CN102263230B - Lithium ion secondary battery anode material and preparation method - Google Patents
Lithium ion secondary battery anode material and preparation method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a lithium ion secondary battery anode material and a preparation method. The lithium ion secondary battery anode material adopts the unburned carbon of fuel fly ash as a carbon material. The invention also provides the preparation method for the lithium ion secondary battery anode material. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: grinding the unburned carbon in a ball mill, and performing heat treatment, wherein a temperature range required by the heat treatment is 2,000 to 3,200 DEG C; and preserving heat for a certain time, cooling the unburned carbon to room temperature, performing acid treatment by adopting acidic aqueous solution, and thus obtaining power which is unburned carbon graphite powder as the lithium ion secondary battery anode material. After kinds of analysis are performed on the unburned carbon graphite powder, the graphitizing grade and crystallinity of the unburned carbon graphite powder are increased, and the unburned carbon graphite powder with such a structure and such components has relatively higher capacity retentions, simultaneously meets the requirements of relatively lower cost and environmental friendliness and is proved to be sufficient to serve as the lithium ion secondary battery anode material.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of ion secondary battery cathode material lithium and preparation method thereof, relate in particular to a kind of unburned carbon with fuel oil (or coal-fired) flying dust as the ion secondary battery cathode material lithium of carbon material, and related manufacturing processes.
Background technology
So-called lithium rechargeable battery refers to can be for the lithium ion battery of charge and discharge, it is widely applied on Portable 3C electronic product, and along with progressing greatly day by day of Portable 3C electronic product, make the energy density of existing lithium rechargeable battery can not satisfy people's demand gradually, therefore lithium rechargeable battery material major technology all will need redevelopment, promote, comprise lighter volume, weight, and higher energy content of battery density etc., yet the cathode material lithium ion secondary cell of exploitation lower cost and environmental protection also will be very important problem.
At present as the existing a lot of kenels of the material with carbon element of lithium ion secondary battery negative pole (Anode) material: for example: native graphite, electrographite, carbon fiber and Jie surely mutually spherical carbon (Meso Carbon Micro Beads, MCMB), the ungraphitised carbon material of deriving from resin.Now, the general employed material with carbon element of commercialization then be native graphite, and it is a kind of low surface area, the closelypacked spherical carbon of height, and its tactical rule height is conducive to the embedding of lithium ion and disengages, so the little advantage of the irreversible electric current of first cycle-index is arranged.
And the mutually spherical carbon (MCMB) that is situated between surely is though have higher specific capacitance and some good architectural features in the secondary lithium battery negative material, but could produce graphitization owing to must be heated to more than 2800 ℃, need expensive graphitizing furnace equipment, and course of processing very complicated, thereby there is the too high shortcoming of production cost.
In addition, from business-like viewpoint, low environmental pollution, cheap price and can obtain a large amount of material with carbon elements are desirable carbon negative pole materials.Unburned carbon is the accessory substance of heavy oil combustion, reclaimed by dust arrester, and be the main component of fuel oil flying dust.From discarded object recycling viewpoint, from various discarded objects, reclaim material with carbon element and recycling in lithium ion battery negative material, more and more be much accounted of.And the unburned carbon of trade waste fuel oil flying dust is just meeting above-described condition.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve the defective that carbon material that existing many types of attitude material with carbon element exists as ion secondary battery cathode material lithium cost height, preparation method after graphitization are loaded down with trivial details, do not meet the environmental requirement that reduces carbon emission amount and resource recycling, the invention provides a kind of ion secondary battery cathode material lithium and preparation method thereof.
The present invention overcomes these defectives by the following technical programs:
A kind of ion secondary battery cathode material lithium, its composition are selected from one of them unburned carbon of a fuel oil flying dust and a burned-coal fly ash as the carbon material of ion secondary battery cathode material lithium.
Wherein, the acquisition of this unburned carbon carbon material comprises following steps: will be selected from earlier one of them unburned carbon of this fuel oil flying dust and this burned-coal fly ash carry out impregnation process, under room temperature stirring, isolated by filtration solid-liquid, repeatedly wash with distilled water again, to remove residual impregnating agent, can obtain after drying.
The present invention also provides a kind of preparation method of ion secondary battery cathode material lithium, this ion secondary battery cathode material lithium be unburned carbon with a fuel oil flying dust as the carbon material, it is characterized in that the preparation method of this unburned carbon carbon dust comprises the following steps:
1) with ball mill this unburned carbon is ground;
2) will grind unburned carbon later places a high temperature furnace to heat-treat; Feed a nitrogen therebetween as protective atmosphere in heat treatment; be warming up to required heat treatment temperature 2000-3200 ℃, and keep this temperature after a period of time, it is cooled to room temperature; after peracid treatment, namely obtain this unburned carbon carbon dust again, with as ion secondary battery cathode material lithium.
Wherein, the used acidic aqueous solution of this acid treatment is the nitric acid (HNO of 3-20M
3), sulfuric acid (H
2SO
4), hydrofluoric acid (HF), hydrochloric acid (HCl) or phosphoric acid (H
3PO
4) the aqueous solution.
Ion secondary battery cathode material lithium of the present invention adopts unburned carbon as the carbon material, by being handled, unburned carbon processing obtains the carbon dust of unburned carbon as ion secondary battery cathode material lithium, and used unburned carbon has higher capacitance conservation rate, meets lower cost and environmental protection requirement.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the preparation flow figure of unburned carbon carbon dust of the present invention;
Fig. 2 (a) grinds the configuration of surface of the sweep electron microscope analysis (SEM) of unburned carbon C1 for process;
Fig. 2 (b) is for grinding later the configuration of surface through the sweep electron microscope analysis (SEM) of peracid treatment unburned carbon C2;
Fig. 2 (c) is for grinding later the configuration of surface through the sweep electron microscope analysis (SEM) of 2500 ℃ of heat treatment unburned carbon G1;
Fig. 2 (d) is for grinding later the configuration of surface through the sweep electron microscope analysis (SEM) of 2500 ℃ of heat treatments and acid-treated unburned carbon G2;
Fig. 2 (e) is the configuration of surface of not passing through the sweep electron microscope analysis (SEM) of the unburned carbon F that grinds;
Fig. 3 is the X-ray diffraction diagram of unburned carbon C1, C2, G1, G2;
Fig. 4 is Raman spectrum analysis (Raman) figure of unburned carbon C1, C2, G1, G2;
Fig. 5 is the discharge capacity spirogram of unburned carbon C1, C2, G1, G2 for the first time;
Fig. 6 is that the cycle-index of unburned carbon C1, C2, G1, G2 is to discharge capacity figure;
Unburned carbon C1, C2, G1, G2 the enclosed pasture efficiency chart 50 cycle-indexes after of Fig. 7 for grinding.
The unburned carbon of description of reference numerals: C1-through grinding; C2-grinds later through acid-treated unburned carbon; G1-grinds later through 2500 ℃ of heat treated unburned carbons; G2-grinds later through 2500 ℃ of heat treatments and acid-treated unburned carbon; F-is the unburned carbon through grinding not.
Embodiment
The invention will be further described below in conjunction with embodiment, it should be understood that these embodiment only are used for the purpose of illustration, never limit protection scope of the present invention.
" ion secondary battery cathode material lithium and preparation method thereof " provided by the present invention is that unburned carbon with a fuel oil (or coal-fired) flying dust is as the carbon material, the preparation method of this unburned carbon carbon material may further comprise the steps: earlier this fuel oil (or coal-fired) flying dust is carried out impregnation process, under room temperature, stir 2hr with speed 200rpm, the isolated by filtration solid-liquid, repeatedly wash to remove residual impregnating agent with distilled water again, through 105 ℃ of dryings after 24 hours, namely obtain this unburned carbon carbon material, thereby (for example: native graphite solve existing many types of attitude material with carbon element, coal, carbon fiber and the surely mutually spherical carbon (MCMB) that is situated between, even the ungraphitised carbon material of deriving from resin) capacitance that exists is too low, environmental pollution and problem such as expensive.
Fig. 1 is the preparation method of unburned carbon carbon dust of the present invention:
Step 1, utilize ball mill (label and specification: HSIANGTAI Machinery Industry Co., LTD.BV-5) this unburned carbon was ground 24 hours;
Step 2, the unburned carbon after will grinding place a high temperature furnace to heat-treat, and feed a nitrogen therebetween as protective atmosphere in heat treatment, have an effect and scatter and disappear to prevent this unburned carbon material and an oxygen;
Step 3, programming rate are 10 ℃/min, (for example: 2000,2500,3000 and 3200 ℃ be warming up to required heat treatment temperature, especially with 2500 ℃ of the bests), this temperature maintenance two hours and after being cooled to room temperature, (for example: 3-20M aqueous solution of nitric acid (HNO again the gained powder is carried out acid treatment
3)), namely obtain unburned carbon carbon dust of the present invention, and with it as ion secondary battery cathode material lithium.
The used acidic aqueous solution of aforementioned acid treatment is 3-20M nitric acid (HNO
3), sulfuric acid (H
2SO
4), hydrofluoric acid (HF), hydrochloric acid (HCl) or phosphoric acid (H
3PO
4) the aqueous solution etc.
Below be the analysis of this unburned carbon constituent:
C1: the unburned carbon (hereinafter to be referred as unburned carbon C1) of representative through grinding;
C2: representative is ground unburned carbon later through peracid treatment (hereinafter to be referred as unburned carbon C2);
G1: the unburned carbon that representative was ground is through 2500 ℃ of heat treatments (hereinafter to be referred as unburned carbon G1);
G2: the unburned carbon that representative was ground is through acid treatment (hereinafter to be referred as unburned carbon G2) after 2500 ℃ of heat treatments;
F: representative is the unburned carbon (hereinafter to be referred as unburned carbon F) through grinding not.
Sweep electron microscope is analyzed (SEM)
Observe unburned carbon C1 through grinding by sweep electron microscope analysis (SEM) image, its result is shown in Fig. 2 (a) and later through peracid treatment (for example: 3-20M nitric acid (HNO grind
3) aqueous solution) and unburned carbon C2, its result is shown in Fig. 2 (b) and grind later through 2500 ℃ of heat treated unburned carbon G1, its result is shown in Fig. 2 (c) and through 2500 ℃ of heat treatments and acid treatment (for example: 3-20M nitric acid (HNO grind later
3) aqueous solution) and unburned carbon G2, its result can know and analyze (SEM) figure by this sweep electron microscope that shown in Fig. 2 (d) this unburned carbon does not have destroyed in configuration of surface after overpickling, still possess original form haply.About the about 5 μ m of unburned carbon size of this grinding.Fig. 2 (e) then is the configuration of surface of not passing through the sweep electron microscope analysis (SEM) of the unburned carbon F that grinds.
Quantitative elemental analysis (EA)
The carbon content 68.40wt.% of the unburned carbon C1 that grinds, and the unburned carbon C2 after peracid treatment and grinding is 79.59wt.%.Through 2500 ℃ of heat treatments and to grind its carbon content of unburned carbon G1 later be 93.83wt.%, and through 2500 ℃ of heat treatments and grind later and its carbon content of unburned carbon G2 after the acid treatment is 94.78wt.%, as shown in table 1 below:
Table 1
Therefore, can know acid treatment carbon content later, unburned carbon G2 carbon content (94.78wt.%), greater than unburned carbon G1 carbon content (93.83wt.%), unburned carbon C2 carbon content (79.59wt.%) is greater than the carbon content (68.40wt.%) of unburned carbon C1.Because unburned carbon itself contains a lot of metal remained elements, thus when through peracid treatment, the metallic element of some can be disposed, thus increase its carbon content.
Specific area test (BET)
As shown in table 1, through the specific area (51.26m of grinding and acid treatment unburned carbon C2 later
2g
-1), greater than the specific area (35.41m of the unburned carbon C1 that grinds
2g
-1), and through 2500 ℃ of heat treatments and grind later and the specific area (9.01m of the unburned carbon G2 after the acid treatment
2g
-1) greater than the specific area (6.36m through 2500 ℃ of heat treatments and grinding unburned carbon G1 later
2g
-1).
Its form of unburned carbon F through milled processed is not spherical and multiple hole (shown in Fig. 2 (e)), and unburned carbon itself contains impurity such as a lot of metal remained elements, so when through peracid treatment, metal impurities can be removed, make it that bigger specific area be arranged.And through 2500 ℃ of heat treatments and grind later and the unburned carbon G2 after the acid treatment, its specific area diminishes, and it is former because development of carbon material graphite linings has storehouse preferably, also has the reorganization of surface and volume, so cause the decline of specific area.
X-ray analysis (XRD)
Fig. 3 is the X-ray figure of unburned carbon C1, C2, G1, G2, its non-constant width in diffraction peak in heat treatment XRD collection of illustrative plates not, its carbon dust crystallinity is poor, the carbon dust structure is arrangement out of order, further compare the diffraction peak after, find that the diffraction peak (002) mainly contain graphite occurs, in 2500 ℃ of heat treatments of temperature, the width at its diffraction peak is subjected to Temperature Influence, and its diffraction peak (002) is narrowed down by wide, and the carbon material is arranged and then is tending towards graphite-structure.
Can try to achieve interlamellar spacing (d) value by formula Bragg ' s equation (2dsin θ=n λ), when angle (θ) when increasing gradually, its interlamellar spacing (d) value decreases, and both are inverse relation.
Utilize formula Scherrer ' s equation (Lc=0.9 λ/B cos θ) can try to achieve grain size Lc
(002), B is that the half-wave of diffraction cutting edge of a knife or a sword (002) is wide in the formula.
Utilize formula Maire and Me ' rings equation, g=(0.3440-d
(002))/(0.3440-0.3354) estimates the g factor value of degree of graphitization.
The unburned carbon C1 that grinds, about 25.65 degree (as shown in Figure 3) of the angle of diffraction peak (002), substitution formula Bragg ' s equation (2dsin θ=n λ) is interlamellar spacing d as can be known
(002)Be 0.3469nm, as shown in table 2:
Table 2
Substitution formula Scherrer ' s equation (Lc=0.9 λ/B cos θ) tries to achieve grain size Lc
(002)Be 3.098nm, and degree of graphitization g factor value is 0.
Through 2500 ℃ of heat treatments and grinding unburned carbon G1 later, about 26.38 degree (as shown in Figure 3) of the angle of diffraction peak (002), substitution formula Bragg ' s equation (2dsin θ=n λ) is interlamellar spacing d as can be known
(002)For 0.3378nm (as shown in table 2), try to achieve grain size Lc
(002)Be 17.196nm, and degree of graphitization g factor value is 72.1%.Can know can help to accelerate its graphitization and degree of crystallinity after heat treated through 2500 ℃, its degree of graphitization and degree of crystallinity are improved, and under the acid treatment condition, its interlamellar spacing d
(002)And grain size Lc
(002)Change little, as shown in table 2.Find that in the XRD collection of illustrative plates unburned carbon C1 that grinds has unnecessary peak value, when electrostatic precipitation was operated, flying dust can add a magnesium hydroxide (Mg (OH) to inference because of this fuel oil flying dust
2) to prevent boiler flue corrosion, so originally should be highly acid fuel oil flying dust, the pH value becomes alkalescence or is faintly acid.But magnesium hydroxide (Mg (OH)
2) can remove via nitric acid.
Raman spectrum analysis (Raman)
Fig. 4 is Raman spectrum analysis (Raman) figure of unburned carbon C1, C2, G1, G2, wherein 1580cm
-1Be the characteristic peak of graphite, be called graphite tape (G-band (Graphite band)), 1360cm
-1Characteristic peak for diamond or carbon (Carbon) structure, be called diamond band (D-band (Diamond band)), peak value (Peak) intensity by the diamond band (D-band) of the unburned carbon C1 that can observe grinding among Fig. 4 and graphite tape (G-band) is about the same, and through 2500 ℃ of heat treatments and grind peak value (Peak) intensity that unburned carbon G1 later has more weak diamond band (D-band) peak value (Peak) intensity and stronger graphite tape (G-band), work as through 2500 ℃ of heat treatments as can be known and the unburned carbon G1 after grinding, its graphited integrality is higher, when acid treatment with do not have under the acid-treated condition difference little, meet the resulting result of XRD collection of illustrative plates, through 2500 ℃ of heat treatments and grinding unburned carbon G1 later, the height of the unburned carbon C1 that its graphitization g factor grinds.
Below be with this unburned carbon C1, C2, G1, G2 carbon dust, be coated with the embodiment that assembles with battery as ion secondary battery cathode material lithium:
The cell negative electrode material coating:
1. earlier Kynoar (Polyvinylidene fluoride (the PVDF)) adhesive (binder) of 0.1wt% trace oxalic acid and 10wt% being sneaked into the N-methyl gives a tongue-lashing in pyrrolidone (N-methyl prrolidone (the NMP)) solvent, evenly stir 20min, make this Kynoar (PVDF) can be dispersed in the mixed liquor of this solvent;
2. this unburned carbon C1, C2, G1, G2 carbon dust are inserted this mixed liquor that stirs, continue to stir 20min;
3. this mixed liquor forms slurry, is uniformly coated on the Copper Foil with 130 μ m scrapers, removes residual solvent with 100 ℃ of oven dry, and the rate of rolling with 25% rolls, again with 150 ℃ of oven dry.
The battery assembling:
1. will be coated with the plectane that complete cathode pole piece is cut into diameter 1.3cm, positive pole then adopts the lithium metal foil sheet;
2. assembly that Coin-shape cell is required, assembling in regular turn in dry atmosphere control room, and add electrolyte solution (1M lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF
6) (solute)-ethylene carbonate (EC)/methyl ethyl carbonate (EMC) (solvent) (Volume 1: 2)), namely finish a Coin-shape cell;
3. the Coin-shaped battery that assembling is finished carries out the test of continuous charge-discharge performance, and its charge-discharge velocity is that 0.05C decide current density and discharges and recharges continuously 50 times, and the cut-ff voltage that charges is 2V (vs.Li/Li
+), discharge cut-off voltage is 0.005V (vs.Li/Li
+).
The discharge capacity of unburned carbon C1, C2, G1, G2 for the first time as seen from Figure 5, unburned carbon C1, C2, G1 and G2 are respectively 308.5,306.1,295.3 and 297.8mAh/g.Unburned carbon C1, C2 have bigger irreversible capacitance in the irreversible electric capacity that discharges and recharges for the first time, be respectively 210.1 and 217.2mAh/g, and through irreversible capacitance minimum its first time of 2500 ℃ of heat treated unburned carbon G1, be 50.2mAh/g, as shown in table 3:
Table 3
In addition, unburned carbon C1 and C2 have begun that just higher charge and discharge capacitance amount is arranged, and may be attributed to that some kish ion can attract lithium ion among unburned carbon C1 and the C2, for example: aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni) plasma, bigger specific area (BET) and structure are arranged, belong to lower ordered structure.Be not easy to disengage so there is a large amount of lithium ions to embed still easily, and then cause the bigger first time of irreversible capacitance.
And the cycle-index that can be seen unburned carbon C1, C2, G1, G2 by Fig. 6 is to discharge capacity, originally unburned carbon C1 and C2 have higher discharge capacity, but along with 50 cycle-index discharge capacity declines one by one, it is attributable to nonheat-treated unburned carbon C1 and the C2 structure is the layer structure of more not consolidation, so but the lithium ion of mentioning above causing embeds easily is not easy to discharge.And unburned carbon G1 and G2 have more regular layer structure, so good space structure is arranged, can allow lithium ion pass in and out freely, and also impelling has higher stable circulation degree.
Fig. 7 represents the unburned carbon C1 that grinds, C2, G1, the enclosed pasture efficient of G2 after 50 cycle-indexes, its capacitance conservation rate (capacity retentions), unburned carbon C2 is greater than unburned carbon C1, unburned carbon G2 is greater than unburned carbon G1, can know through acid-treated unburned carbon higher capacitance conservation rate is arranged, because acid treatment can not only improve the specific area of material with carbon element, also can make the surface form hydrophilic radical, for example: carboxyl (carboxyl), carbonyl (carbonyl), increase carbon material surface wettability (wettability), and then improve stable circulation degree and capacitance conservation rate.
In sum, the unburned carbon C1 that grinds can not destroy its original pattern via acid treatment, but grind in process, the carbon content of unburned carbon C2 after the acid treatment can increase, and grind in process, unburned carbon G1 under 2500 ℃ of heat-treat conditions, to help to accelerate its graphitization and degree of crystallinity, its degree of graphitization and degree of crystallinity are improved, its for the first time discharge capacity be 295.3mAh/g, and irreversible capacitance is 50.2mAh/g (as shown in table 3) for the first time, in addition, grind in process, after 2500 ℃ of heat treatments, unburned carbon G2 under the acid treatment condition, its the 50 discharge capacity is increased to 293.2mAh/g by 279.7mAh/g, and its 50 capacitance conservation rate (capacity retentions) is increased to 98.4% by 94.7%.
The above only is preferred embodiment of the present invention, only is illustrative for the purpose of the present invention, and nonrestrictive.Those skilled in the art is understood, and can carry out many changes to it in the spirit and scope that claim of the present invention limits, revise, even equivalence, but all will fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. an ion secondary battery cathode material lithium is characterized in that, its composition is selected from one of them unburned carbon of a fuel oil flying dust and a burned-coal fly ash as the carbon material of ion secondary battery cathode material lithium;
The acquisition of unburned carbon carbon material comprises following steps: will be selected from earlier one of them unburned carbon of this fuel oil flying dust and this burned-coal fly ash carry out impregnation process, under room temperature stirring, isolated by filtration solid-liquid, repeatedly wash with distilled water again, to remove residual impregnating agent, can obtain after drying;
The preparation method of unburned carbon carbon dust comprises the following steps:
1) with ball mill this unburned carbon is ground;
2) will grind unburned carbon later places a high temperature furnace to heat-treat; Feed a nitrogen therebetween as protective atmosphere in heat treatment; be warming up to required heat treatment temperature 2000-3200 ℃, and keep this temperature after a period of time, it is cooled to room temperature; after peracid treatment, namely obtain the unburned carbon carbon dust again, with as ion secondary battery cathode material lithium.
2. the preparation method of an ion secondary battery cathode material lithium, its be unburned carbon with a fuel oil flying dust as the carbon material, it is characterized in that the preparation method of unburned carbon carbon dust comprises the following steps:
1) with ball mill this unburned carbon is ground;
2) will grind unburned carbon later places a high temperature furnace to heat-treat; Feed a nitrogen therebetween as protective atmosphere in heat treatment; be warming up to required heat treatment temperature 2000-3200 ℃, and keep this temperature after a period of time, it is cooled to room temperature; after peracid treatment, namely obtain the unburned carbon carbon dust again, with as ion secondary battery cathode material lithium.
3. the preparation method of ion secondary battery cathode material lithium according to claim 2 is characterized in that, the used acidic aqueous solution of this acid treatment is the nitric acid (HNO of 3-20M
3), sulfuric acid (H
2SO
4), hydrofluoric acid (HF), hydrochloric acid (HCl) or phosphoric acid (H
3PO
4) the aqueous solution.
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