CN102085113B - 骨螺钉 - Google Patents

骨螺钉 Download PDF

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CN102085113B
CN102085113B CN201010566721.0A CN201010566721A CN102085113B CN 102085113 B CN102085113 B CN 102085113B CN 201010566721 A CN201010566721 A CN 201010566721A CN 102085113 B CN102085113 B CN 102085113B
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bone screw
tubular body
bone
screw according
head
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CN102085113A (zh
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L·比德曼
W·马蒂斯
J·哈姆斯
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Biedermann Technologies GmbH and Co KG
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/56Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
    • A61B17/58Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
    • A61B17/68Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
    • A61B17/84Fasteners therefor or fasteners being internal fixation devices
    • A61B17/86Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor
    • A61B17/8625Shanks, i.e. parts contacting bone tissue
    • A61B17/8635Tips of screws
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/56Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
    • A61B17/58Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
    • A61B17/68Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
    • A61B17/84Fasteners therefor or fasteners being internal fixation devices
    • A61B17/86Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor
    • A61B17/864Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor hollow, e.g. with socket or cannulated
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/56Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
    • A61B17/58Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
    • A61B17/68Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
    • A61B17/84Fasteners therefor or fasteners being internal fixation devices
    • A61B17/86Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor
    • A61B17/8685Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor comprising multiple separate parts
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/56Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
    • A61B17/58Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
    • A61B17/68Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
    • A61B17/84Fasteners therefor or fasteners being internal fixation devices
    • A61B17/86Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor
    • A61B17/8605Heads, i.e. proximal ends projecting from bone
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/56Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
    • A61B17/58Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
    • A61B17/68Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
    • A61B17/84Fasteners therefor or fasteners being internal fixation devices
    • A61B17/86Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor
    • A61B17/8605Heads, i.e. proximal ends projecting from bone
    • A61B17/861Heads, i.e. proximal ends projecting from bone specially shaped for gripping driver
    • A61B17/8615Heads, i.e. proximal ends projecting from bone specially shaped for gripping driver at the central region of the screw head
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/56Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
    • A61B17/58Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
    • A61B17/68Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
    • A61B17/84Fasteners therefor or fasteners being internal fixation devices
    • A61B17/86Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor
    • A61B17/8625Shanks, i.e. parts contacting bone tissue
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/56Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
    • A61B17/58Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
    • A61B17/88Osteosynthesis instruments; Methods or means for implanting or extracting internal or external fixation devices
    • A61B17/8897Guide wires or guide pins

Abstract

本发明提供了一种骨螺钉,包括:管状主体(1),所述管状主体(1)在它的外壁的至少一部分中具有骨螺纹(5),所述管状主体(1)具有开口的第一端(2)和第二端(3);其中在所述开口的第一端(2)设置有多个切割齿(4),并且在所述第二端(3)设置有头部(7)。

Description

骨螺钉
技术领域
本发明涉及骨螺钉。特别地,本发明涉及能够用作融合螺钉(fusion screw)的骨螺钉。这种螺钉促进在周围骨中的熔合。
背景技术
从US2004/0015172A1中已知这种类型的骨螺钉。该骨螺钉具有管状螺纹部分,并且在它的壁中具有骨螺纹和多个凹槽。头部和尖端能连接到管状螺纹部分。使用中,管状部分能填充有骨材料或者其它促进生长的材料,然后尖端和/或头部连接到管状部分。首先,制备芯孔,然后将螺钉插入芯孔中并拧入骨中。经过一定的时间段之后,在所述螺钉和骨之间发生融合。所述螺钉能作为牵引元件,以便通过所述螺钉将骨的粉碎部分或分裂部分连接在一起。为了免去芯孔的制备,尖端可以是自切割的(self-cutting)。
从例如US2004/0122431和US2004/0147929A1中已知类似的骨螺钉。
另外,已知所谓的注射螺钉(injection screw)(诸如在WO01/26568A1中所描述的),注射螺钉用于将骨接合剂或者其它液体或膏状材料注射到骨中。这种螺钉具有在骨螺钉内延伸的相当细的插管。所述插管不适于用骨碎片或移植骨填充。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种不利用制备的芯孔的情况下能够快速拧入骨中的骨螺钉。
上述目的通过根据本发明的骨螺钉实现。其它研发成果在从属权利要求中给出。
根据本发明的骨螺钉是自填充的。当骨螺钉拧入骨中时,切割齿接合骨并产生孔。来自螺钉插入部位的骨材料填充管状主体的腔。因此,不需要制备芯孔。不需要预先用骨材料填充管状主体。因此,与骨螺钉必须预先填充并插入预先制备好的芯孔中的情况相比,植入上述骨螺钉的过程花费更少的时间。此外,所述骨材料比预先填充的骨材料具有更为完好的结构,这可以促进愈合过程。
所述骨螺钉特别地适用于结实的健康骨或者脆弱的骨质疏松骨,因为在拧入骨螺钉时发生的结构破坏能被保持到最小的程度。
通过使用插入用的导丝程序,所述骨螺钉能够在微创外科手术中使用。
附图说明
从借助附图对本发明的各个实施例的描述中,本发明的其它特征和优点将变得明了。附图中:
图1示出第一实施例的骨螺钉的透视分解图。
图2示出处于组装状态下的图1的骨螺钉。
图3a以剖视图示出作为图1和2的骨螺钉的一部分的管状主体,其中用于导丝的插入件处于第一位置。
图3b以剖视图示出作为图1和2的骨螺钉的一部分的管状主体,其中用于导丝的插入件处于第二位置。
图4a-4e示出将根据第一实施例的骨螺钉插入骨中的步骤。
图5示出第二实施例的骨螺钉的透视图。
图6示出图5的骨螺钉的剖视图。
图7示出根据图5和6的骨螺钉的剖视图在切割齿区域中的放大部分。
图8示出第二实施例的一个改进实施例的骨螺钉的透视侧视图。
图9示出根据图8的骨螺钉的俯视图。
图10示出图8的骨螺钉的另一透视图。
图11示出图8的骨螺钉的另一改进实施例的透视侧视图。
图12示出根据图8-11的骨螺钉的壁部分的细节的放大透视图。
图13a-13d示出根据前面各实施例的骨螺钉的壁中设置的开口的形状的变化。
具体实施方式
如图1-4中所示的根据第一实施例的骨螺钉包括管状主体1,该管状主体1具有开口的第一端2和第二端3以及中心纵向轴线L。在第一端2,管状主体的自由边缘包括多个切割齿4,切割齿4构造成在骨中切割出孔。在管状主体的外壁的一部分中(如在该实施例中所示的,该部分邻近第一端2),管状主体1包括所谓的骨螺纹5。骨螺纹5构造成在骨螺钉拧入骨中时切入骨中。虽然附图示出具有基本为锯齿形的骨螺纹,但是可以使用所有类型的已知的骨螺纹。切割齿4从第一端2的边缘与纵向轴线L同轴地延伸。在所示的实施例中,所述切割齿基本为锯齿形。这种形状包括陡峭的齿侧4a和浅的齿侧4b,其中所述陡峭的齿侧4a相对于圆周线以大于45°的角度沿着所述自由边缘延伸,所述浅的齿侧4b相对于所述自由边缘以大于0°直到45°的角度延伸。为了使得螺钉的插入变得容易,所述陡峭的齿侧都在同一个圆周方向上定向。在每个切割齿4之间在圆周方向上具有间隔40以方便切割。所述切割齿构造成在骨中切割出环状孔。骨材料保留在所述孔内。保留在切割齿之间的骨材料被容纳在管状主体中。所述骨材料可以由碎片组成,或者所述骨材料可以是塞状粘附物或二者。
在所示的实施例中,切割齿的高度小于相邻圈的骨螺纹的两个螺纹牙顶5a之间的螺纹齿根的宽度。
切割齿的沿着径向方向的厚度可以比管状主体的壁厚大(未示出)。这导致在管状主体内形成一个扩大的空间以便容纳骨材料。
切割齿的形状和数量可以变化。构造成切割骨使得骨材料保持在管状主体内部的各种切割齿都是适合的。
如附图中所示,在管状主体的壁中设置有多个开口6,以允许骨材料和骨螺钉周围的血管的生长。所述开口6示出为圆形孔并且完全延伸穿过管状主体1的壁。所述开口布置在骨螺纹5的螺纹牙顶之间。然而可以想到开口6的任何其它各种形状和布置。在所示的实施例中,切割齿4在自由边缘2处位于两个开口6之间,这进一步增强了切割齿的切割能力。
在第二端3,分离的头部能连接到管状主体。所述连接可以是所示的螺纹连接、压配合连接或者任何其它连接。头部7具有面向管状主体1的第一侧7a和与管状主体反向的第二侧7b。所述第一侧可以包括平坦部分70,该平坦部分70能用作骨螺钉拧入时的骨表面的抵接部。头部7在它的与管状主体反向的上侧7b具有用于与螺丝起子接合的接合结构71。此外,头部7具有与管状主体的纵向轴线L同轴的中心孔72,用于引导导丝8穿过其中。而且,具有用于引导导丝穿过其中的孔9a的圆柱形插入件9能够容纳在管状主体1中。插入件9设计成能在管状主体内在靠近第一端2的位置(图3a)和靠近第二端3的位置(图3b)之间运动。导丝8所具有的长度大于骨螺钉的长度,这样在微创外科手术(MIS)中,骨螺钉能够被沿着导丝引导到植入位置并且保持合适的定向。
虽然管状主体示出为圆柱形状,但是可以想到其它的形状。例如,管状主体1靠近第一端2可以具有颠倒的渐缩形部分,该颠倒的渐缩形部分远离第一端2渐缩。由管状主体1提供的腔具有适合容纳骨材料的容积。管状主体的壁厚优选小于螺钉芯体直径的大约15%。
骨螺钉的所有部分均由生物相容材料制成,所述生物相容材料诸如生物相容金属(例如不锈钢或钛)、生物相容金属合金(例如镍钛诺)或者生物相容塑料材料(例如PEEK)。
另外,骨螺钉的管状主体或其它部分能涂覆有促进生长的物质或者能被粗糙化以便促进骨或血管的生长。
图4a-4d示出根据第一实施例的骨螺钉在微创外科手术(MIS)中的使用。首先,如图4a所示,经由患者的皮肤引入导丝8并推进导丝8穿过组织,直到导丝到达必须放置骨螺钉的位置。然后,将导丝插入骨中直到合适的方向和深度。如图4b所示,沿着导丝8引导具有组装好的管状主体1和头部7的骨螺钉延伸穿过导丝,直到骨螺钉到达骨的表面100。首先,将插入件9靠近管状主体的第一端2布置。接着,如图4c和4d所示,在导丝引导下将骨螺钉拧入骨中。切割齿4产生用于螺钉的孔,并且骨螺纹5便于将骨螺钉进一步推进到所述孔中
如图4e所示,由切割齿4碎掉的(scraped-off)骨材料101填充管状主体1的内部。在骨螺钉插入骨中的过程中,插入件9在朝着管状主体的第二端3的方向上移位。骨螺钉可以被推进直到头部7的平坦部分70抵靠骨表面100。最后,收回导丝。
在经过一段时间之后,管状主体中的骨材料与骨螺钉周围的骨材料融合,从而骨螺钉与骨刚性地相连接。借助于此,能够牢固地连接特别是骨折的骨部分或者不稳定的骨,或者能够稳定脆弱的骨质疏松骨。
在另一改进实施例中,管状主体优选地邻近第二端3具有不带螺纹的部分。在这种情况下,骨螺钉能够用作例如通过张力将骨折的骨部分或不稳定的骨保持在一起的张力螺钉。
图5和6示出第二实施例的骨螺钉。与第一实施例的部分相同的部分用相同的附图标记表示。第二实施例与第一实施例的不同之处在于切割齿4′的形状和头部7′。
切割齿4′比前面实施例的切割齿4长,并且具有更尖锐的尖端4c′,该更尖锐的尖端4c′由陡峭的齿侧4a′和浅的齿侧4b′提供,浅的齿侧4b′比第一实施例中的浅的齿侧更陡峭。另外,切割齿4′之间沿着圆周方向没有间隔或者仅有很小的间隔。
特别地如在图7中可以看到的,切割齿4′沿着径向方向的厚度d大于管状主体的壁厚D。因此,当骨螺钉拧入骨中时,由切割齿4′的切割过程形成的骨材料能够填充管状主体1中的空间,管状主体1中的空间沿着径向方向大于切割齿之间的空间。这便于将骨螺钉推进到骨中。
与第一实施例不同的是,头部7′与管状主体1制成一体件。这便于操纵整个骨螺钉,因为不再需要连接头部和管状主体的步骤。
如同第一实施例那样,头部7′具有用于与螺丝起子接合的接合结构71和能够提供抵接部的平坦部分70。而且,设置有用于引导导丝8穿过其中的孔72。
根据第二实施例的骨螺钉的使用类似于第一实施例,因此不再重复。
图8-12示出根据第二实施例的改进实施例的骨螺钉。与图5和6所示的第二实施例相同的所有部件参考相同的附图标记,并且对与第二实施例相同的所有部件不再重复进行描述。在该改进实施例中,在管状主体的外壁上的骨螺纹5的螺纹牙顶5a′以规则的间隔中断,即螺纹牙顶5a′布置在围绕管状主体1′′的外壁的螺旋线上。在图12中以放大视图示出螺纹牙顶部分5a′。螺纹牙顶5a′可以具有沿着螺旋方向和沿着反方向延伸的倾斜表面5b′。螺纹牙顶5a′沿着螺旋方向的长度可以变化。
另外,头部7′可以具有插入部分73,该插入部分73具有接合部分71和引导孔72,如图9所示。
如图13a-13d所示,开口6、6′、6′′、6′′′可以具有各种形状,诸如圆形(图13a)、椭圆形(图13b)、菱形(图13c)或六边形(图13d)或者其它形状。
上述实施例没有限制本发明。可以根据特定需要来提供各种头部。还可以想到的是,头部是单轴或多轴骨螺钉的头部部分,单轴或多轴骨螺钉构造成包括连接若干骨螺钉的杆。管状主体的直径和长度以及切割齿的形状可以根据实际的临床需要进行变化。

Claims (19)

1.一种骨螺钉,包括:
管状主体(1,1′,1″),所述管状主体(1,1′,1″)在它的外壁的至少一部分中具有骨螺纹(5,5′),所述管状主体具有开口的第一端(2)和第二端(3);
其中在所述开口的第一端(2)设置有多个切割齿(4,4′),并且在所述第二端(3)设置有头部(7,7′);
其特征在于,所述切割齿(4)在径向方向比所述管状主体的壁更厚。
2.根据权利要求1所述的骨螺钉,其中所述切割齿(4,4′)与所述管状主体的中心轴线(L)同轴地延伸。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的骨螺钉,其中所述切割齿(4,4′)构造成在所述管状主体(1,1′,1″)拧入骨中时钻出孔。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的骨螺钉,其中所述切割齿(4,4′)具有基本为锯齿的形状。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的骨螺钉,其中所述管状主体的壁厚比所述管状主体的外径小15%。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的骨螺钉,其中所述管状主体的壁包括多个开口(6,6′,6″,6″′)。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的骨螺钉,其中所述管状主体包括不带螺纹的部分。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的骨螺钉,其中所述头部(7,7′)包括用于与螺丝起子接合的接合结构(71)。
9.根据权利要求1或2所述的骨螺钉,其中所述头部(7′)设计成与管状主体(1′)成一体件。
10.根据权利要求1或2所述的骨螺钉,其中所述头部(7)是单独的部件,其能连接到所述管状主体(1)。
11.根据权利要求1或2所述的骨螺钉,其中所述头部(7,7′)具有面向所述管状主体的第一端和与管状主体反向的第二端,其中所述头部的第一端具有基本平坦部分(70),所述平坦部分(70)提供了抵接部。
12.根据权利要求1或2所述的骨螺钉,其中所述头部包括引导孔(72),所述引导孔(72)构造成引导导丝(8)穿过其中。
13.根据权利要求1或2所述的骨螺钉,其中在所述管状主体(1)中设置有插入件(9),所述插入件(9)构造成引导导丝(8)穿过其中。
14.根据权利要求13所述的骨螺钉,其中所述插入件(9)能沿着所述管状主体的纵向轴线(L)运动。
15.根据权利要求1或2所述的骨螺钉,其中所述骨螺纹(5)的螺纹牙顶(5a)是连续的。
16.根据权利要求1或2所述的骨螺钉,其中所述骨螺纹的螺纹牙顶(5a′)是中断的。
17.根据权利要求16所述的骨螺钉,其中所述骨螺纹的螺纹牙顶以规则的间隔中断。
18.根据权利要求1或2所述的骨螺钉,其中所述管状主体(1,1′)是圆柱形的。
19.根据权利要求1或2所述的骨螺钉,其中所述切割齿(4,4′)形成所述开口的第一端(2)的边缘。
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