CN1022213C - Automatic temp. controlling heating cable - Google Patents
Automatic temp. controlling heating cable Download PDFInfo
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- CN1022213C CN1022213C CN 91104074 CN91104074A CN1022213C CN 1022213 C CN1022213 C CN 1022213C CN 91104074 CN91104074 CN 91104074 CN 91104074 A CN91104074 A CN 91104074A CN 1022213 C CN1022213 C CN 1022213C
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Abstract
The present invention relates to an automatic temperature controlling heating cable which belongs to flexible heating cables heated by ohm resistance. Two parallel power transmission bus provides electricity for BaTiO semiconductor porcelain heating elements with positive resistance temperature coefficient, and the BaTiO semiconductor porcelain heating elements are connected between the power transmission bus in parallel; after filling and flat integration are carried out to the two parallel power transmission bus by glass ribbons, the two parallel power transmission bus is coated with an insulating layer, armoring and a sheath; structure that the BaTiO semiconductor porcelain heating element and a liner ZnO heating element are connected in series and parallel to heat together can also be adopted. The present invention has the advantages of stable and reliable long-term performance of the cable, long service life, good high temperature resistance and low temperature resistance, precise temperature control, large heating power and quick heating speed, and reactive power can be neglected.
Description
The present invention is a kind of temperature automatically controlled heating cable, belongs to the flexible heating cable of Ohmic resistance heating, adopts inorganic BaYiO
3Semiconductor porcelain is made temperature automatically controlled heating material, and adopts linear ZnO as heating material as required.
Temperature automatically controlled heating cable is a kind of novel special electric wire, be different from firm power heating cable (US4733059) and heating cable with skin current (CN87101301), give semiconductor heating with positive temperature coefficient (PTC) or the heating material that places therebetween by two parallel transmission of electricity bussed supplies, because its resistance value increases with the increase of self-temperature, correspondingly electric thermal power raises along with temperature and descends, so can control and regulate temperature automatically.The manufacture method of a kind of temperature automatically controlled heating cable of US4200973 patent disclosure, add carbon black in the employing organic material and make its semiconductor transformation, utilize near its macromolecular structure fusing point to change and produce seepage effect, make its resistance present the positive temperature coefficient relation, and play temperature automatically controlled and certain heat effect temperature.Its weak point is:
(1) organic material can not be used for special cold district, as winter average minimum temperature in subzero area below 30 ℃, cable is easy to generate cracking, and its serviceability is degenerated.
(2) the organic material maximum operation (service) temperature is lower, generally has only about 200 ℃, runs into the moment high temperature thermal shocking, and cable is destroyed.
(3) the PTC effect of organic material is utilized near the seepage effect of fusing point and is produced, and it is very unsettled that material is near its macromolecule of molten point for a long time, makes that the long-term ageing performance is bad.
(4) the temperature automatically controlled heating cable temperature control of organic material is inaccurate, produces the fluctuations of tens degree sometimes, just broadly temperature control, really temperature control.
(5) the temperature automatically controlled heating cable heating power of organic material is little, and heat-insulation layer is required height, is difficult to satisfy powerful requirement.
(6) the temperature automatically controlled heating cable insulation of organic material temperature control narrow range, insulation can't meet the demands in time more than 150 ℃ to needs.
(7) for the Stability Analysis of Structures performance of organic material is made moderate progress, need carry out cross-linking radiation, ray that irradiation produces and ozone can produce environment and pollute harm resident and workers'health.
(8) investment of production equipment is big, and the production cost height must possess special-purpose main equipments such as irradiated electrons accelerator, be unfavorable for temperature automatically controlled heating cable industry with civilian on popularize and promote.
The objective of the invention is to overcome the weak point in the above-mentioned prior art (US4200973) and a kind of inorganic BaTiO that adopts is provided
3Semiconductor porcelain and linear ZnO make the temperature automatically controlled heating cable of heating material, require to improve the various aspects of performance of temperature automatically controlled heating cable, simplify production equipment and technology, reduce production costs.
Task of the present invention is finished as follows: the BaTiO of inorganic semiconductor heating material for adopting Sb and Nb to mix that has ptc characteristics among the present invention
3Semiconductor porcelain; The linear ZnO of do heating usefulness carries out the doping based on Mg, has the characteristic of negative temperature coefficient of resistance (NTC), changes BaTiO by changing doped chemical (as Pb or Sr) and dopant dose
3The Curie point of semiconductor porcelain to change the stable operating point of this heating material, satisfies the needs of different temperatures grade heating; Change BaTiO by the dopant dose that changes doped chemical (Mn)
3The room temperature resistivity of semiconductor porcelain to change heating power, satisfies the requirement of different antifreeze and insulations.Adopt independent BaTiO among the present invention
3Semiconductor porcelain or BaTiO
3Semiconductor porcelain and linear ZnO are used, and regulate heating power.
BaTiO
3Semiconductor porcelain and linear ZnO heating material are to use with the square or circular thin element form that the two sides has electrode and a lead-in wire in cable of the present invention.Between two parallel transmission of electricity buses along its length equably with the parallel way this inorganic heating element of burn-oning, through glass tape fill smooth after, add insulating barrier, armouring and sheath again, just become temperature automatically controlled heating cable of the present invention.
The present invention is described in further detail below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.
Fig. 1 is BaTiO used among the present invention
3The typical full temperature spectrum resistance-temperature characteristic curve figure (Curie temperature Tc is 120 ℃) of semiconductor porcelain.
Fig. 2 is the graph of relation of used linear ZnO resistivity and temperature among the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the exemplary block diagram of temperature automatically controlled heating cable of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is the profile of temperature automatically controlled heating cable of the present invention.
BaTiO among the present invention3Semiconductor porcelain is to utilize BaTiO3Crystal doping makes it semiconductor transformation, and room temperature resistivity is dropped to 101To 105The Ω cm order of magnitude, and make the PTC switching characteristic of its resistivity cross over 5 to 6 orders of magnitude, it typically hinders temperature characteristics as shown in Figure 1. Its basic recipe sees Table (table sees that literary composition is rear)
The BaTiO that the present invention produces3Semiconducting Ceramics is by following explained hereafter:
Batching (BaTiO3、Nb
2O
5、Sb
2O
3→ ball mill mixing → drying → preformed → pre-burning → second batch (adds MnO2、Al
2O
3、SiO
2、TiO
2) → ball mill mixing → oven dry granulation → compression molding → sintering → be coated with silver electrode → welding lead-out wire
The ball milling that more than relates to, compressing tablet, granulation, sintering, plated electrode etc. are the common means in the Machining of Ceramics technology. Adopt following method among the present invention:
Ball mill mixing adopts, material: agate ball: water=1: 1: the 1.5(weight ratio).
Drying process adopts, 80 ℃ 24 hours, preforming pressure is 500kg/cm
2, pre-sinter process be 1000 ℃ 2 hours.
Prilling is crossed 40 or 80 mesh sieve granulations for adding 8% poly-vinyl alcohol solution (weight 10%), adds 2400kg/cm
2The pressure compression molding.
Sintering process is: sinter porcelain at 1250-1350 ℃, be incubated 1-2 hour, then 400 ℃ of following binder removal half an hour, after be incubated 1 hour again.
Be coated with silver electrode and be with the low-temperature silver slurry and burnt till in following 1 hour at 400 ℃.
The welding lead-out wire adopts soldering or spot welding respectively according to different situations.
Regulate BaTiO
3Curie point realizes by adding Pb, Sr.The Pb of every interpolation 1% molar concentration can make Curie point to the mobility of low-temperature space be :+3.7 ℃/(%mol); And the Sr of every interpolation 1% molar concentration can make Curie point to the mobility of high-temperature region be :-3.7 ℃/(%mol).
Can change the heating power of material by changing the room temperature resistivity of material self.Require little occasion for heating power, room temperature resistivity can be bigger, adopts above prescription to realize; Require bigger occasion for heating power, room temperature resistivity requires smaller, needs to regulate MnO
2Content in prescription (between the weight ratio 0.02-0.35).MnO
2Minimum content can be to 0.015.
BaTiO after more than mixing
3Semiconductor porcelain has following performance characteristics:
(1) this material can use in low temperature-60 ℃, and has the characteristics of accelerated warming, can guarantee to start under any temperature conditions and use this cable.
(2) this material has typical PTC switching characteristic, and resistivity is very fast with the temperature rising near Curie point, and correspondingly electric current and power reduction are very fast, can play current limliting and temperature control effect very soon.
(3) this material is good to the sensitiveness of temperature, and resistivity is very sensitive to variation of temperature, no matter be that temperature rises or descends, resistivity can both promptly change, can be in several years scope inner control temperature.
(4) heating power is big, and every meter heating power of free adjustment cable reaches as high as the 100W/m order of magnitude as required.
(5) reactive power can be ignored, and being incorporated into the power networks, it is little to electric network influencing to use.
(6) this material compression resistance is good, and making heating element can be not broken under the impulsive force of 30Kg/cm, can satisfy the needs of cable production technology.
(7) proof voltage height, can anti-120 to 180V/mm, and withstand voltage properties is stable.
Making the linear ZnO of heating usefulness among the present invention, is to utilize in the ZnO crystal, carries out the doping based on Mg, makes its electric current and voltage present the linearity, and resistivity changes with temperature, and its basic recipe is:
Raw material ZnO MgO
Mol ratio % 99.5 0.5
Linear ZnO production technology of the present invention is:
Batching (ZnO, MgO) → ball mill mixing → drying → granulation → compression molding → sintering → silver-plated electrode → welding lead-out wire
The technology and the BaTiO of ball mill mixing, drying, granulation, compression molding, silver-plated electrode, welding lead-out wire in the production of linear ZnO
3The production technology of semiconductor porcelain is the same.The sintering process of linear ZnO is to burn till porcelain (being incubated 1 hour) under 1200 ℃.Its resistivity and temperature relation curve are as shown in Figure 2.
Linear ZnO as the heating purposes in all round properties research the present invention has following characteristics:
(1) heating power is big, and every meter heating power of free adjustment reaches as high as 10 as required
2The W/m order of magnitude.This is determined by the material self-characteristic.
(2) proof voltage height can anti-120-180V/mm, and withstand voltage properties is stable.
(3) time constant is little, and down slope time is short, and it is fast that resistance varies with temperature speed, the thermal response height, and firing rate is fast.
(4) reactive power can be ignored, and being incorporated into the power networks, it is little to electric network influencing to use.
In the cable design of the present invention, can be by coordinating BaTiO
3Semiconductor porcelain, ratio and the operating state of linear ZnO are regulated heating power, satisfy different requirements antifreeze and insulation.For general antifreeze requirement, heating power is little, adopts BaTiO
3Semiconductor porcelain can satisfy; High-power or the higher temperature insulation for needs, then need to adopt BaTiO
3The structural design of the common heating of semiconductor porcelain and linear ZnO, i.e. BaTiO
3Semiconductor porcelain and linear ZnO are in series parallel structure, become parallel-connection structure with the transmission of electricity bus again, like this BaTiO
3Semiconductor porcelain at first carries out current limliting, plays the temperature control effect, and both play heating functioin together simultaneously, and the heating power of unit length can improve greatly like this.
The transmission of electricity bus adopts zinc-plated, silver-plated twisted wire, the requirement of softness when satisfying the high temperature resistant requirement of long-term work under hot conditions and satisfying cable laying simultaneously; Maximum current according to cable design calculates conductor cross-section, and sectional area of wire is between 1.0mm
2-3.0mm
2Between, adopt the multilayer bundle to twist as required and realize, cross the requirement of the electric current of busbar to satisfy various flows.
Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 are the typical structure and the profiles of cable of the present invention.Wherein 1 is the transmission of electricity bus, and 2 is BaTiO
3The semiconductor porcelain heating element, 3 is insulating barrier, and 4 is restrictive coating, and 5 are armour (fill smooth do not illustrate with material).
Below in conjunction with each embodiment the present invention is described in further detail:
Implement one:
The transmission of electricity bus is the zinc-plated bundle twisted wire of seven 0.5mm, and temperature automatically controlled heating material is the BaTiO of 75 ℃ of Curie points, room temperature resistivity 1000 Ω cm
3Semiconductor porcelain, specimen size are 12 * 8 * 2mm, and electrode is a silver-plated electrode after the first nickel plating, and electrode outlet line is single 1.0mm tinned wird.Welding is 15 on every meter transmission of electricity bus, adopts soldering.Before the extruded cross-linking polyethylene layer, carry out smooth filling with glass tape earlier.Plastic extruding machine adopts Φ 80 plastic extruding machines, adopts the mould of deltiod die orifice, and extruding crosslinked polyetylene insulated layer thickness is 1.2mm.5 to 10 of tinned copper wires that adopt Φ 0.1 in addition are one group and intersect on metal knitted machine and be woven into armour.Adopt Φ 80 or Φ 100 plastic extruding machines at last, adopt the mould of deltiod die orifice, extruded polyolefin restrictive coating (adopt flame-retardant sheath material or do not prolong the combustion protective cover material).Such is that 75 ℃ cable is applicable to purposes such as outdoor anti-freezing and heat-insulating with Curie point, and between 90 to 100 ℃, the highest balance point of anti-freezing and heat-insulating system is 60 ℃ to temperature automatically controlled heating material in the working point.Every meter maximum heating power is 70W.
Implement two:
The transmission of electricity bus is the zinc-plated bundle twisted wire of seven 0.7mm, and temperature automatically controlled heating material is the BaTiO of 120 ℃ of Curie points, room temperature resistivity 1000 Ω cm
3Semiconductor porcelain (specimen size is 12 * 8 * 2mm, and electrode is a silver-plated electrode after the first nickel plating, and electrode outlet line is single 1.0mm tinned wird), every meter is welded 20, uses soldering.Smooth with the glass tape filling, fluoroplastics F
40Extrude insulation, thickness of insulating layer 1.5mm.Metal wire knitted armour, outermost layer are the fluoroplastics F that extrudes
40Restrictive coating.Such is that 120 ℃ cable is applicable to antifreeze or heat-insulation system with Curie point, and the working point of temperature automatically controlled heating material is between 140 to 150 ℃, and the highest balance point of anti-freezing and heat-insulating system is 100 ℃.Every meter maximum heating power is 90W.
Implement three:
The transmission of electricity bus is the silver-plated bundle twisted wire of seven 0.7mm, and temperature automatically controlled heating material is that 200 ℃ of Curie points, room temperature resistance degree are the BaTiO of 5000 Ω cm
3Semiconductor porcelain (specimen size is 15 * 10 * 2mm, and electrode is a silver-plated electrode after the first nickel plating, and electrode outlet line is single 1.0mm silver-coated copper wire), every meter is welded 25, uses spot welding.Fill smooth with glass tape.With nylon silk ribbon braiding insulation, count is 85% on the braiding machine of routine.Use the wrinkles aluminium tube armouring at last.Such cable is used for doing the heat-insulation system than high ambient temperature.The working point of temperature automatically controlled heating material is about 240 ℃, and the highest insulation degree is 180 ℃.Every meter maximum heating power is 40W.
Implement four:
The transmission of electricity bus is 20 silver-plated bundle twisted wires of 0.4mm, and temperature automatically controlled heating material is that 120 ℃ of Curie points, room temperature resistivity are the BaTiO of 1000 Ω cm
3Semiconductor porcelain and room temperature resistivity are 10
4The linear ZnO of Ω cm plays the effect of temperature control and heating respectively.Test piece is BaTiO
3Semiconductor porcelain and linear ZnO parallel connection are welded as one group, and each test piece is Φ 10 * 2.0mm, every meter totally 20 groups, all use spot-welded on.Smooth with the glass tape filling, insulating barrier adopts polyimide film band (0.2mm is thick, and 10mm is wide) two-way wrapped on wrapped machine, and degree of putting up is 35%.The wrinkles aluminium tube armouring.The characteristics of such cable are that constant heating power is big, and every meter maximum constant heating power can arrive 400W, is used for the occasion of high-power heating.
Implement five:
The transmission of electricity bus is the silver-plated bundle twisted wire of seven 0.7mm, and temperature automatically controlled heating material is that 300 ℃ of Curie points, room temperature resistivity are the BaTiO of 1000 Ω cm
3Semiconductor porcelain (every is Φ 10 * 2.0mm, and electrode is silver-plated after the first nickel plating, and electrode outlet line is the 1.0mm silver jacketed wire).Every meter with 20 of spot-welded on.It is smooth that glass tape is filled, thick with 0.5mm, and the wide mica tape of 8mm is wrapped on the wrapped machine of the film of routine.Nylon silk ribbon braided sheath layer is arranged, the wrinkles aluminium tube armouring.Such cable is applicable to ambient temperature below 500 ℃, or temperature control 300 ℃ with interior insulation requirement, every meter 80W of maximum heating power.
Implement six:
The transmission of electricity bus is seven 0.5 zinc-plated bundle twisted wires; Temperature automatically controlled heating material is that the room temperature resistivity of Φ 10mm, thick 2.0mm is that 55 Ω cm, Curie point are 120 ℃ BaTiO
3Semiconductor porcelain, every meter is welded 25; Insulating barrier adopts the nylon silk ribbon to fill and braiding.The metal wire knitted armouring.Such cable is applicable to the special occasions of low-voltage power supply, and every meter heating power was up to 80W when voltage was 20V; Every meter heating power was up to 30W when voltage was 10V.
The various actual analogue tests of using are carried out in above every enforcement, be laid on the pipeline of Φ 50mm by single straight line, single spiral respectively, adopt thick 25mm asbestos heat-insulation layer outward.Result of the test is:
(1) low-temperature startup: begin power supply from-30 ℃, cable can operate as normal, does not influence serviceability at all.
(2) programming rate: temperature automatically controlled heating material is to finish moment near self reaching the working point, and system reaches stable equilibrium's temperature spot and is about 4-5 hour.
(3) influence of ambient temperature: system's thermal equilibrium temperature is subjected to the influence of ambient temperature to be about (windless condition) about 2 ℃, and this and insulation layer thickness, material thermal insulation are closely related.
(4) thermal shock: after repeatedly TRANSIENT HIGH TEMPERATURE and low temperature circulated, system still can return to former stable temperature point.
(5) different laying way of local: measure the influence of different laying way of local to stable temperature point by reducing when voltage makes the external constant heating power of cable for 30W/m: single straight wire routing stable temperature point is 21.5 ℃, and it is 30.5 ℃ that single spiral lays (screw pitch is 100mm) stable temperature point.
(6) long-term working stability: the long-term work through 3000 hours, record single straight wire routing all-the-time stable at 22 ± 0.5 ℃, single spiral lays all-the-time stable at 32 ± 0.5 ℃, and wherein positive negative error is the influence that is subjected to ambient temperature.Test is that the power in the external constant heating of cable is to carry out under the 30W/m.
In the cable because there is voltage drop in the transmission voltage of transmission of electricity on the bus behind certain-length, simultaneously ceramic material is that form with element is connected in parallel on the busbar in cable, thereby there is a maximum factory length in cable, usually being no more than 10% with voltage decline is a criterion, is 300m according to the maximum factory length of the general power taking cable of actual instructions for use.
Of the present invention have the incomparable advantage of organic automatic temperature control heating material take inorganic material by the automatic temperature control heating material of main body.
(1) long-term work is stable and reliable for performance, and resistance to ag(e)ing is good, and this is because inorganic ceramic material self performance determines.
(2) heat-resisting quantity is good, can be used for being higher than the occasion of organic material serviceability temperature, thereby can be designed to the automatic temp. controlling heating cable of wide spectrum temperature control.
(3) resistance to low temperature is good, start under with interior any state of temperature at-60 ℃, and organic material is not accomplished this point.
(4) temperature control is accurate, stable. Can control temperature in the several years scope, and the sometimes temperature control fluctuation of organic material automatic temp. controlling heating cable Scope reaches tens degree, the actual effect that just relatively has the control temperature.
(5) heating power is big, and firing rate is fast, and reactive power can be ignored.
(6) free from environmental pollution in the production, do not need to process through cross-linking radiation.
Raw material BaTiO3Nb
2O
5Sb
2O
3MnO
2Al
2O
3SiO
2TiO
2
Weight ratio % 97.89 0.143 0.062 0.02 0.187 0.558 1.113
Composition principal crystalline phase alms giver acceptor glassy phase in the porcelain
Claims (1)
1, a kind of temperature automatically controlled heating cable, the flexible heating cable that belongs to the Ohmic resistance heating, power to the heating material that is placed in one by two parallel transmission of electricity buses (1) with ptc characteristics, two transmission of electricity buses (1) and the heating material with ptc characteristics are insulating barrier (3), armour (5) and restrictive coating (4) outward, and feature of the present invention is:
(1,1) has the BaTiO of heating material for adopting Sb and Nb to mix of ptc characteristics
3Semiconductor porcelain, the BaTiO of high-temperature region work
3Semiconductor porcelain contains Pb again; The BaTiO of low-temperature space work
3Semiconductor porcelain contains Sr again, the BaTiO of different heat power
3The MnO of semiconductor porcelain
2Content difference (0.015 to 0.035 percentage by weight); It is main linear ZnO and the BaTiO that mixes that heating material with ptc characteristics also can adopt with Mg
3The heating material that the semiconductor porcelain connection in series-parallel is used;
(1,2) transmission of electricity buses (1) are zinc-plated or silver-plated bundle twisted wire;
(1,3) evenly burn-on two power transmission lines (1) of contact conductor of heating material are outer for filling the glass tape of smooth usefulness;
The outer insulating barrier (3) of glass tape that (1,4) fill smooth usefulness can be one of following insulation form;
(1,4,1) crosslinked polyethylene is extruded insulation;
(1,4,2) fluoroplastics are extruded insulation;
(1,4,3) nylon silk ribbon braiding insulation;
The two-way lapped insulation of (1,4,4) polyimide film band;
(1,4,5) mica tape lapped insulation;
(1,5) armours (5) can be one of following form;
(1,5,1) metal wire knitted armour;
(1,5,2) wrinkle metal tube armour;
(1,6) restrictive coatings (4) can be one of following form;
(1,6,1) fluoroplastics sheath;
(1,6,2) polyolefin jacket (fire retardant jacket; Do not prolong the combustion sheath);
(1,6,3) nylon silk ribbon braided sheath.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 91104074 CN1022213C (en) | 1991-06-22 | 1991-06-22 | Automatic temp. controlling heating cable |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 91104074 CN1022213C (en) | 1991-06-22 | 1991-06-22 | Automatic temp. controlling heating cable |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1068236A CN1068236A (en) | 1993-01-20 |
| CN1022213C true CN1022213C (en) | 1993-09-22 |
Family
ID=4906411
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 91104074 Expired - Fee Related CN1022213C (en) | 1991-06-22 | 1991-06-22 | Automatic temp. controlling heating cable |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1022213C (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1301039C (en) * | 2002-07-31 | 2007-02-14 | 张志洪 | Fluroplastic alloy heating cable |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1099680C (en) * | 1999-08-31 | 2003-01-22 | 麦庆忠 | Filler for electrothermal elements |
| DE102009053791A1 (en) * | 2009-11-18 | 2011-05-19 | Schniewindt Gmbh & Co Kg | High power heating cartridge, has high voltage fixed insulation film arranged on inner mantle surface of mantle and separating mantle from insulation medium, which fulfills inner chamber of mantle |
| CN104019318B (en) * | 2014-06-17 | 2015-06-10 | 大庆高瞻电气科技有限公司 | Long-transportation electromagnetic induction electric heat tracing and oil gas connecting system |
| CN104992786B (en) * | 2015-07-24 | 2017-09-29 | 河北华伦线缆有限公司 | The production technology of high-temperature flexible environmental-protection fireproof flame-retardant flexible electric cable |
| JP6816561B2 (en) * | 2017-02-24 | 2021-01-20 | 日立金属株式会社 | LAN cable |
| CN107012838A (en) * | 2017-05-27 | 2017-08-04 | 武汉静磁栅机电制造有限公司 | A kind of joule thermal source gate recess anti-freezing system |
| GB2571531B (en) * | 2018-02-28 | 2022-06-08 | Heat Trace Ltd | Electrical heating cable |
-
1991
- 1991-06-22 CN CN 91104074 patent/CN1022213C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1301039C (en) * | 2002-07-31 | 2007-02-14 | 张志洪 | Fluroplastic alloy heating cable |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1068236A (en) | 1993-01-20 |
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