer or feed, or the raw material of as fertilizer sources and feed.Isolated liquid phase and 3 water lotions are added in the lump and are separated into oil phase and water in the water-and-oil separator, and oil phase is little algae oil, as the stock oil of production biofuel or therefrom extract the unsaturated fatty acids EPA and the DHA of high added value; And water can extract biologically active substances such as little algae albumen, little polysaccharides, little algae liquid fertilizer in following operation.
Embodiment 1
As shown in Figure 1, the little algae 1 (pavlova viridis) after getting 1000KG and gathering, water ratio is 90%, with high pressure homogenizer 100 under the room temperature (20 ℃) with the homogenization pressure homogeneous of 20MPa 1 time after, reach the microalgae wall breaking rate more than 95%.This method sporoderm-broken rate height, its production unit is simple, can be mass-produced, and production cost is low, and the cycle is shorter.
Material behind little algae 1 broken wall enters 2m
3Extraction kettle 200, and add 300KG extraction agent (lipid acid methyl alcohol 210), the little algae oil of extraction under whipped state.Parameters such as extraction agent consumption, temperature, time are remarkable to the yield influence of little algae oil.In extracting operation, extraction temperature is 70 ℃, and the extraction time is 4 hours.Material is made as 1 with the ratio of extraction agent: 0.2-0.5.
Because the residue behind the microalgae wall breaking only is several microns, the liquid-solid ratio method of double differences is again little, and it is 7500rpm that the material after the extraction adopts horizontal spiral centrifuge 300 rotating speeds, carry out liquid-solid separation, isolated solid phase 330 is added to and carries out drying in the spray-drier 400 after 3 washings, obtains 16KG microalgae powder 2.The microalgae powder 2 of dry back gained can be processed into little algae fertilizer or feed, or the raw material of as fertilizer sources and feed.
Isolated liquid phase 320 and 3 water lotions 340 are added in the lump and are divided into oil phase and water 520 in the water-and-oil separator 500, the little algae oil 3 of 348KG of isolating oil phase and being, little algae oil 3 perhaps extracts the unsaturated fatty acids EPA and the DHA of high added value as the raw material of production as the production biofuel from little algae oil 3.
After the isolated waters 520 of water-and-oil separator 500 are concentrated through vacuum concentration stills 600, entering the still 700 of saltouing, add salt (ammonium sulfate 710), is 8700rpm through high speed centrifugation filter 800 rotating speeds, isolates liquid phase 820 and solid phase 830.
High speed centrifugation filter 800 isolated solid phases 830 are isolated little algae albumen 5 through lyophilizer 900.
The liquid phase 820 of high speed centrifugation filter 800 preparations being transferred to alcohol precipitation still 1000, adding pure liquid (industrial alcohol 1010), is 8600rpm through high speed centrifugation filter 1100 rotating speeds, isolates liquid phase 1120 and solid phase 1130.
High speed centrifugation filter 1100 isolated liquid phases 1120 obtain little algae liquid fertilizer 5 through ethanol recovery tower 1200, and reclaim ethanol 1230.
High speed centrifugation filter 1100 isolated solid phases 1130 prepare little polysaccharides 6 through lyophilizer 1300.
Supercritical fluid extraction, pressure and temperature is an important parameter of regulating extraction process, can be directly connected to extracting power and efficient, present method adopts basic room temperature to pay attention to regulating control pressure, to play effect extremely important and that be convenient to control for normal scale production, temperature will be fixed, and extract be separated by control pressure, therefore technology is simple grasps easily, and the speed of extraction is fast.For high-end technology practice use lays a good foundation.
Please see Figure 2 experimental datas: at ambient temperature, with the homogenization pressure of 20MPa, microalgae wall breaking is effective, the percentage extraction height, and during with the homogenization pressure of 15～25MP, percentage extraction is more than 95%.
Overcritical circulation extraction, the extraction religion that is used for little algae is few, be mostly drop into bigger, strict, the technology instability, practice is controlled inconvenient, the production capacity instability, the present invention has acted on equipment and has dropped into economy conveniently, and equipment performance is stable, control law is strong, easy to operate, product yield height, manufacturing enterprise's economical efficiency obviously promotes, maximum characteristics of the present invention that Here it is reduce:
1. equipment is rationally easy-to-use easily makes.
2. production capacity is stablized the yield height.
3. equipment maintenance is convenient.
4. training on operation is effective, and operation is stable to be grasped.
In sum, the present invention has economical and practical being convenient to of equipment and develops, and production efficiency improves easy to operate, and extracting power improves, significant product yield height, and economical efficiency obviously improves, the stable advantage flexibly of controlling of equipment.
More than show and described ultimate principle of the present invention, principal character and advantage of the present invention.The technician of the industry should understand; the present invention is not restricted to the described embodiments; that describes in the foregoing description and the specification sheets just illustrates principle of the present invention; the present invention also has various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, and these changes and improvements all fall in the claimed scope of the invention.The claimed scope of the present invention is defined by appending claims and equivalent thereof.
Claims (11)
1. production method that fully utilizes oil-containing micro-algae may further comprise the steps:
(1) little algae is cultivated, gathers, use high pressure homogenizer under room temperature, high pressure, little algae homogeneous broken wall;
(2) material behind the microalgae wall breaking enters extraction kettle, and adds extraction agent, the little algae oil of extraction under whipped state, and the material after the extraction is isolated liquid phase and solid phase through after centrifugal, and solid phase is through 3 washings, is added to carry out drying in the spray-dryer and make microalgae powder;
(3) the isolated liquid phase of step (2) and 3 water lotions are added in the lump are separated into oil phase and water in the water-and-oil separator, oil phase is little algae oil;
(4) after the isolated water of step (3) concentrates through the vacuum concentration still, enter the still of saltouing, add salt,, isolate liquid phase and solid phase through the high speed centrifugation filter;
Described solid phase is isolated little algae albumen through lyophilizer;
(5) liquid phase with step (4) preparation is transferred to the alcohol precipitation still, adds pure liquid, through the high speed centrifugation filter, isolates liquid phase and solid phase;
Described liquid phase obtains little algae liquid fertilizer through the ethanol recovery tower, reclaims ethanol;
(6) solid phase with step (6) preparation prepares little polysaccharides through lyophilizer.
2. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, in the step (1), described little algae 1 comprises: chrysophyceae, green alga, diatom, blue-green algae, red algae.Further, described little algae is to contain the high little algae of fat, as grape algae, chlorella, Isochrysis galbana 3011, pavlova viridis.
3. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, in the step (1), described little algae 1 water ratio is 80%-92% according to weight percent.
4. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, in the step (1), described room temperature is 18～28 ℃, uses high pressure homogenizer, with the homogenization pressure of 20-40MPa with little algae homogeneous 1-3 time, the above microalgae wall breaking of homogeneous to 90%.
5. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, in the step (2), the weight ratio of described material and extraction agent is 1: 0.2-0.5, and extraction temperature is made as 60-80 ℃, and the extraction time was made as 2-5 hour; Described extraction agent is a fatty acid methyl ester.
6. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, in the step (2), and described centrifugal employing horizontal spiral centrifuge, the rotating speed of described horizontal spiral centrifuge is 6800-7800rpm.
7. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described little algae oil is as the stock oil of production biofuel, EPA and DHA.
8. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, in the step (4), described salt is ammonium sulfate.
9. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, in the step (4), the rotating speed of described high speed centrifugation filter is 8000-9200rpm.
10. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, in the step (5), described pure liquid is ethanol.
11. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, in the step (5), the rotating speed of described high speed centrifugation filter is 7800-8800rpm.
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| WO2013107248A1 (en) * | 2012-01-20 | 2013-07-25 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | Method of microalgae cultivation and parallel bio-oil production |
| CN103304626A (en) * | 2013-06-20 | 2013-09-18 | 中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所 | Method for extracting blue-green algae extracellular polymeric substance in grading manner |
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| CN104560375A (en) * | 2013-10-22 | 2015-04-29 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Extracting method of microalgal oil |
| CN104560357A (en) * | 2014-12-10 | 2015-04-29 | 中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所 | Method for synchronously extracting microalgal oil and microalgal polysaccharide |
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| CN106701310A (en) * | 2016-12-05 | 2017-05-24 | 华南理工大学 | Comprehensive utilization method of green algae biomass resources |
| CN108003250A (en) * | 2017-10-31 | 2018-05-08 | 海盐县凌特生物科技有限公司 | A kind of method from diatom extraction polysaccharide compound |
| CN109022284A (en) * | 2018-09-03 | 2018-12-18 | 杭州园泰生物科技有限公司 | The method for improving Isochrysis galbana biomass and DHA yield |
| CN109022523A (en) * | 2018-09-06 | 2018-12-18 | 杭州园泰生物科技有限公司 | The technique of DHA algal oil and algae albumen is extracted from Isochrysis galbana |
| CN111333447A (en) * | 2020-03-10 | 2020-06-26 | 厦门汇盛生物有限公司 | Natural compound foliar fertilizer and preparation method thereof |
| CN113769437A (en) * | 2021-10-22 | 2021-12-10 | 武汉轻工大学 | Method for rapidly extracting high-quality bioactive components from microalgae cells and application thereof |
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