CN102263427A - 储能器装置 - Google Patents

储能器装置 Download PDF

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CN102263427A
CN102263427A CN201110141378XA CN201110141378A CN102263427A CN 102263427 A CN102263427 A CN 102263427A CN 201110141378X A CN201110141378X A CN 201110141378XA CN 201110141378 A CN201110141378 A CN 201110141378A CN 102263427 A CN102263427 A CN 102263427A
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吕迪格·克勒费尔
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
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    • B60L58/12Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
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    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H01G11/00Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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    • H01G9/00Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G9/26Structural combinations of electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices with each other
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H02J7/0016Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries using shunting, discharge or bypass circuits
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/545Temperature
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
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    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/345Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering using capacitors as storage or buffering devices
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种储能器装置(2),具有至少两个电串联的存储模块(41,…,4m),存储模块分别具有多个电串联的存储单元(61,…,6n),其中每个存储模块(41,…,4m)的每个存储单元(61,…,6n)电并联于可接通的电感的平衡元件,借助于平衡元件由每个存储模块(41,…,4m)的单个存储单元(61,…,6n)通过设计适合的磁路(181,…,18m)可以将能量或电荷转移到同一个存储模块(41,…,4m)的另外的存储单元中。根据本发明,功率电阻(241,…,24m)和模块开关(261,…,26m)的串联电路电并联于每个存储模块的存储单元的串联电路。因此获得了紧凑并且小投入的储能器装置(2),这是因为不再需要高压线(20,22),并且其损耗功率可以简单地由每个存储模块中引出。

Description

储能器装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种储能器装置,具有至少两个电串联的存储模块,这些存储模块分别具有多个电串联的存储单元。
背景技术
这样的存储模块具有作为存储单元的蓄电池单元或双层电容器。蓄电池和双层电容器是可重复充电的电荷存储器,其在充电状态中可以提供用于负载的电功率。在其中提供了这种功率的电压取决于电荷存储器的类型。在锂离子蓄电池中该电压处于大约3.3V的范围中,并且在双层电容器中该电压大约为2.5V。为了供给负载,需要更高的供电电压,已知的是,将多个存储单元串联成存储单元装置。由这样的存储单元装置提供的供电电压在此相应于串联的存储单元的单个单元电压的总和。
由于不可避免的电容公差,在串联的存储单元充电时出现的是,存储单元装置的存储单元的电压不同,该存储单元装置在下面称为存储模块。为了能够优化地充分利用存储模块的存储单元的用于存储能量的性能,必须通过电荷平衡实现存储模块的存储单元的均匀的、也称为对称的电压分布。
当在电驱动装置、例如混合动力车辆中应用时,供电电压超过存储模块的电压。取决于所需要的、显著地高于存储模块的电压的供电电压,多个存储模块必须电串联。这同样适合于例如在有轨电车中的高压装置。在这样的应用中特别电串联了多个存储模块,其中每个存储模块具有多个电串联的存储单元。在这样的由m个存储模块构成的储能器装置中,除了m个存储模块中的每个存储模块的n个存储单元的平衡之外也需要m个存储模块相互之间的平衡。
对于储能器装置的每个存储模块的存储单元的平衡来说存在两类方法、亦即消耗性的方法和可再生的方法。在消耗性的方法中使存储模块的存储单元放电,这由此实现,将其所存储的一部分电荷例如在欧姆电阻中转化为热能。在可再生的方法中,存储模块的单个存储单元的剩余能量或电荷再分布到该存储模块的其它存储单元上。消耗性的方法例如由“Lithium Ion Battery Monitoring System AD7280”,模拟装置,2008或由“Multicell Battery Stack Monitor LTC6802-1”,线性技术,2009所公开。
借助于这种消耗性的方法也可以使得储能器装置的多个存储模块相互之间实现平衡,这由此实现,这样使整个模块放电,即在其全部n个存储单元上同时将所存储的能量转化为热能。在此不利的是高度积累的热功率,将这种热功率从单个存储模块中引出是存在问题的。
可再生的方法再一次划分为:电感的方法,其例如由“PowerLANTMDual-Cell Li-Ion Battery Monitor With PowerPumpTM Cell Balancing”,TexasInstruments,2009,或由DE 102008021090 A1所公开;和电容的方法,其例如由EPE-公开文件,Barcelona 2009,标题为“Analysis and Improvementsof Novel Voltage Balancer for an Electric Double Layer Capacitor Employinga CW Circuit”所公开。一个储能器装置的m个存储模块相互之间的平衡在可再生的方法中仅仅当在m个存储模块与储能器装置的接口之间应用了附加的高压电缆时才是可能的,这意味着巨大的附加费用。
发明内容
现在本发明的目的在于,这样地改进一种具有多个存储模块的储能器装置,即在应用电感的可再生的平衡-方法时不再需要附加的高压电缆。
该目的利用根据权利要求1所述的储能器装置的根据本发明的设计方案来实现。
按照储能器装置的相对于已知装置的根据本发明的设计方案,每个存储模块的电感的模块-存储元件电并联于其存储单元的串联电路并且每个存储模块具有功率电阻和模块开关的串联电路,其中这种串联电路分别电并联于存储模块的存储单元的串联电路。借助于这种功率电阻可以分别使储能器装置的存储模块整体放电,由此在多个步骤中使得储能器装置的存储模块实现平衡。因此使得储能器装置的存储模块相互之间实现平衡,而不必借助于高压电缆使得该存储模块与储能器装置的接口相连接。每个存储模块的出现的损耗热能随后分别积累在其功率电阻上,从那里出发可以将其简单地引出。
根据本发明的储能器装置的有利的设计方案在从属权利要求中给出。
附图说明
为了进一步加以说明而参考附图,在附图中示意性示出了根据本发明的储能器装置的一个实施方式。
图1示出了一种具有多个存储模块的储能器装置的原理图,
图2中示出了一种储能器装置的两个存储模块的已知消耗性的平衡,其中
图3中示出了一种储能器装置的两个存储模块的已知可再生的电感平衡,
图4示出了一种根据本发明的储能器装置的原理图,和
图5中详细示出了根据图4的储能器装置的存储模块,带有其热流。
具体实施方式
用于高压应用的储能器装置2示意性地在图1中详细示出。根据图1,该储能器装置2具有m个存储模块41至4m,这些存储模块电串联。每个存储模块41,...,4m具有多个单元61至6n的一个串联电路。存储模块41和存储模块4m的接口分别形成了储能器装置2的接口8和10。电压U、特别是充电电压施加在该接口上,由此充电电流I流入储能器装置2中。该电压U可以以振幅方式相应于混合动力车辆或有轨电车的牵引转换器的中间电路电压。该电压可以为几百V至几千V。例如在存储电压U是820V时,八个存储模块41,...,48分别和四十八个电串联的存储单元61...,648相连接形成储能器装置2。如果这样的储能器装置2与有轨电车的牵引转换器的中间电路相连接,则特别有利的是,即双层电容器分别用作存储单元61,...,648。双层电容器因此在牵引驱动装置中是优选的,这是因为其可以吸收或发出较大的电功率。反之,蓄电池可以基于其体积和重量而存储大量能量,但仅仅相对缓慢地吸收或发出这些能量。出于这个原因,一般取决于特殊的应用选择存储模块的类型。
由于一个储能器装置2的m个存储模块41至4m的存储单元61至6n的电容量公差不可避免,在m个存储模块41至4m的n个电串联的存储单元61至6n充电时出现了储能器装置2的各一个存储模块41至4m的和进而也是m个存储模块41至4m的n个存储单元61至6n的不同的电压。为了能够优化地充分利用m个存储模块41至4m的n个存储单元61至6n的性能以用于储能,必须通过电荷平衡实现储能器装置2的n个存储单元61至6n的均匀的电压分布和m个存储模块41至4m的均匀的电压分布,该均匀的电压分布也称为对称的电压分布。
根据图2和3的显示应分别说明了一个已知的平衡方法。在这两个附图2和3中出于简明的原因由根据图1的储能器装置2仅仅示出了两个存储模块41和42。在图2中,存储模块41和42的每个存储单元61至6n电并联于一个串联电路,该串联电路分别具有一个单元电阻121至12n和一个单元开关141至14n。这些单元电阻121至12n也称为平衡电阻。作为单元开关141至14n分别应用了可切断的半导体开关、特别是场控晶体管。储能器装置2的存储模块42的单元开关141至14n闭合。由此使该存储模块42的存储单元61至6n放电,以便实现两个模块电压U1和U2的平衡。为了能够探测该模块电压U1和U2,将两个存储模块42和41的连接点作为接口16向外引导。当使存储模块42的存储单元61至6n以预定的值放电之后,则重新断开已经闭合的单元开关141至14n。由此继续进行充电过程。根据图1的储能器装置2的一个或多个存储模块41至4m的暂时的放电这样长地一直重复,直到其模块电压U1至Um几乎彼此相等为止。如果不同时闭合所有的单元开关141至14n,则可以根据这种方法也使得存储模块41至4m的存储单元61至6n相互之间实现平衡。
这种已知的平衡装置的缺点在于,即存储的能量在单元电阻121至12n上转化为损耗热能,该损耗热能必须从那里分别由这种储能器装置2的存储模块41至4m中引出。
在图3中同样也由根据图1的储能器装置2仅仅示出了两个存储模块41和42,根据其应该说明了另一种已知的平衡方法、亦即可再生的电感的方法。在这种装置中,存储模块41或42的每个存储单元61至6n也具有一个单元开关141至14n,其和电感的单元-存储元件一起分别电并联于存储单元61至6n。在每个存储模块41和42中,至少一个电感的模块-存储元件电并联于存储模块41和42的串联电路,该模块-存储元件分别借助于一个耦合元件与n个存储单元61至6n的电感的单元-存储元件磁性地耦合。
该电感的单元-存储元件、电感的模块-存储元件和每个存储模块41或42的耦合元件在根据图3的显示中组合成为电感的存储装置181或182。这种电感的存储装置181和182由于其功能也称为平衡装置,电感的存储装置可以具有多个单元-变压器或单元-传送器或一个带有多个次级绕组的模块-变压器。多个单元-变压器或一个模块-变压器和单元开关141至14n共同地例如构成了多个逆向变换器电路。多个单元-变压器的电并联的初级绕组或模块-变压器的初级绕组电连接于储能器装置2的存储模块42和41的接口10和8,其中多个变压器或单个变压器的次级绕组可电并联于存储模块41或42的各一个存储单元61至6n
为了使得充电状态实现平衡,在例如单元存储器62的情况下在存储模块41或42的第一种工作状态中从具有单个单元存储器61至6n的串联电路的各一个存储模块41和42中获取能量。所属的单元开关142闭合。这种获取的能量存储在电感的平衡装置182的磁路中。单元开关14n在存储模块41中闭合,因此在单元存储器6n中获取能量并且存储在电感的平衡装置181的磁路中。在第二种工作状态中,将存储在磁路中的能量传输到存储模块42或41的电感的存储装置182或181的所有次级绕组上并且通过这种次级绕组馈送到存储模块41或42的单个单元存储器61至6n中。由此使得储能器装置2的各一个存储模块41和42的单个单元存储器61至6n的充电状态实现平衡。通过连接线20和22将两个存储模块41和42的两个电感的平衡装置181和182的两个初级绕组电并联。也就是说,储能器装置2的总的充电电压U分别存在于电感的平衡装置181或182的初级绕组上。由于存在于接口10和8上的电压较高,连接线20和22设计为高压线。在储能器装置2的这种实施方式中应用了可再生的电感的平衡方法,在这种实施方式中,除了寄生损耗外不再有能量转化为热能,该热能必须从根据图1的储能器装置2的单个存储模块41至4m中引出。为此,这种储能器装置2的存储模块41至4m必须和高压线20,22相连接。
除了这种电感的方法之外,已知了另外的可再生的电感的和电容的平衡方法,其需要平衡装置181和182的分别相应的实施方式。然而这些方法的共同之处在于,即为了实现存储模块41至4m的平衡而需要高压线20和22。在此所描述的电感的方法例如可代表另外的可再生的方法。
根据图4的根据本发明的储能器装置2和根据图3的储能器装置2的区别在于,即功率电阻241或242和模块开关261或262的串联电路分别电并联于各一个存储模块41,42的n个存储单元61至6n的串联电路。高压线20和22不再存在。通过功率电阻241或242和模块开关261或262的串联电路电并联于模块接口8,16或16,10,通过使具有高电压的存储模块41和42通过闭合所属的模块开关261或262在各自的模块内部的功率电阻241或242上放电来实现储能器装置2的存储模块41和42相互之间的平衡。通过这种消耗性的平衡,储能器装置2的m个存储模块41至4m相互之间实现平衡,反之各一个存储模块41至4m的n个存储单元61至6n可再生地实现平衡。通过借助于根据图1的储能器装置2的各一个存储模块41至4m的可接通的功率电阻241或242所实现的这种附加的消耗性的平衡,不再需要用于连接储能器装置2的存储模块41至4m的高压线20,22。由此不仅减少了安装费用,而且可以更紧凑地构造储能器装置2。
在储能器装置2的各一个功率电阻241,242...中产生的损耗热能必须从各个存储模块41,42...中向外引出。储能器装置2的各个存储模块41,42...具有一个模块-散热体281,282...,需要该模块-散热体用于对存储单元61至6n进行散热。根据图5中的存储模块41的图示,功率电阻241和该模块-散热体281,282...导热地连接。该存储模块41的存储单元61至6n同样也和该模块-散热体281导热地连接。产生的损耗热能借助于模块-散热体281从存储模块41中向外引导。这通过热流30表明。在根据图5的存储模块41的实施方式中,模块-散热体281设计为空气散热体。但也可以将流体-散热体或冷却板设计为模块-散热体281。储能器装置2的存储模块41至4m具有各一个冷却板作为模块-散热体281至28m,这些存储模块可以共同地安装在混合动力车辆或有轨电车的牵引转换器的散热体上。
由于存储模块41至4m的单元开关141至14n和模块开关261必须被彼此进行操作以用于实现在存储模块41至4m和储能器装置2的模块41至4m内部的电压平衡,因此在储能器装置2的各个存储模块41至4m中设有各一个模块控制装置321至32m。取决于测定的存储单元-电压和模块电压U1,U2,...,Um,对一个模块41至4m的n个单元开关141至14n和模块开关261,262,...,26m进行操作。单元电压分别是用于模块41至4m的存储单元61至6n的充电状态的尺度。
通过根据图1的储能器装置2的m个存储模块41至4m的根据本发明的设计方案,不仅使得该储能器装置2的m个存储模块41至4m中的每个存储模块的单独的n个存储单元61至6n的充电状态在充电过程结束时相互之间实现平衡,而且也使得该储能器装置2的存储模块41至4m的充电状态彼此之间实现平衡。在此不再需要用于从m个存储模块41至4m到储能器装置2的连接的高压线20和22。由此可以更紧凑地构造这样一种储能器装置2。此外可以在无需很大投入的情况下将现有的储能器装置2的损坏的和旧的存储模块41至4m替换为新的存储模块41至4m,这是因为储能器装置2的存储模块41至4m相互之间不再和高压线20和22连接。
将哪一个实施方式用于储能器装置2的m个存储模块41至4m的n个存储单元61至6n,取决于应该在何处应用该储能器装置2。当应用在混合动力车辆中时,应用了蓄电池单元、特别是锂离子电池,反之当应用在牵引驱动装置、例如有轨电车中时,双层电容器作为存储单元61至6n是优选的。蓄电池的优点在于,即可以存储并且输出这种大规模的能量。反之,双层电容器的优点在于,即可以吸收并且发出这种较大的电功率。例如在高压应用中,储能器装置2由于存在例如为820V的电压而由八个存储模块41至48组成,它们分别具有四十八个存储单元61至648。由于对于单个存储模块41至48和储能器装置2的接口10和8的连接不再需要高压线20,22,因此对于高压应用来说,具有根据本发明的存储模块41至4m的储能器装置2可以非常紧凑地无需很大投入地构造。

Claims (13)

1.一种储能器装置(2),具有至少两个电串联的存储模块(41,...,4m),所述存储模块分别具有多个电串联的存储单元(61,...,6n),其中每个存储模块(41,...,4m)的每个存储单元(61,...,6n)电并联于电感的单元-存储元件和单元开关(141,...,14n)的串联电路,其中至少一个电感的模块-存储元件电并联于每个存储模块(41,...,4m)的所述存储单元(61,...,6n)的串联电路,所述电感的模块-存储元件分别借助于耦合元件与电感的单元-存储元件磁性地耦合,其中功率电阻(241,...,24m)和模块开关(261,...,26m)的串联电路电并联于每个存储模块(41,...,4m)的存储单元(61,...,6n)的串联电路。
2.根据权利要求1所述的储能器装置(2),其特征在于,每个存储模块(41,...,4m)具有一个模块控制装置(321,...,32m),所述模块控制装置基于信号技术与所述单元开关的(141,...,14n)和所述模块开关(261,...,26m)的控制输入端连接。
3.根据权利要求1所述的储能器装置(2),其特征在于,分别对于一个存储模块(41,...,4m)的两个磁性耦合的电感的存储元件设有一个变压器。
4.根据权利要求1所述的储能器装置(2),其特征在于,对于一个存储模块(41,...,4m)的所有磁性耦合的电感的存储元件设有一个具有多个次级绕组和一个初级绕组的变压器。
5.根据权利要求1所述的储能器装置(2),其特征在于,可接通的扼流圈设置为电感的存储元件。
6.根据权利要求1所述的储能器装置(2),其特征在于,每个存储模块(41,...,4m)具有一个模块-散热体(281,...,28m),所述存储单元(61,...,6n)以及所述功率电阻(241,...,24m)与所述模块-散热体导热地连接。
7.根据权利要求1所述的储能器装置(2),其特征在于,设置有可切断的半导体开关作为单元开关(141,...,14n)。
8.根据权利要求1所述的储能器装置(2),其特征在于,设置有可切断的半导体开关作为模块开关(261,...,26m)。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的储能器装置(2),其特征在于,设置有蓄电池单元作为存储单元(61,...,6n)。
10.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的储能器装置(2),其特征在于,设置有双层电容器作为存储单元(61,...,6n)。
11.根据权利要求10所述的储能器装置(2),其特征在于,设置有锂离子电池作为蓄电池单元。
12.根据权利要求7或8所述的储能器装置(2),其特征在于,设置有晶体管作为可切断的半导体开关。
13.根据权利要求12所述的储能器装置(2),其特征在于,设置有场控晶体管作为晶体管。
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CN110691709B (zh) * 2017-06-08 2024-02-13 罗伯特·博世有限公司 用于运行电能存储系统的方法和设备以及具有该设备的电能存储系统和相应的用途

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EP2408086A3 (de) 2015-04-08
CN102263427B (zh) 2014-02-19
EP2408086B1 (de) 2016-11-16
DE102010029427A1 (de) 2011-12-01

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