CN102202835A - 控制设备的运动尤其是芯片键合设备的放置工具的运动的方法 - Google Patents

控制设备的运动尤其是芯片键合设备的放置工具的运动的方法 Download PDF

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CN102202835A
CN102202835A CN2009801328152A CN200980132815A CN102202835A CN 102202835 A CN102202835 A CN 102202835A CN 2009801328152 A CN2009801328152 A CN 2009801328152A CN 200980132815 A CN200980132815 A CN 200980132815A CN 102202835 A CN102202835 A CN 102202835A
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motion
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提姆·奥利弗·斯戴德尔曼
厄尔班·乔戈·恩斯特
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KULICKE AND SOFFA IND DIE BOND
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Abstract

提出了一种对设备的具有N≥2的自由度x1,...,xN-1,z的运动进行控制的方法。该方法包括步骤:确定近似目标x-位置xend app=(x1,end app,...,xN-1,end app);计算第一z-轨迹zup(t);计算设备从开始x-位置xstart到近似目标x-位置xend app的运动的x-轨迹xapp(t)=(x1 app(t),...,xN-1 app(t));通过控制系统使设备从起点qapp(0)=(xstart,zup(0))沿着第一轨迹qapp(t)=(xapp(t),zup(t))开始运动;一旦在时刻tcorr获得被修正目标x-位置xend=(x1,end,...,xN-1,end),就确定满足xcorr(tblend)=xapp(tblend)的到xend的被修正目标-x轨迹xcorr(t)=(x1 corr(t),...,xN-1 corr(t)),其中tcorr≤tblend以及对于t≥tblend,通过控制系统使设备沿着第二轨迹qcorr(t)=(xcorr(t),zup(t))运动;确定最早时刻t2:=min{t|xcorr(t)=xend},此时xcorr(t2)=xend;计算从最大z-位置zmax到目标z-位置zend的第二z-轨迹zdown(t)从而对于t<t2,zdown(t)>z2,对于给定安全高度z2,有zmax>z2>zend以及对于tdown>tblend的某些时刻,zdown(tdown)=zup(tdown)=zmax;以及对于t>tdown,通过控制系统使设备沿着第三轨迹qfinal(t)=(xcorr(t),zdown(t))运动。

Description

控制设备的运动尤其是芯片键合设备的放置工具的运动的方法
技术领域
本发明属于自动化技术领域。本发明涉及根据独立权利要求的前序部分所述的控制设备的运动的方法,尤其是控制芯片键合设备的放置工具的运动的方法。
背景技术
运动控制系统将轴运动有规律地实施为连接的三次样条,即,连接的在时间上限定各运动段的三阶多项式。当与低阶多项式相比时,所产生的轨迹x(t)=(x1(t),...,xN(t))-其中N表示待控制的运动的自由度的数量-在各处都具有有限的、受限的跃度并且限制高频能量输入被控系统。术语跃度指的是加速度相对于时间的导数。各运动段易于通过有限的计算资源计算。通常,N ≤6且x1,...,xN对应于线性坐标x、y、z以及角坐标θx、θy、θz的子集。在下文中,自由度又被简称为轴。
先进的运动控制系统已经被实施,它们允许对不需要从静止状态开始而是从一个或多个轴的当前运动状态开始的运动进行编程。这被称为运动混合。在轴n的静止状态,Vn(t)相对于时间的第一导数,即,Vn(t)=Xn′(t),等于0,而运动状态的特征在于Xn′(t)≠0。先进的运动控制系统的细节可以在Rexroth NYCe400的,发布于06年10月的1.3版的产品软件用户手册,以及发布于07年5月的1.4版的产品硬件用户手册中找到;二者均由Bosch Rexroth AG(地址为Luchthavenweg 20,5657 EB Eindhoven,The Netherlands)出版,其全部内容并入本文。
运动混合(motion blending)已经被用于响应仅在以原始终点为目标的运动已经开始之后变得可用的信息来改变单个和多个轴运动的最终位置。如果相比于整个运动,最终位置的改变较小,那么,相比于使轴运动至原始终点并随后进行修正运动,这种策略允许整个运动时间更短。这被称为终点修正并且是芯片键合设备所特别关心的。芯片键合设备从支撑场所(例如晶片台)拾取单个芯片,将被拾取的芯片放置并紧接着贴附至基底或另一个芯片上。因此由芯片键合设备执行的整个过程通常被称为芯片键合。这在例如WO 07118511A1中得到详细描述,其全部内容通过引用并入本文。
多轴运动经常需要各个轴运动之间的同步。同步需求经常被称为用于碰撞避免的几何禁入区、切向速度约束或边界条件。
发明内容
根据本发明的一种示例性实施方式,提出了一种对设备(尤其是芯片键合设备的放置工具)的具有N≥2的自由度x1,...,xN-1,z的运动进行控制的方法。该方法包括步骤:确定近似目标x-位置xend app=(x1,end app,...,xN-1,end app);计算第一z-轨迹zup(t);计算设备从开始x-位置xstart到近似目标x-位置xend app的运动的x-轨迹xapp(t)=(x1 app(t),...,xN-1 app(t));通过控制系统使设备从起点qapp(0)=(xstart,zup(0))沿着第一轨迹qapp(t)=(xapp(t),zup(t))开始运动;一旦在时刻tcorr获得被修正目标x-位置xend=(x1,end,...,xN-1,end),则确定满足xcorr(tblend)=xapp(tblend)的到xend的被修正目标-x轨迹xcorr(t)=(x1 corr(t),...,xN-1 corr(t)),其中tcorr≤tblend以及对于t≥tblend,通过控制系统使设备沿着第二轨迹qcorr(t)=(xcorr(t),zup(t))运动;确定最早时刻t2:=min{t|xcorr(t)=xend},此时xcorr(t2)=xend;计算从最大z-位置zmax到目标z-位置zend的第二z-轨迹zdown(t)从而对于t<t2,zdown(t)>z2,对于给定安全高度z2,有zmax>z2>zend以及对于tdown>tblend的某些时刻,zdown(tdown)=zup(tdown)=zmax;以及对于t>tdown,通过控制系统使设备沿着第三轨迹qfinal(t)=(xcorr(t),zdown(t))运动。
本发明的方法还可以被体现为设备(例如作为芯片键合设备的智能(单元)的一部分),或作为计算机可读载体(例如用于连接芯片键合设备的计算机可读载体)上的计算机程序指令。
附图说明
当结合附图进行阅读时,通过下列详细描述,本发明被最佳地理解。应强调,根据惯例,附图的多种特征并没有按比例绘制,反而是为了清楚起见被任意地扩大或缩小。下列各图被包括在附图中:
图1示出放置工具的轨迹的示意性代表图。
图2示出yz-平面中的轨迹的另一个示意性代表图。
图3示出多种x(t)-,y(t)-和z(t)-轨迹的示意性代表图。
具体实施方式
根据本发明的一种示例性实施方式,提出了一种对芯片键合设备的放置工具的运动进行控制的方法。
放置工具是芯片键合设备的组件,放置工具从晶片、托盘、或其它工具拾取各个芯片并将它们放置在基底上,所述芯片将要被键合至该基底或另一个芯片上。在通常实施中,放置工具具有三个线性的和一个旋转的自由度x、y、z和θz。通过控制系统对相对于所述自由度的运动进行控制。
放置工具被配置为沿着x-轨迹x(t)=(x(t),y(t),θz(t))在晶片台、芯片托盘、或转移工具上将拾取芯片的拾取或转移位置与放置位置之间运动。在下文中,假设精确的转移位置预先已知,放置位置则通过对预先已知的位移或近似目标x-位置xend app和通常在放置工具已经在拾取位置xstart拾取芯片并已经开始朝着近似目标x-位置xend app运动之后变得可用的修正计算得到。然而,本发明还可以在其它情况下使用,尤其用于当拾取位置在该工具朝着拾取位置的运动已经开始之后并且在修正值变得可用之前需要被修正时通过放置、拾取或中间工具来拾取芯片。为了结合该修正,芯片键合设备或者可以在运动开始之前等待,或者可以在移动至预先计算的位移x-位置xend app之后执行结束于被修正目标x-位置xend处的修正运动。然而,优选地,使用上面提到的运动混合原则将使该运动在空中改变。
此外,放置工具被配置为沿着z-轨迹z(t)运动
·从行进期间的最大z-位置zmax处的最大高度e到预转移高度c+i并且从转移高度c返回最大高度e
·从最大高度e到预放置高度a+g或放置高度a并且从放置高度a返回最大高度e
·在位于转移高度c之上距离k处的安全高度z1与最大高度e之间
·在位于放置高度a之上距离h处的安全高度z2与最大高度e之间
最大高度e由z轴行程的上端给出,或由足以使拾取或放置与这两处z-运动的相应安全高度之间的运动时间最小化的较小高度给出,上述的z-运动以最大z-速度Z′(t)横穿安全高度之一并仅在最大高度zmax处停止。优选地,e被选择为约等于两倍安全高度,即,1.5<e/h<2.5或优选地1.5<e/k<2.5,或如果将芯片1的厚度t和/或分配器41的厚度BLT考虑进去,1.5<(e-t-BLT)/h<2.5或1.5<(e-t-BLT)/k<2.5。所有z-位置都是预先已知的。然而,运动必须停在安全高度还是在拾取或放置高度并不总是预先已知的。通常,这将在沿着x-轨迹的同步运动已经开始之后但在z运动本身已经开始之前被知道。然而,这两种情况都不能被保证。
z和x,y,θz上的运动必须同步。同步需求不表示为路径限制。相反,同步由x,y,θz运动在开始和结束处的行为决定,x,y,θz运动时间上在开始处与向上z运动重合并在在结束处与向下z运动重合:通常,在z轴到达与上面限定的安全高度z1相对应的最小垂直行进高度k之前,x,y,θz轴不允许开始运动。在放置工具在向下运动期间到达安全高度z2之前,x,y,θz轴必须已经停止运动。在任何情况下都必须满足这些同步需求,不论x,y,θz运动是否在空中被修正;z运动结束于安全高度、拾取或放置高度处;或虽然最初以拾取或放置高度为目标但已经被改变为在安全高度处结束。
如果修正运动在x,y,θz上跟随到达位移位置xend app的运动,则放置工具必须在放置位置处停在安全高度z2=h处或其之上。如果芯片在能够保证z运动将停在该高度处的最近时刻还没有被清除以供转移或放置,则放置工具还必须在转移位置处或者在位移位置处停在安全高度处或安全高度之上。如果在轴已经停滞不前之后执行x,y,θz修正,则运动可能或者被继续执行或者z运动必须延迟,该延迟被选择为使得满足上述条件。
所有轨迹优选被实施为连接的三次样条。对每个轴来说,这种形状的时间最佳轨迹从速度、加速度和跃度的给定的各最大值计算得出。优选地,通过允许高达七段,这七段中的每段的位置均具有关于时间t的三阶多项式的形式,并求解所产生的等式来计算轨迹。如果通过启动以瞬间非零的速度和加速度开始的新的时间最佳运动来在已知时刻tblend修改由运动距离和速度、加速度和跃度限制所限定的时间最佳三次运动曲线,则计算剩余运动时间的函数被确定。新的运动能够由相对于原运动的终点位移(其中位移可是正数或复数)和一组速度、加速度、和跃度限制、和/或其它限制指定。新运动的速度、加速度和跃度限制可不同于先前版本的速度、加速度和跃度限制。然而,优选地,它们应该是相同的。类似地,如果轴在指定时刻的位置跟随被完全修正的轨迹,则提供轴在指定时刻的位置的另一个函数被确定。
一旦拾取过程在z=zstart处完成,z轴就将立即开始。与最小初始垂直运动距离k的要求相对应的标记X将被设置在z轴位置上。一旦经过标记X,则x,y,θz轴将朝着它们各自的终点E开始,终点E通过名义上的放置位置和过去的修正值计算得出。轴尽可能快速地开始,但不一定精确地在同一时刻开始。各轴实际开始运动的开始时间被存储。在根据本发明的方法的优选的实施中,控制系统包括控制整个芯片键合过程的处理逻辑和运动控制。运动控制包括一个或多个运动控制子单元,该一个或多个运动控制子单元单独控制芯片键合设备的各个组件,尤其是放置工具,相对于一个或多个自由度的运动。处理逻辑和运动控制运行在两个独立的处理单元上,这两个独立的处理单元通过网络相连,该网络通常具有低等待时间,但不保证决不溢出的最大通信延迟。优选地,运行处理逻辑的处理单元充当主机。标记X的位置在运动之前从处理逻辑被发送至运动控制。运动控制系统独立地开始x,y,θz轴并且记录相应的开始时刻。开始时刻被报告回处理逻辑。
一旦x,y,θz修正值被知道,对于各轴,以速度和加速度的瞬时值开始的新运动被启动。施加与x,y,θz运动的开始的同步需求相关的相同标记,即使在不具有同步需要的情况下。再次,将这些运动被修改的时刻存储。在优选实施中,修正值对处理逻辑来说是已知的,处理逻辑将这些值传送至运动控制系统。运动控制对运动执行被命令的改变并且将改变的实际时刻发回处理控制。虽然导致系统反应更加缓慢,但任何不可避免的通信延迟都由存储的时间戳反映,并且不会对计算的精度造成影响。同时利用原运动和修正运动开始的时刻,前述算法被用来计算各x,y,θz轴的修正运动的停止时刻tx,ty
Figure BPA00001314836200061
在优选实施中,该计算由处理逻辑执行。当这些时刻是运动控制系统所报告的实际运动开始和改变的时刻时,即使处理逻辑和运动控制系统之间存在大量通信延迟,该结果也精确地代表放置工具的行为。取最近的值C,即tx,ty
Figure BPA00001314836200062
的最大值,并且减去z轴从其最高位置e运动至完全垂直向下的行进应该开始的高度h所花的时间。如果所得到的值早于期望的向上z运动的结束时刻,则替换向上z运动结束的时刻。在对应于这一计算的最终结果B的时刻tdown,向下z运动开始,该计算确定开始向下运动并保持垂直运动限制的最早的可能时刻。这可以通过在最慢轴上设置与这一时刻相对应的等同标记来完成。在优选实施中,将该时刻或等同标记从处理逻辑至发送至运动控制。运动控制的软件自动对其作出反应。在运动控制系统所使用的同一时间轴上,指定时刻tdown作为分别被存储以用于开始和改变运动的时刻。类似地,当运动控制知道机械系统在每一情况下的位置时,即使处理逻辑不知道,位置标记将对应于修正时刻tdown
在具有不确定的通信时刻的分布式系统中,随后检查是否已经经过了标记以及是否已经开始了向下的z行程。如果已经经过了标记并且z行程还未开始,则标记在过去已经被设置并且在不需要任何进一步的同步的情况下立即开始z轴。这是为了防止在标记由通信延迟在被设置时已经被经过而导致的死锁。在这种情况下,通信延迟的确改变放置工具的运动;然而,由于向下z运动被延迟,垂直行进距离增加,从而决不会违反最小垂直行进距离的限制。所产生的运动不再是从运动限制点时间最佳的,但其仍是考虑通信延迟的最佳方案。
如果修正结果被充分延迟,放置工具将结束于近似目标x-位置xend app处,且z轴仍然位于最大高度e。对于某些处理,可通过首先计算变得更快以运动至安全高度、停止、进行修正、以及向下运动的时刻而进一步优化。在这种情况下,新标记被优选地设置以将运动触发至安全高度,如果该修正到此时刻还没有被收到。
图1示出了具有通常尺寸并位于yz-平面的芯片键合设备的放置工具(图中未示出)的轨迹的示意性代表图。放置工具在开始x-位置xstart从转移工具的转移臂2拾取芯片1。随后芯片1沿着轨迹3朝着基底4上的放置位置运动,基底4上已经分配有键合层41。基底被保持在真空吸盘5上。运送基底4的机构(尤其是分度器)包括在基底上方以z方向延伸的分度器轨道6。沿着z和x,y,θz轴的运动的同步必须确保放置工具和贴片1均不会碰撞分度器轨道6或者芯片键合设备的其它任何机器部分。
图2示出了轨迹在yz-平面上的另一个示意性代表图。在拾取芯片1之后,放置工具开始沿着第一轨迹qapp(t)=(xapp(t),zup(t))运动。在不进行任何终点修正的情况下,放置工具最终将沿着结束于D′处的假定轨迹运动。在已经获得被修正目标x-位置xend并且已经执行必需的计算之后,放置工具沿着第二轨迹qcorr(t)=(xcorr(t),zup(t))在点A和B之间运动。最后,放置工具沿着第三轨迹qfinal(t)=(xcorr(t),zdown(t))在点B和D之间运动。
图3示出多种x(t)-,y(t)-和z(t)-轨迹的示意性代表图。
本发明的技术可以在若干可选媒介中实施。例如,该技术能够作为软件被安装至现有计算机系统/服务器(用于与芯片键合设备连接,或一体化的计算机系统)。此外,该技术可以根据包括与该技术有关的计算机指令(例如计算机程序指令)的计算机可读载体(例如,固态存储器、光盘、磁盘、射频运载媒介、音频运载媒介等)来操作。
虽然文中参照具体实施方式示出和描述本发明,但本发明不打算被限制为所示细节。相反,在不背离本发明并且在权利要求的等同范围内,可以进行多种修改。

Claims (13)

1.一种对设备,尤其是芯片键合设备的放置工具,具有N≥2的自由度x1,...,xN-1,z的运动进行控制的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤
a.)确定近似目标x-位置xend app=(x1,end app,...,xN-1,end app),
b.)计算第一z-轨迹zup(t),
c.)计算所述设备从开始x-位置xstart到所述近似目标x-位置xend app的运动的近似x-轨迹xapp(t)=(x1 app(t),...,xN-1 app(t)),
d.)通过控制系统使所述设备开始从起点qapp(0)=(xstart,zup(0))沿着第一轨迹qapp(t)=(xapp(t),zup(t))运动,
e.)一旦在时刻tcorr获得修正的目标x-位置xend=(x1,end,...,xN-1,end),则
(i)确定满足xcorr(tblend)=xapp(tblend)的到xend的修正的目标x-轨迹xcorr(t)=(x1 corr(t),...,xN-1 corr(t)),其中tcorr≤tblend以及
(ii)对于t≥tblend,通过所述控制系统使所述设备沿着第二轨迹qcorr(t)=(xcorr(t),zup(t))运动,
f.)确定使xcorr(t2)=xend的最早时刻t2:=min{t|xcorr(t)=xend},
g.)计算从最大z-位置zmax到目标z-位置zend的第二z-轨迹zdown(t)以使
(i)对于t<t2,对于给定的安全高度z2有zdown(t)>z2,其中,zmax>z2>zend以及
(ii)对于tdown>tblend的某些时刻,zdown(tdown)=zup(tdown)=zmax,以及
h.)对于t>tdown,通过所述控制系统使所述设备沿着第三轨迹qfinal(t)=(xcorr(t),zdown(t))运动。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中对于速度、加速度和/或跃度的给定最大值,每个轨迹都是时间最佳的。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中对于速度、加速度和/或跃度的给定最大值,每个轨迹被实施为使运动时间最小化的在时间上连接的一系列三阶多项式。
4.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中每个轨迹由所述控制系统确定或计算。
5.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中所述控制系统是分布式控制系统,并包括运动控制单元和计算单元,所述运动控制单元和所述计算单元以不能预测的延迟通信。
6.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中,在步骤g)中,zdown(t)=z2
7.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中,在步骤g)中,所述设备在z方向上的速度vdown(t)=zdown″(t)在t=t2时具有最大绝对值|vdown(t)|=vdown,max
8.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中
·在步骤b)中,时刻t1被确定为使得对于t<t1和对于满足zstart<z1<zmax的给定安全高度z1,有zup(t)<z1
·在步骤c)中,计算xapp(t),从而使对于t<t1,xapp(t)=xstart
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中基于第一z-轨迹zup(t)的参数确定时刻t1
10.一种将半导体芯片键合至基底的芯片键合设备,所述芯片键合设备包括拾取工具或放置工具,所述拾取工具或放置工具执行由根据权利要求1至9之一所述的方法控制的运动。
11.一种包括计算机程序指令的计算机可读载体,所述计算机程序指令使得计算机尤其是芯片键合设备的控制系统实施对设备尤其是芯片键合设备的放置工具的具有N≥2的自由度x1,...,xN-1,z的运动进行控制的方法;所述方法包括以下步骤
a.)确定近似目标x-位置xend app=(x1,end app,...,xN-1,end app),
b.)计算第一z-轨迹zup(t),
c.)计算所述设备从开始x-位置xstart到所述近似目标x-位置xend app的运动的x-轨迹xapp(t)=(x1 app(t),...,xN-1 app(t)),
d.)通过控制系统使所述设备从起点qapp(0)=(xstart,zup(0))沿着第一轨迹qapp(t)=(xapp(t),zup(t))开始运动,
e.)一旦在时刻tcorr获得被修正目标x-位置xend=(x1,end,...,xN-1,end)
(i)确定满足xcorr(tblend)=xapp(tblend)的到xend的被修正目标-x轨迹xcorr(t)=(x1 corr(t),...,xN-1 corr(t)),其中tcorr≤tblend以及
(ii)对于t≥tblend,通过所述控制系统使所述设备沿着第二轨迹qcorr(t)=(xcorr(t),zup(t))运动,
f.)确定最早时刻t2:=min{t|xcorr(t)=xend},此时xcorr(t2)=xend
g.)计算从最大z-位置zmax到目标z-位置zend的第二z-轨迹zdown(t)从而
(i)对于t<t2,zdown(t)>z2,对于给定安全高度z2,有zmax>z2>zend以及
(ii)对于tdown>tblend的某些时刻,zdown(tdown)=zup(tdown)=zmax以及
h.)对于t>tdown,通过所述控制系统使所述设备沿着第三轨迹qfinal(t)=(xcorr(t),zdown(t))运动。
12.一种包括由计算机可读媒介存储的程序指令的计算机程序产品,其中所述指令适合于当在计算机尤其是芯片键合设备的控制系统上装载和执行时执行根据权利要求1至9所述的方法。
13.根据权利要求12所述的计算机程序产品,其中所述计算机是设备尤其是芯片键合设备的处理逻辑。
CN2009801328152A 2008-09-09 2009-09-08 控制设备的运动尤其是芯片键合设备的放置工具的运动的方法 Pending CN102202835A (zh)

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CN103817688B (zh) * 2014-03-19 2017-02-15 苏州大学 多功能单芯片键合作业手
CN109739196A (zh) * 2019-01-11 2019-05-10 西安电子科技大学 含有不可观与不可控事件的自动制造系统无死锁控制方法
CN109739196B (zh) * 2019-01-11 2021-07-13 西安电子科技大学 含有不可观与不可控事件的自动制造系统无死锁控制方法

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