CN102000960B - 基于冷变形再结晶过程生产金属复合材料的工艺方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种基于冷变形再结晶过程生产金属复合材料的工艺方法，旨在用于将两块或多块不同材质的或者同种材质的金属材料复合。其主要步骤是：首先，将两块金属材料采用机械加工方法去除表面层，主要在加工面上形成冷作硬化和使其表面达到平整清洁；其次，将所述的金属材料加工面相向对正重合，并完全贴合，在压力压紧和/或在真空情况下将两块材料结合面周边焊接；再将焊后的组合坯逐渐加热到该材料的回复、再结晶温度T再＝0.4T熔以上，使两块金属材料的组织融合为一体。本发明可用于不锈钢板与普碳钢板的复合，镍、钛金属与普碳钢板的复合等，也包括用于将同种材料的薄料多层复合为厚料。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用冷作变形硬化后进行热处理来改变物理性能并导致金属复合的方法，尤其涉及将两块或多块不同材质的金属材料或多块同种材质的材料复合为一体的工艺方法。
背景技术
将同种或两种不同金属材料紧密复合在一起的方法一般是采用焊接结合、爆炸复合或轧制复合的工艺。焊接复合方法只能将金属材料周边对接部分焊接在一起，不能实现金属材料板面间大面积的结合。爆炸复合虽然不受边缘复合的限制，但复合过程往往需要使用大量炸药，通过爆炸产生动力。这种方法会产生爆炸噪声、强烈的冲击及烟气污染，在成熟的地区周边是不可以进行生产的，加之炸药采购及使用也必须申批特许证，管理十分严格。轧制复合是依据材料间的扩散原理，须将金属材料加热到奥氏体区即1150℃～1250℃高温范围，并在大压缩比塑性变形条件下才能实现。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于，利用冷作变形硬化后进行热处理来改变其物理性能并导致复合现象而提出的一种基于冷变形再结晶过程金属复合材料的工艺方法。
本发明的技术解决方案是这样实现的：
一种基于冷变形再结晶过程生产金属复合材料的工艺方法，其特征在于：包括下述工艺步骤：
(1.1)通过机械加工方法使两块和/或多块相同材质和/或不同材质的金属表面产生冷作硬化层，并使加工处理后的金属表面平整清洁；
(1.2)将两块和/或多块经步骤(1.1)处理后的金属表面相向对正重合，并紧密贴合在一起，成为一块组合坯；
(1.3)将步骤(1.2)的组合坯置于平台或真空装置中，在单位压紧力为0.3～2Mpa和/或真空度为0.5pa～1X10-2pa情况下焊接密封周边结合缝，或先焊接密封周边，在缝隙留口处抽取真空后再将真空接口封死；
(1.4)将步骤(1.3)的组合坯放入加热炉，按规定的升温速度加热到所述材料的回复、再结晶温度区间以上，所述温度区间按下式确定：T再＝0.4T熔，并保持一定时间，使两块和/或多块材质相同和/或不同的金属界面结合为一体。
所述的机械加工方法，包括铣削、铇削、磨削和/或车削的加工过程。
所述不同材质的金属材料主要包括不锈钢与碳素钢的复合：碳素钢板/管两面与不锈钢的复合；碳素钢一面与不锈钢复合，另一面与钛金属复合，以及三种金属的三层复合；碳钢与有色金属复合。
与现有技术相比较，本发明的优点显而易见，主要表现在：
(1)可以经济方便地生产两种金属材料的复合材料；
(2)可为轧钢或锻造行业提供相同或不同材质的多层复合的特厚钢坯，为轧制优质板材奠定了基础；
(3)利于提高厚钢板的质量和成材率。
附图说明
本发明有附图1幅，其中：
图1是本发明的工艺流程框图。
具体实施方式
如图1所示。一种基于冷变形再结晶过程生产金属复合材料的工艺方法，其特征在于：包括下述工艺步骤：首先将两块同种材质或两种不同材质的金属材料的表面采用机械方法加工，去除表面金属层，旨在金属加工面上形成冷作硬化的变形层面，即在金相组织上使得界面晶粒产生拉伸、错位变形，表层间晶粒压缩并使加工后表面达到平整光洁。
两材料表面的加工可以采用刨床、铣床、磨床等机械切削加工方法中的任意一种或其组合，加工过程中的材料面层组织会产生较大的塑性变形，使晶格扭曲、畸变、晶粒间滑移以及晶粒被拉长，从而使面层产生较大的冷作硬化效果。硬化程度通常能达到约30％～150％，可按下式计算：N＝(HV-HV0)/HV0X100％。加工后可以再采用滚压的方法进一步增加冷作硬化的程度。
其次，将两块冷加工后的金属材料加工面相对，对正重合在一起，务使平面间完全贴合，在单位压力为0.3～2Mpa和/或在真空度为0.5pa～1X10-2pa情况下将两块材料结合面周边焊接封闭，或者焊接后抽取真空，然后封闭抽真空的管口。
再将加工组合后的金属材料放置于加热炉，通过常规加热方法逐渐加热到该材料的回复、再结晶温度以上：具体温度应按材质的不同，分别按下式计算设定，T再＝0.4T熔，如碳钢材料控制升温到约450℃以上，用以满足动力学的要求。随着温度的上升，两材料界面的冷加工变形层开始释放弹性畸变能，并产生回复作用，与两贴合的金属界面紧密毗邻的冷加工硬化层发生位错运动，滑移面上位错相遇时材料组织交织在一起，并产生许多的晶体即亚晶；当加热温度继续升高时产生再结晶，冷加工面产生的加工硬化消除，拉长的变形晶粒，变为新的等轴晶粒，这些晶粒既在变形层先产生无畸变的晶核，然后再在变形的金属基体中逐步长大。加工时的变形硬化程度越大，材料再结晶后的结晶越细，加热温度越高、再结晶速度越快、结晶晶粒越大。于是，通过金属的回复、再结晶使两界面之间的材料组织交织结合，两块材料组织融合为一体。
本发明将同种或两种不同金属材料紧密复合在一起，并在结合层间形成一定的结合强度。可以用于不锈钢板与普碳钢板的复合，钛板与普碳钢板的复合等；也包括用于将同种材料的薄料多层复合为厚料，如将目前厚度为100mm～300mm的连铸钢坯两层或多层复合为300mm～1000mm的特厚钢坯材料，就可作为轧钢厂的厚钢坯原料，再通过现有的热轧工艺轧制成80mm～300mm及以上厚度的特厚钢板，或者通过锻造工艺加工制作为特厚零部件。
实施例1
将一块10mm厚不锈钢板与一块30mm厚度Q235钢板复合。先分别将两种金属材料的一个面采用铣床加工，获得平整光洁的表面，加工硬化程度约100％。
清洁两加工表面后，将两材料加工硬化面相对贴合紧密重合在一起，以单位压力0.3～2Mpa在压力机上压紧或在0.5pa～1X10-2pa的真空状态下焊接密封周边结合缝；将材料进行加热，逐步加热到650℃以上，保温约1小时后缓冷，两块材料复合为一体。用同样方法可以获得中间层为普碳钢、上下两层为不锈钢材料的双面复合材料。
实施例2
将两块200mm厚度Q235连铸钢坯复合。先分别将两块钢坯材料的一个面采用铣床加工，获得平整清洁的表面，加工硬化程度约100％。
对两加工面吹扫、清洁后，将两材料加工硬化面相对贴合紧密重合在一起，在压力机以单位压力0.3～2Mpa压紧或在0.5pa～1X10-2pa的真空状态下焊接密封周边结合缝；
将材料进行加热，逐步加热到650℃以上，保温约2小时后缓冷，两块材料相对面层结合为一体。作为热轧钢板的特厚板坯材料使用。也可以在650℃保温后，两材料已复合为一体，继续加热到轧制要求的温度，直接用于轧制生产钢板。也可以用于加热后锻造为较厚的机械零部件。
Claims (3)
1.一种基于冷变形再结晶过程生产金属复合材料的工艺方法，其特征在于：包括下述工艺步骤：
(1.1)通过机械加工方法使两块和/或多块相同材质和/或不同材质的金属表面产生冷作硬化层，并使加工处理后的金属表面平整清洁；
(1.2)将两块和/或多块经步骤(1.1)处理后的金属表面相向对正重合，并紧密贴合在一起，成为一块组合坯；
(1.3)将步骤(1.2)的组合坯置于平台或真空装置中，在单位压紧力为0.3～2Mpa或真空度为0.5pa～1×10-2pa情况下焊接密封周边结合缝，焊后将真空接口封死；
(1.4)将步骤(1.3)的组合坯放入加热炉，按规定的升温速度加热到所述材料的回复、再结晶温度区间以上，所述温度区间按下式确定：T再＝0.4×T熔，并保持一定时间，使两块和/或多块材质相同和/或不同的金属界面结合为一体。
2.根据权利要求1所述的基于冷变形再结晶过程生产金属复合材料的工艺方法，其特征在于所述的机械加工方法包括铣削、铇削、磨削和/或车削的加工过程。
3.根据权利要求1所述的基于冷变形再结晶过程生产金属复合材料的工艺方法，其特征在于所述不同材质的金属材料主要包括不锈钢与碳素钢的复合；碳素钢板/管两面与不锈钢的复合；碳素钢一面与不锈钢复合，另一面与钛金属复合，以及三种金属的三层复合。
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