CN102228141A - 一种不含有豆粕和磷酸氢钙的育肥猪饲料 - Google Patents
一种不含有豆粕和磷酸氢钙的育肥猪饲料 Download PDFInfo
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- Y02P60/873—
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- Fodder In General (AREA)
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Abstract
一种不含有豆粕和磷酸氢钙的育肥猪饲料,配方为:按重量百分比:玉米67.4%、玉米DDGS30.00%、石粉1.22%、食盐0.30%、有效含量大于等于98%的赖氨酸0.33%、有效含量大于等于98%的色氨酸0.02%、有效含量大于等于98%的苏氨酸0.07%、有效含量大于等于50%的氯化胆碱0.1%,微量元素预混料0.2%、维生素预混料0.02%、维生素E 0.04%和亚硒酸钠0.3%;本发明解决了玉米DDGS高量添加引起猪生长缓慢、肉品质下降、贮存期短的负面影响,并能增加肌内脂肪、背部脂肪、腹部脂肪和肝脏脂肪中不饱和脂肪酸的含量,提高肌肉组织中的抗氧化能力,延长猪肉的储存时间3-5天。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于农业畜牧应用领域,具体涉及一种不含有豆粕和磷酸氢钙的育肥猪饲料。
背景技术
近年来,我国畜牧业和饲料工业发展十分迅速,饲料资源紧缺的矛盾日益突出。据专家预测,2010年-2020年,我国蛋白质饲料的差额为2400-4800万吨,饼粕类差额为2560万吨。长期以来,我国主要以豆粕作为蛋白饲料原料,造成豆粕供应日趋紧张,价格不定期上涨波动。随着国内生猪养殖规模化进程的加快,及玉米-豆粕型日粮配方的广泛推广,豆粕在饲料成本中的比重日益增加。一般豆粕占饲料添加量的20%左右,但成本却占到饲料总成本的30%左右,可见日粮中豆粕的添加比例与养殖成本息息相关。因此,人们不断寻求及最大化的利用各种非常规蛋白质饲料,在保证充分发挥家畜最大生产性能的前提下,尽量降低饲料成本,节约资源。
随着国际市场原油价格不断攀升,能源危机加剧,欧美等发达国家把利用玉米等谷物生产燃料乙醇代替石油作为解决能源危机的重要途径之一。近几年,我国的工业用燃料乙醇生产量也在大幅度增加,在乙醇生产过程中,每生产1吨燃料乙醇将产生10-15吨废水糟液,直接排放不仅浪费资源,而且严重污染环境,也直接影响到酒精工业的持续发展。对其最有效的治理办法就是利用其中的有用成分生产DDGS。大约每生产1吨燃料乙醇就可以产生将近1吨(约为0.93-0.94t)的DDGS。
玉米DDGS不仅具有高蛋白(26%~33%)、高脂肪(8%左右)、高维生素、高有效磷和低植酸磷等特点,而且还包含玉米发酵过程中融入的糖化物和酵母的营养成分及其活性因子,此外,DDGS产量大、价格低,可部分替代玉米和豆粕用于动物饲料中,是替代常规蛋白质饲料的优质原料。目前,DDGS已广泛应用于牛羊等反刍动物,但由于玉米DDGS自身存在某些限制因子从而限制了其在单胃动物日粮中的大量应用。国内外大量研究表明,因玉米DDGS氨基酸不平衡和消化率低,玉米DDGS在生长育肥猪日粮中的用量以10%-20%为宜,过量添加影响生产性能。本试验饲料以猪ME、可消化粗蛋白质和可消化氨基酸为指标配制而成,探索了用高水平玉米DDGS(30%)完全替代常规玉米-豆粕型日粮中豆粕和磷酸氢钙的可行性,在不影响猪生产性能,又能降低饲料成本,提高养猪生产效益。同时解决了磷酸氢钙中氟污染对猪造成的潜在危险。
由于玉米DDGS中不饱和脂肪酸尤其是亚油酸含量较高,长期饲喂猪将会使其在猪体组织中大量沉积,进而导致猪体组织中脂肪含量及组成发生变化,出现所谓的软脂肉。屠宰后,猪肉中的不饱和脂肪酸极易发生氧化酸败,影响肉的感觉指标、卫生指标及缩短猪肉的货架期,给猪肉销售者和肉产品加工者带来难题。因此如何解决玉米DDGS对猪肉品质带来的负面影响是一个热点也是难点。本饲料饲喂后,与常规玉米-豆粕型饲料相比,不仅不影响育肥猪的肉品质,而且能提高肌内脂肪、背部脂肪、腹部脂肪和肝脏脂肪中不饱和脂肪酸的浓度,提高肌肉组织中的抗氧化能力,延长肌肉的储存时间3-5天。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种无豆粕和无磷酸氢钙的低成本育肥猪(60-100kg)猪饲料。本饲料主要以猪代谢能(ME)、可消化粗蛋白质和可消化氨基酸为指标配制而成,原料由玉米、玉米DDGS、石粉、食盐、赖氨酸、色氨酸、苏氨酸、氯化胆碱、微量元素预混料、维生素预混料、维生素E和亚硒酸钠按一定比例配合而成。
为达到以上目的,本发明所采用的技术方案是:
一种不含有豆粕和磷酸氢钙的育肥猪饲料,配方如下:按重量百分比为:玉米67.4%、玉米DDGS 30.00%、石粉1.22%、食盐0.30%、有效含量大于等于98%的赖氨酸0.33%、有效含量大于等于98%的色氨酸0.02%、有效含量大于等于98%的苏氨酸0.07%、有效含量大于等于50%的氯化胆碱0.1%,微量元素预混料0.2%、维生素预混料0.02%、维生素E 0.04%和亚硒酸钠0.3%;
其中,
所述的玉米DDGS,按重量百分比,含有:粗蛋白质大于等于28.0%、粗脂肪大于等于8.0%、粗纤维小于等于12%和水分小于等于12%;
所述的玉米,按重量百分比,含有:粗蛋白大于等于8.00%;
所述的微量元素预混料为:每公斤不含有豆粕和磷酸氢钙的育肥猪饲料中包含:Zn 105.00mg、Fe 100.00mg、Mn 45.00mg、Cu 20.00mg、I 0.30mg和Se 0.30mg;所述的维生素预混料为:每公斤不含有豆粕和磷酸氢钙的育肥猪饲料中包含:VA7600IU、VD31500IU、VE 10mg、VK32.06mg、VB11mg、VB23mg、VB61mg、VB1212μg、生物素30μg、泛酸钙7mg、叶酸0.4mg、烟酸12mg和乙氧喹啉40μg。
本发明还具有以下技术特征:
所述的亚硒酸钠为含硒量为1%的亚硒酸钠;
所述的维生素E为大于等于50%活性的dl-a-生育酚醋酸酯,规格为粉剂。
本发明采用30%的玉米DDGS替代常规饲料中的豆粕、磷酸氢钙,降低饲料成本,减少磷酸氢钙中氟污染的潜在危险。该技术解决了玉米DDGS高量添加引起猪生长缓慢、肉品质下降、贮存期短的负面影响,而且能增加肌内脂肪、背部脂肪、腹部脂肪和肝脏脂肪中不饱和脂肪酸的含量,提高肌肉组织中的抗氧化能力,延长猪肉的储存时间3-5天。
具体实施方式
1.1试验饲粮
试验基础日粮参照美国NRC(1998)肥育猪营养需要、中国农业部2004年颁布的猪饲养标准及《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2009年第20版)》进行配制,其各日粮组成及主要营养水平见表1.
表1基础日粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)
原料Ingredients(%) | 玉米豆粕组 | 试验组 |
DDGS(%) | 30.00 | |
玉米(%) | 78.86 | 67.40 |
豆粕(%) | 19.00 | |
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐(98%)(%) | 0.01 | 0.33 |
L-色氨酸(98%)(%) | 0.02 | |
L-苏氨酸(98%) | 0.07 | |
维生素E(dl-a-生育酚醋酸酯) | 0.04 | |
亚硒酸钠 | 0.30 | |
石粉(%) | 1.1 | 1.22 |
磷酸氢钙(%) | 0.23 | |
食盐Salt(%) | 0.30 | 0.30 |
氯化胆碱(%) | 0.10 | 0.10 |
微量元素预混料1)(%) | 0.20 | 0.20 |
维生素预混料2)(%) | 0.02 | 0.02 |
沸石(%) | 0.18 | |
合计 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
单价(元/kg) | 2.18 | 1.99 |
营养水平3) | ||
代谢能ME(MJ/kg) | 12.92 | 12.94 |
可消化粗蛋白质(%) | 12.36 | 12.36 |
粗脂肪(%) | 3.12 | 4.90 |
总赖氨酸(%) | 0.70 | 0.74 |
总色氨酸(%) | 0.16 | 0.13 |
总蛋+胱氨酸(%) | 0.47 | 0.54 |
总苏氨酸(%) | 0.55 | 0.51 |
可消化赖氨酸(%) | 0.61 | 0.61 |
可消化色氨酸(%) | 0.13 | 0.13 |
可消化蛋+胱氨酸(%) | 0.42 | 0.46 |
可消化苏氨酸(%) | 0.47 | 0.47 |
钙(%) | 0.51 | 0.51 |
总磷(%) | 0.37 | 0.46 |
有效磷(%) | 0.17 | 0.27 |
1)每kg饲粮提供(mg/kg):Zn 105.00;Fe 100.00;Mn 45.00;Cu 20.00;I 0.30;Se 0.30。
2)每kg饲粮提供(kg-1):VA 7600IU;VD31500IU;VE 10mg;VK32.06mg;VB11mg;VB23mg;VB61mg;VB1212μg;生物素30μg;泛酸钙7mg;叶酸0.4mg;烟酸12mg;乙氧喹啉40μg。
1.2饲养管理
试验在东北农业大学香坊农场实习基地进行,猪舍为水泥地板。每圈中有一个料槽和自动饮水器。在试验开始首先要彻底清扫猪舍,刷洗地面、料槽,用福尔马林溶液和高锰酸钾按一定配比混合(28ml∶14g/m3)进行密闭熏蒸消毒。试验猪初始体重为60kg左右,饲养到90kg左右时屠宰,试验期为42d。试验动物采用单栏饲养,以重复为单位饲喂试验猪一种试验日粮,于每天早8:00和晚18:00各饲喂1次,试验猪自由采食和饮水,粉料饲喂。每天观察猪群的状况,观察采食饮水是否正常以及健康状况是否良好等。试验期内采用自然光照,保持舍内温度18~21℃,每天清扫栏圈2次,保持舍内清洁和空气清新。猪舍每周消毒一次,门口设置消毒设施,避免猪群感染疾病。卫生学指标符合猪的卫生要求。
2、试验结果:
2.1各处理组育肥猪生产性能和经济效益的影响
由表2可见,与饲喂玉米-豆粕型日粮的对照组相比,试验组育肥猪的平均日增重ADG和平均日采食量均差异不显著,且其饲料增重比有所提高,单位增重饲料成本有所降低。表明在本饲粮配制中,用30%的玉米DDGS替代对照组日粮中的全部豆粕和磷酸氢钙,不仅不会对育肥猪的生产性能造成显著的影响,而且还可以降低饲料成本,提高养殖效益。
表2各处理组肥育猪生产性能和经济效益分析比较
同行肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),无肩标或标注字母相同表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下同
2.2.各处理组肥育猪屠宰性能及胴体品质比较
由表3可见,玉米-豆粕型日粮组与试验组间育肥猪的屠宰性能和胴体品质各指标均差异不显著,而且还有降低背膘厚度的趋势。表明在本饲料配制中,在育肥猪日粮中添加30%的玉米DDGS不会对育肥猪的屠宰性能和胴体品质造成显著的负面影响。
表3各处理组肥育猪屠宰性能及胴体品质比较
指标 | 玉米-豆粕组 | 试验组 |
胴体重kg | 71.75±0.92 | 70.13±1.21 |
屠宰率% | 77.98±0.55 | 76.37±1.48 |
胴体斜长cm | 87.25±0.85 | 86.75±0.47 |
背膘厚度cm | 3.12±0.13 | 2.98±0.11 |
板油率/% | 1.50±0.01 | 1.48±0.01 |
眼肌面积/cm2 | 41.34±0.88 | 39.92±1.57 |
2.3.各处理组育肥猪肉品质比较
由表4可见,与饲喂玉米-豆粕型日粮的对照组相比,试验组育肥猪肌肉品质各指标均无显著差异,且对肉色的亮度和红度、PH值、大理石评分、滴水损失和剪切力起到一定的改善作用。表明在本日粮配制技术不仅不会对育肥猪肉品质带来负面影响,而且还对肌肉的色泽、PH、嫩度等起到一定的改善作用。
表4各处理组育肥猪肉品质比较
2.4.各处理组育肥猪肌肉组织中的抗氧化指标比较
由表5可见,与饲喂玉米-豆粕型日粮的对照组相比,试验组育肥猪肌肉品质各抗氧化指标均无显著差异,且总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性、谷胱甘肽抗氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性都得到不同程度的提高,而丙二醛(MDA)含量有所降低。表明,试验组育肥猪肌肉中的抗氧化能力得到了提高。
表5各处理组育肥猪肌肉组织中的抗氧化指标比较
2.5.各处理组育肥猪组织中脂肪酸组成比较
玉米-豆粕型日粮对照组育肥猪组织中不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值(U/S)为1.55-1.61,而试验粗育肥猪组织中不饱和脂肪酸含量增加,其中不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸比值(U/S)为1.60-1.65。
Claims (3)
1.一种不含有豆粕和磷酸氢钙的育肥猪饲料,其特征在于,配方如下:按重量百分比为:玉米67.4%、玉米DDGS 30.00%、石粉1.22%、食盐0.30%、有效含量大于等于98%的赖氨酸0.33%、有效含量大于等于98%的色氨酸0.02%、有效含量大于等于98%的苏氨酸0.07%、有效含量大于等于50%的氯化胆碱0.1%,微量元素预混料0.2%、维生素预混料0.02%、维生素E 0.04%和亚硒酸钠0.3%;
其中,
所述的玉米DDGS,按重量百分比,含有:粗蛋白质大于等于28.0%、粗脂肪大于等于8.0%、粗纤维小于等于12%和水分小于等于12%;
所述的玉米,按重量百分比,含有:粗蛋白大于等于8.00%;
所述的微量元素预混料为:每公斤不含有豆粕和磷酸氢钙的育肥猪饲料中包含:Zn105.00mg、Fe 100.00mg、Mn 45.00mg、Cu 20.00mg、I0.30mg和Se 0.30mg;
所述的维生素预混料为:每公斤不含有豆粕和磷酸氢钙的育肥猪饲料中包含:VA7600IU、VD31500IU、VE 10mg、VK32.00mg、VB11mg、VB23mg、VB61mg、VB1212μg、生物素30μg、泛酸钙7mg、叶酸0.4mg、烟酸12mg和乙氧喹啉40μg 。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种不含有豆粕和磷酸氢钙的育肥猪饲料,其特征在于:所述的亚硒酸钠为含硒量为1%的亚硒酸钠。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种不含有豆粕和磷酸氢钙的育肥猪饲料,其特征在于:所述的维生素E为大于等于50%活性的dl-a-生育酚醋酸酯。
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CN102599371A (zh) * | 2012-03-20 | 2012-07-25 | 临汾市通达饲料有限公司 | 一种育肥猪无抗生物浓缩料 |
CN105685501A (zh) * | 2016-01-12 | 2016-06-22 | 东北农业大学 | 一种不含有豆粕和磷酸氢钙的育肥猪饲料 |
CN106387395A (zh) * | 2016-08-25 | 2017-02-15 | 成都巨星农牧科技有限公司 | 一种头胎母猪的专用饲料 |
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CN102429130A (zh) * | 2011-11-25 | 2012-05-02 | 东北农业大学 | 一种生产高共轭亚油酸猪肉的育肥猪日粮及其制作方法 |
CN102599371A (zh) * | 2012-03-20 | 2012-07-25 | 临汾市通达饲料有限公司 | 一种育肥猪无抗生物浓缩料 |
CN102599371B (zh) * | 2012-03-20 | 2013-07-31 | 临汾市通达饲料有限公司 | 一种育肥猪无抗生物浓缩料 |
CN105685501A (zh) * | 2016-01-12 | 2016-06-22 | 东北农业大学 | 一种不含有豆粕和磷酸氢钙的育肥猪饲料 |
CN106387395A (zh) * | 2016-08-25 | 2017-02-15 | 成都巨星农牧科技有限公司 | 一种头胎母猪的专用饲料 |
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