CN102087358A - Focal plane linear array passive millimeter wave imaging system - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明属于一种焦平面线阵无源毫米波成像系统。包括16通道多波束焦平面阵列天线、错位排列的四列线阵大间距馈源阵列及与之配套的16通道信号接收处理器，冷、热定标源，模/数转换、排序及存储处理器，独立的高速数数字信号处理器及显示控制器，阵列天线驱动系统。该发明系统成本可较背景技术降低40％左右，处理速度快且空间分辨率可提高2～3倍，并实现了Nyquist采样及连续采样连续成像显示、高辨率图像显示的即时性好。因而具有系统生产成本低，可采用完全采样、采样方法先进，有效提高了所成图像的分辨率及数据信号的处理速度，实现了连续采样连续成像显示、大幅度提高了成像的即时性且操作直观方便等特点。
The invention belongs to a focal plane linear array passive millimeter wave imaging system. Including 16-channel multi-beam focal plane array antenna, staggered four-column linear array large-pitch feed array and matching 16-channel signal receiving processor, cold and hot calibration source, analog/digital conversion, sorting and storage processing Device, independent high-speed digital signal processor and display controller, array antenna drive system. The system cost of the invention can be reduced by about 40% compared with the background technology, the processing speed is fast and the spatial resolution can be increased by 2 to 3 times, and the instantaneity of Nyquist sampling and continuous sampling continuous imaging display and high-resolution image display is realized. Therefore, the production cost of the system is low, complete sampling can be adopted, and the sampling method is advanced, which effectively improves the resolution of the formed image and the processing speed of the data signal, realizes continuous sampling and continuous imaging display, and greatly improves the immediacy and operation of imaging. Features such as intuitive and convenient.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于无源毫米波成像技术领域，特别是涉及一种焦平面线阵无源毫米波成像系统。The invention belongs to the technical field of passive millimeter wave imaging, in particular to a focal plane linear array passive millimeter wave imaging system.
背景技术Background technique
在毫米波频段(30～300GHz)内，浓雾、云层处于相对透明的状态，电磁波在其中传播的损耗较小，与红外成像和光学成像相比，毫米波无源成像有如下特点：1)能穿透云雾、硝烟等，具有全天时、全天候工作能力；2)金属物体、建筑物、水泥路面、飞机跑道等物体主要反射冷空辐射，其辐射特性与自然物体辐射特性差异较大，故成像对比度高，有利于目标识别与探测；3)对非金属材料有某种程度的穿透特性，因此具有一定反伪装能力；因此无源毫米波成像技术在安全检查、反恐探测等领域也有着广泛应用前景，可以发现隐藏在衣物下的金属物体(如手枪、匕首)和非金属物体(如陶瓷武器、塑料炸药)，也可以透过某些材料(如木板)制成的建筑物墙面，发现屋内的金属物体；无源毫米波成像技术在恶劣天气条件下飞机着陆、内河船舶导航防撞、机场港口场面监视等领域均有着良好的应用前景。而与有源雷达成像相比，基于辐射计的无源毫米波成像技术又具有以下特点：其一.被动接收信号，不易被敌方所发现，战场生存能力大大增强；其二.接收的物体热辐射信号频带宽，所成图像外形准确、层次丰富，利于目标识别；其三.利用物体自身的辐射，物体形状和反雷达涂层对成像效果影响很小，利于反隐身。In the millimeter-wave frequency band (30-300GHz), dense fog and clouds are relatively transparent, and the loss of electromagnetic waves propagating in them is small. Compared with infrared imaging and optical imaging, millimeter-wave passive imaging has the following characteristics: 1) It can penetrate clouds, fog, gunpowder smoke, etc., and has the ability to work around the clock; 2) Metal objects, buildings, concrete pavements, airstrips and other objects mainly reflect cold air radiation, and their radiation characteristics are quite different from those of natural objects. Therefore, the imaging contrast is high, which is conducive to target recognition and detection; 3) it has a certain degree of penetration characteristics for non-metallic materials, so it has a certain anti-camouflage ability; With wide application prospects, metal objects (such as pistols, daggers) and non-metal objects (such as ceramic weapons, plastic explosives) hidden under clothing can be found, and building walls made of certain materials (such as wood boards) can also be found. The surface can detect metal objects in the house; passive millimeter-wave imaging technology has good application prospects in the fields of aircraft landing under severe weather conditions, inland river ship navigation collision avoidance, and airport and port scene surveillance. Compared with active radar imaging, radiometer-based passive millimeter-wave imaging technology has the following characteristics: First, passively receiving signals, it is not easy to be discovered by the enemy, and the battlefield survivability is greatly enhanced; second, the received objects The thermal radiation signal has a wide frequency band, and the image formed is accurate in shape and rich in layers, which is conducive to target recognition; thirdly, using the radiation of the object itself, the shape of the object and the anti-radar coating have little effect on the imaging effect, which is beneficial to anti-stealth.
由于无源毫米波探测成像技术具有上述特点，因而已成为继光学成像、红外成像外的一种新兴的无源探测成像技术，是未来无源探测成像技术发展的新方向。Due to the above-mentioned characteristics of passive millimeter-wave detection and imaging technology, it has become a new passive detection and imaging technology after optical imaging and infrared imaging, and it is a new direction for the development of passive detection and imaging technology in the future.
传统的无源毫米波成像系统，如乌克兰“Iceberg”国家研究中心研制的“8mm频段无源毫米波成像系统”，该系统包括采用错位排列的16×2的32通道线阵扫描，天线孔径为900mm，馈源尺寸为14×13mm2的多波束阵列天线，设于阵列天线左右两侧用于进行通道校正(定标)处理的冷热定标源，设有32通道的信号接收处理器，模/数转换、排序及存储处理器(模块)，用作对采集信号进行后期增强处理及图像显示的计算机，以及驱动阵列天线扫描运行的阵列天线驱动及控制系统。该成像系统工作在35GHz(8mm)频段，天线波束3dB带宽为0.6°。该成像系统工作时：前端首先利用定标源采集通道校正数据，然后32通道多波束阵列天线通过馈源阵列接收外部探测目标的辐射亮温，经过设有32通道的接收处理器将辐射亮温信号转化为电压信号，并完成放大及滤波处理，再经过模/数转换、排序及存储处理器将模拟信号(电压信号)转化为数字信号并进行通道校正、再经排序及存储处理后，传递给计算机对信号进行后期增强处理及图像显示，而扫描控制系统Traditional passive millimeter-wave imaging systems, such as the "8mm frequency band passive millimeter-wave imaging system" developed by Ukraine's "Iceberg" National Research Center, include a 16×2 32-channel linear array scan with a dislocation arrangement, and the antenna aperture is 900mm, multi-beam array antenna with a feed source size of 14×13mm 2 , set on the left and right sides of the array antenna for channel correction (calibration) processing cold and hot calibration sources, equipped with a 32-channel signal receiving processor, The analog/digital conversion, sorting and storage processor (module), used as a computer for post-enhanced processing and image display of the collected signals, and an array antenna driving and control system for driving the array antenna to scan and operate. The imaging system works in the 35GHz (8mm) frequency band, and the 3dB bandwidth of the antenna beam is 0.6°. When the imaging system is working: the front-end first uses the calibration source to collect channel correction data, then the 32-channel multi-beam array antenna receives the radiation brightness temperature of the external detection target through the feed array, and the radiation brightness temperature The signal is converted into a voltage signal, and the amplification and filtering processing are completed, and then the analog signal (voltage signal) is converted into a digital signal through the analog/digital conversion, sorting and storage processor, and the channel is corrected, and then sorted and stored. Post-enhanced signal processing and image display for the computer, while the scanning control system
则控制32通道阵列天线的运行。Then control the operation of the 32-channel array antenna.
传统的毫米波成像系统中，采用32通道阵列扫描及8mm频段成像系统，一是成本过高、二是图像分辨率较低；毫米波成像系统类似于一个低通透镜，由于频谱带限的原因，导致图像的部分高频成分即图像细节丢失、图像分辨率降低；该系统利用计算机进行信号增强处理，恢复其高频成分以提高获取图像分辨率、并将图像显示出来，虽然具有通用性强的特点，但却存在数据处理速度慢、即时性差，而扫描控制系统为一独立装置，又不便于操作。此外，该系统的天线孔径为900mm、频率为35GHz，其所需采样的空间间隔≤4.76mm，而馈源尺寸为14×13mm2、加之错位排列，通道间采样的间隔大于6.5mm，故该系统不能对探测目标进行Nyquist(奈奎斯特)采样，仅能采用含信息量少(欠高频成份)的瑞利采样方式，这又存在采样的完整性差。因而，上述背景技术存在系统成本高、采样方式落后，数据处理速度慢、成像的即时性差，且所成图像的分辨率较低等缺陷。In the traditional millimeter-wave imaging system, 32-channel array scanning and 8mm frequency band imaging system are used. First, the cost is too high, and second, the image resolution is low; the millimeter-wave imaging system is similar to a low-pass lens. , leading to the loss of part of the high-frequency components of the image, that is, the loss of image details and the reduction of image resolution; the system uses a computer to perform signal enhancement processing, restores its high-frequency components to improve the resolution of the acquired image, and displays the image, although it has strong versatility However, it has the characteristics of slow data processing and poor immediacy, and the scanning control system is an independent device, which is not easy to operate. In addition, the antenna aperture of the system is 900mm, the frequency is 35GHz, the required sampling space interval is ≤4.76mm, and the feed size is 14×13mm 2 , coupled with the dislocation arrangement, the sampling interval between channels is greater than 6.5mm, so the The system cannot perform Nyquist (Nyquist) sampling on the detection target, and can only use the Rayleigh sampling method with less information (under-high frequency components), which also has poor sampling integrity. Therefore, the above-mentioned background technology has defects such as high system cost, outdated sampling method, slow data processing speed, poor immediacy of imaging, and low resolution of the formed image.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是针对背景技术存在的缺陷，研究设计一种焦平面线阵无源毫米波成像系统，以达到降低系统成本，可利用Nyquist采样(完全采样)及3mm频段成像系统和独立的信号处理器、有效提高数据的处理速度、实现连续采样连续成像显示，成像的即时性和所成图像的分辨率等目的。The purpose of the present invention is to design a kind of focal plane linear array passive millimeter-wave imaging system for the defective that background technology exists, to reduce system cost, can utilize Nyquist sampling (full sampling) and 3mm frequency band imaging system and independent signal Processor, effectively improve data processing speed, realize continuous sampling and continuous imaging display, immediacy of imaging and resolution of formed images, etc.
本发明的解决方案是在传统毫米波成像系统的基础上，将16×2的32通道阵列扫描及8mm频段成像系统，改为16通道多波束焦平面阵列(天线)扫描，以降低系统成本并实现Nyquist采样；同时取消对信号进行增强处理及图像显示的计算机，而采用3mm频段成像系统及专用的高速数字信号处理器对获取毫米波图像信号进行增强处理、以大幅度提高所获取图像的分辨率，同时与显示控制器配合、对经数字信号处理器处理后的图像信号进行显示、对16通道多波束阵列天线系统的运行及信号采集进行控制、实现连续采样连续成像显示，大幅度提高了成像的即时性。因此，本发明焦平面线阵无源毫米波成像系统包括多波束焦平面阵列天线，冷、热定标源，信号接收处理器，模/数转换、排序及存储处理器，信号增强处理及图像显示系统，阵列天线驱动及控制系统，关键在于多波束阵列天线及与之配套的信号接收处理机分别为16通道多波束焦平面阵列天线及16通道信号接收处理器，信号增强处理及图像显示系统则为含数字信号处理器、显示控制器的分体式信号增强处理及图像显示控制系统，阵列天线驱动及控制系统中的控制单元则设于显示控制器内、而阵列天线驱动系统则包括伺服驱动器及传动电机；16通道多波束焦平面阵列天线及冷、热定标源均固定于转动台上，16通道信号接收处理器分别经各通道与多波束焦平面阵列天线对应的馈源接口连接、而通过数据线与模/数转换、排序及存储处理器的输入端口连接，数字信号处理器的输入端通过数据线与模/数转换、排序及存储处理器的输出端连接、而输出端则通过数据线与显示控制器内的图像显示端口连接，显示控制器内的控制信号输出端则通过信号线与阵列天线驱动系统内的伺服驱动器输入端连接。The solution of the present invention is to change the 16×2 32-channel array scanning and 8mm frequency band imaging system into a 16-channel multi-beam focal plane array (antenna) scanning on the basis of the traditional millimeter wave imaging system, so as to reduce the system cost and Realize Nyquist sampling; at the same time cancel the computer for signal enhancement processing and image display, and use 3mm frequency band imaging system and dedicated high-speed digital signal processor to enhance the acquisition of millimeter wave image signals to greatly improve the resolution of the acquired images At the same time, cooperate with the display controller to display the image signal processed by the digital signal processor, control the operation and signal acquisition of the 16-channel multi-beam array antenna system, and realize continuous sampling and continuous imaging display, which greatly improves the Immediateness of imaging. Therefore, the focal plane linear array passive millimeter-wave imaging system of the present invention includes a multi-beam focal plane array antenna, cold and thermal calibration sources, a signal receiving processor, an analog/digital conversion, sorting and storage processor, signal enhancement processing and image processing Display system, array antenna drive and control system, the key lies in the multi-beam array antenna and the supporting signal receiving processor are 16-channel multi-beam focal plane array antenna and 16-channel signal receiving processor, signal enhancement processing and image display system It is a split-type signal enhancement processing and image display control system including a digital signal processor and a display controller. The control unit in the array antenna drive and control system is located in the display controller, and the array antenna drive system includes a servo driver. and the transmission motor; the 16-channel multi-beam focal plane array antenna and the cold and thermal calibration sources are fixed on the turntable, and the 16-channel signal receiving processor is respectively connected to the feed source interface corresponding to the multi-beam focal plane array antenna through each channel, The data line is connected to the input port of the analog/digital conversion, sorting and storage processor, the input port of the digital signal processor is connected to the output port of the analog/digital conversion, sorting and storage processor through the data line, and the output terminal is The data line is connected with the image display port in the display controller, and the control signal output end in the display controller is connected with the servo driver input end in the array antenna driving system through the signal line.
上述16通道多波束焦平面阵列天线中的馈源阵列排列方式为4行×4列的交错排列模式大间距线阵，以实现Nyquist采样。所述4行×4列的交错排列模式大间距线阵，各相邻馈源水平间距为11.25mm、垂直间距为9mm。所述信号接收处理器为射频总增益45dB、带宽为10GHz、检波器正切灵敏度Tss＜-35dBm、检波器动态范围＞20dB的全功率辐射计类型中的小型宽带高灵敏通道阵列的16通道信号接收处理器。所述数字信号处理器采用型号为TS201、600MHz晶振的DSP处理器(ADI公司生产)。所述显示控制器中的控制芯片采用型号为S3C2440a的ARM9芯片，而显示器则为TFT LCD触摸屏(三星公司生产)；以实现终端图像显示及向阵列天线驱动系统中的伺服驱动器发送控制信号、控制其运行。The arrangement of the feed source array in the above-mentioned 16-channel multi-beam focal plane array antenna is a 4-row×4-column staggered arrangement mode and a large-pitch linear array, so as to realize Nyquist sampling. The staggered arrangement mode of 4 rows×4 columns is a large-pitch linear array, and the horizontal spacing between adjacent feed sources is 11.25mm, and the vertical spacing is 9mm. The signal receiving processor is a 16-channel signal receiving processor of a small broadband high-sensitivity channel array in a full-power radiometer type with a total radio frequency gain of 45dB, a bandwidth of 10GHz, a detector tangent sensitivity Tss<-35dBm, and a detector dynamic range>20dB. processor. The digital signal processor adopts a DSP processor (produced by ADI Company) whose model is TS201 and 600MHz crystal oscillator. The control chip in the described display controller adopts the ARM9 chip that the model is S3C2440a, and the display is a TFT LCD touch screen (produced by Samsung); its running.
本发明由于采用16通道多波束焦平面阵列天线、错位排列的四列线阵的大间距馈源阵列及相应的16通道信号接收处理器和3mm频段成像系统，以降低系统成本、实现Nyquist采样，并大幅度提高所成图像的分辨率，系统成本可较背景技术降低40％左右；而采用独立的高速数字信号处理器对获取毫米波图像信号进行增强处理，不但有效提高了处理速度、且空间分辨率也可提高2～3倍，同时与显示控制器配合、对经数字信号处理器处理后的图像信号进行显示及对16通道多波束阵列天线系统的运行及信号采集进行控制，实现了连续采样连续成像显示，从而大幅度提高获取高分辨图像的即时性，通过触摸屏显示并进行控制操作、更加直观方便。因而具有系统生产成本低，可采用完全采样、采样手段先进，有效提高了所成图像的分辨率及数据信号的处理速度，实现了连续采样连续成像显示、大幅度提高了成像的即时性且操作直观方便等特点。The present invention uses a 16-channel multi-beam focal plane array antenna, a large-pitch feed array of a four-column linear array arranged in dislocations, a corresponding 16-channel signal receiving processor, and a 3mm frequency band imaging system to reduce system costs and realize Nyquist sampling. And the resolution of the formed image is greatly improved, and the system cost can be reduced by about 40% compared with the background technology; and the use of an independent high-speed digital signal processor to enhance the processing of the acquired millimeter wave image signal not only effectively improves the processing speed, but also saves space. The resolution can also be increased by 2 to 3 times. At the same time, it cooperates with the display controller to display the image signal processed by the digital signal processor and control the operation and signal acquisition of the 16-channel multi-beam array antenna system, realizing continuous Sampling and continuous imaging display, thereby greatly improving the immediacy of obtaining high-resolution images, displaying and controlling operations through the touch screen, more intuitive and convenient. Therefore, the production cost of the system is low, complete sampling can be adopted, and the sampling method is advanced, which effectively improves the resolution of the formed image and the processing speed of the data signal, realizes continuous sampling and continuous imaging display, and greatly improves the immediacy and operation of imaging. Features such as intuitive and convenient.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为乌克兰8mm波段无源毫米波成像系统结构框图；Figure 1 is a block diagram of the passive millimeter-wave imaging system in Ukraine's 8mm band;
图2为本发明焦平面线阵无源毫米波成像系统结构框图；Fig. 2 is a structural block diagram of the focal plane linear array passive millimeter-wave imaging system of the present invention;
图3为本发明实施方式馈源阵列排列方式示意图；图中圆点为馈源阵列的中心。Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the arrangement of the feed source array according to the embodiment of the present invention; the dot in the figure is the center of the feed source array.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
本实施方式16通道多波束焦平面阵列天线中的天线孔径500mm、系统中心频率89GHz、系统带宽10GHz、积分时间23.75ms；系统扫描覆盖的视场角为60°(水平方向)×7.2°(垂直方向)，工作时系统在水平方向上从左至右做一维扫描后得到图像的上半帧，天线向下低头3.6°再从右至左扫描得到图像的下半帧，然后回到水平方向进行下一循环扫描，各馈源尺寸为10mm×5mm、馈源间隔为水平间隔11.25mm、垂直间隔9mm；信号接收处理器采用射频总增益为45dB、带宽为10GHz、检波器正切灵敏度Tss＜-35dBm、检波器动态范围＞20dB的全功率辐射计类型中的小型宽带高灵敏通道阵列的16通道信号接收处理器；模/数转换、排序及存储处理器与背景技术相同，即由模数转换芯片及现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)组成的模/数转换、排序及存储处理器；数字信号处理器采用ADI公司生产的型号为TS201、600MHz晶振DSP处理器，原始图像信号经处理后、其空间分辨率可以提高2～3倍；显示控制器中的控制芯片采用型号为S3C2440a的ARM9芯片，而显示器则采用TFT LCD触摸屏(三星公司生产)；以实现终端图像显示及向阵列天线驱动系统中的伺服驱动器发送控制信号、控制其运行；本实施方式伺服驱动器及相应的传动电机分别采用水平及俯(仰)扫描运行两套相对独立的装置，伺服驱动器型号分别为MADDT1205及MADDT1207，相应的传动电机型号分别为MSMD012P1及MSMD022P1、功率分别为100W及200W、电压均为220V。The antenna aperture of the 16-channel multi-beam focal plane array antenna in this embodiment is 500 mm, the system center frequency is 89 GHz, the system bandwidth is 10 GHz, and the integration time is 23.75 ms; Direction), when working, the system scans from left to right in one dimension to get the upper half frame of the image, the antenna bows down 3.6° and then scans from right to left to get the lower half frame of the image, and then returns to the horizontal direction Carry out the next cycle scanning, the size of each feed source is 10mm×5mm, the feed source interval is 11.25mm horizontally, and 9mm vertically; the signal receiving processor adopts a total radio frequency gain of 45dB, a bandwidth of 10GHz, and a detector tangent sensitivity Tss<- 35dBm, detector dynamic range > 20dB full power radiometer type 16-channel signal receiving processor of small broadband high-sensitivity channel array; Analog/digital conversion, sorting and storage processors composed of chip and field programmable gate array (FPGA); the digital signal processor adopts the model TS201 and 600MHz crystal oscillator DSP processor produced by ADI Company. After the original image signal is processed, its The spatial resolution can be increased by 2 to 3 times; the control chip in the display controller adopts the ARM9 chip of the model S3C2440a, and the display adopts a TFT LCD touch screen (produced by Samsung); The servo driver sends control signals to control its operation; in this embodiment, the servo driver and the corresponding transmission motor respectively adopt two sets of relatively independent devices for horizontal and tilt (upward) scanning operation. The models of the servo drivers are MADDT1205 and MADDT1207 respectively. The corresponding transmission The motor models are MSMD012P1 and MSMD022P1, the power is 100W and 200W, and the voltage is 220V.
工作时：首先通过触摸屏经显示控制器的SCI串口为阵列天线驱动系统设置扫描方式、并发送启动指令，然后前端利用定标源采集通道校正数据，16通道多波束焦平面阵列天线通过馈源阵列接收外部探测目标的辐射亮温，通过直接耦合连接方式经过设有16通道的信号接收处理器将辐射亮温信号转化为电压信号，并完成放大及滤波处理，再通过SMA头双绞屏蔽线传递给模/数转换、排序及存储处理器将模拟信号(电压信号)转化为数字信号并进行通道校正、再经排序及存储处理后，通过HPI并口传递给数字信号处理器进行信号增强处理，最后通过SPI口传递给显示控制器进行对比图像显示，而阵列天线驱动系统则利用GPIO信号控制16通道阵列天线的运行。When working: first set the scan mode for the array antenna drive system through the touch screen through the SCI serial port of the display controller, and send a start command, then the front end uses the calibration source to collect channel correction data, and the 16-channel multi-beam focal plane array antenna passes through the feed array Receive the radiation brightness temperature of the external detection target, convert the radiation brightness temperature signal into a voltage signal through the signal receiving processor with 16 channels through direct coupling connection, and complete the amplification and filtering processing, and then transmit it through the twisted pair shielded wire of the SMA head Convert the analog signal (voltage signal) into a digital signal for the analog/digital conversion, sorting and storage processor and perform channel correction, and then sort and store it, then pass it to the digital signal processor through the HPI parallel port for signal enhancement processing, and finally Through the SPI port, it is transmitted to the display controller for comparison image display, and the array antenna driving system uses GPIO signals to control the operation of the 16-channel array antenna.
本实施方式利用3mm(89GHz)频段成像系统实现了在不同天气下、对典型目标的实时成像，系统主要性能参数为：In this embodiment, the 3mm (89GHz) frequency band imaging system is used to realize real-time imaging of typical targets under different weather conditions. The main performance parameters of the system are:
亮温分辨力：2K、亮温探测范围：50K～400K、角分辨力：δθ＝0.4°、视场范围：60°(H)×7.2°(V)、成像速率：帧/5秒。Brightness temperature resolution: 2K, brightness temperature detection range: 50K～400K, angular resolution: δ θ = 0.4°, field of view: 60°(H)×7.2°(V), imaging rate: frame/5 seconds.
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