CN101948967A - TiAl-based alloy material with excellent high-temperature property and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
TiAl-based alloy material with excellent high-temperature property and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention introduces a TiAl-based alloy material with excellent high-temperature property. The TiAl-based alloy belongs to gamma-TiAl alloy and comprises the following chemical compositions in percentage by weight: 44.0 to 48.0 percent of Al, 3.0 to 5.0 percent of Nb, 0.1 to 3.0 percent of Mo, 0 to 0.8 percent of Ni, 0 to 0.8 percent of Si and the balance of Ti and inevitable impurities. A preparation method comprises a step of smelting and casting the materials in a vacuum consumable-electrode arc kish furnace or vacuum induction furnace, wherein a TiAl alloy ingot is subjected to vacuum melting or argon-filling melting first and then is cast in the casting process. Compared with the common TiAl alloy, the TiAl-based alloy material with excellent high-temperature property has higher usage temperature of up to 900 DEG C and has the advantages of good plasticity at room temperature, good creep-deformation resistance and oxidation resistance, good casting property, suitability for casting thin-wall components and great market prospect.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of superalloy art, titanium aluminium base alloy material of particularly a kind of high-temperature behavior excellence and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Along with motor performance such as Aeronautics and Astronautics, automobile, naval vessel improve constantly, to the demands for higher performance of high-temperature material, promptly higher intensity, antioxidant property and lighter density etc.γ-TiAl base alloy material has advantages such as good high-temperature intensity, creep resistance and antioxidant property, developing into materials for aeroengines of new generation, can be used for making pneumatic plant, gas turbine blade, pneumatic plant stator windsheild, out frame and casting of other complex-shaped large sizes and forging parts, substitute heavy nickel base superalloy with part, but loss of weight about 50%.γ-TiAl base alloy has been used to make the turbo-supercharger, air valve of motor car engine etc.At present, China and each industrial country of the world are all conducting a research energetically, but the alloy species of practical application seldom.
Theoretical investigation from Ti-Al alloy material: when solidifying route the titanium aluminum alloy castingprocesses is that γ is when solidifying mutually, titanium aluminum alloy many places after solidifying are in the γ single phase region, the non-constant of room temperature unit elongation of single-phase γ-TiAl, reason is that a lot of dislocations are not movable under single-phase γ-TiAl room temperature, and main slip dislocation is by fault dipole pinning.And α
2+ γ is organized in and obviously is better than single-phase γ-TiAl on unit elongation and the intensity, and reason is α
2Absorb oxygen, thereby reduced the oxygen level among the γ, be beneficial to dislocation glide.
α solidifies route research at most mutually in the titanium aluminum alloy preparation process so far, and that wherein Al% research is maximum is 46-47at%.The route that solidifies of Ti-(46-47at%) Al Ti-Al alloy material is that α solidifies mutually, and it is as follows that α solidifies route mutually: L (liquid phase) → α phase → α+γ → α
2+ γ, room temperature undertissue are α
2+ γ.The alpha-crystal that at first generates when L cools off mutually in the process of setting forms tangible columanar structure, and the γ lamella of follow-up formation causes as-cast structure to have tangible anisotropy perpendicular to the direction of the column crystal growth of α phase, and each position performance difference of foundry goods is obvious.
The homogeneity of structure of titanium aluminum alloy and the problem of poor-performing when solidifying mutually in order to solve α, can in the gamma-TiAl alloy of above-mentioned Al content, add an amount of beta stable element such as Nb, Zr, Hf etc., β phase region in the Ti-Al alloy phase diagram is moved right, realize that β solidifies mutually; Perhaps adjust the span of Al content, make that Al content is about 44at% or following in the gamma-TiAl alloy, realizing that β solidifies mutually, if thick β increases mutually and causes plasticity very poor but Al content is crossed low.It is as follows that β solidifies route mutually: L (liquid phase) → L+ β → β → alpha+beta → α → α+γ → α
2+ γ, room temperature undertissue are α
2+ γ is as the Ti-44Al-0.2B alloy.But when containing the beta stable element of certain content in the gamma-TiAl alloy, β solidifies route mutually and is: L (liquid phase) → L+ β → β → alpha+beta → alpha+beta m → α+γ+β m → α
2+ γ+β m, room temperature undertissue are α
2+ γ+β m (β m is metastable β phase) is as the Ti-44Al-5Nb-0.2B alloy.In the β phase process of setting, owing to can form the α variant of 12 complete different directions in the β crystal grain, finally obtain being orientated diverse lath group in each β crystal grain, this tissue anisotropy is very little, each position mechanical property basically identical.
On titanium-aluminum binary alloy phase diagram, when Al content is higher than the 44at% left and right sides, Peritectic Reaction L+ β → α will take place in the gamma-TiAl alloy process of setting, solidify route and be: L (liquid phase) → L+ β → β+α → α → α+γ → α
2+ γ or L → L+ β → L+ α → α → α+γ → α
2+ γ.Contain in the titanium aluminum alloy process of setting of Peritectic Reaction, Peritectic Reaction occurs in β phase and liquid interface place, when α begins forming core from liquid phase, will make as-cast structure have tangible anisotropy as previously mentioned; When α from the β beginning forming core of getting along, will obtain being orientated diverse thicker lath group, this tissue anisotropy is very little.Through studying for many years both at home and abroad and test, can be through the gamma-TiAl alloy of Peritectic Reaction in practical application, but it is poor through the gamma-TiAl alloy that β solidifies mutually to solidify the homogeneity of back casting composition.
Patent US6051084 points out that Nb can greatly improve the antioxidant property of titanium aluminum alloy, improves the hot strength and the creep property of alloy, and alloy all has the good oxidization resistance energy when Nb content is 6～10%.
Professor R.Yang of metal institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences etc., " Alloy development and shell mould casting of gamma TiAl " (Journal of materials processing technology[J], 2003, studied 2at%Nb, 5at%Nb, 8at%Nb 135:179-188) respectively to the influence of gamma-TiAl alloy antioxidant property and thermal fatigue resistance, better when antioxidant property, thermal fatigue resistance are than 8at%Nb when drawing Nb content and being 5at%; The titanium aluminum alloy thermal fatigue resistance is best when Nb content is 2at%.
(Chemical Industry Press points out that Mo can improve the plasticity and the intensity of thin peritectic alloy in 2006:817), improves the antioxidant property of titanium aluminum alloy at " Chinese material engineering grand ceremony (on the 2nd volume) " to do brave, Tian Zhiling etc.; An amount of Si can improve the mobile of titanium aluminum alloy cast and reduce hot tearing susceptibility; Ni can increase the flowing property of material.Patent US6294132 points out that Ni can improve the creep resistance of β phase, increases the friction of alloy inside and improve anti-seismic performance; Si can improve the hot strength and the creep strength of titanium aluminum alloy, and can improve the antioxidant property of alloy.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem to be solved by this invention provides titanium aluminium base alloy material of a kind of high-temperature behavior excellence and preparation method thereof, this alloy belongs to gamma-TiAl alloy, existing good temperature-room type plasticity, good creep-resistant property and antioxidant property are arranged again, can improve the use temperature of general T iAl alloy, titanium aluminum alloy can be used under 900 ℃ of left and right sides temperature for a long time; Simultaneously, this is high temperature resistant, and the gamma-TiAl alloy material has advantages of good casting, is suitable for the casting of thin-walled parts.
For the purpose that realizes solving the problems of the technologies described above, the present invention has adopted following technical scheme:
The titanium aluminium base alloy material of a kind of high-temperature behavior excellence of the present invention, belong to gamma-TiAl alloy, concrete chemical composition quality per-cent consists of: Al:44.0～48.0at%, Nb:3.0～5.0at%, Mo:0.1-3.0at%, Ni:0-0.8at%, Si:0-0.8at%, all the other are Ti and unavoidable impurities element.
The titanium aluminium base alloy material of described high-temperature behavior excellence, preferred chemical ingredients mass percent are formed, and: Al can preferred 46.0～47.0at%, more preferably 46.5at%; Nb can preferred 3.5～4.5at%, more preferably 4.0at%; Mo is 1.0-2.0at% preferably, more preferably 1.5at%; Ni is 0.2-0.6at% preferably, more preferably 0.3at%; Si is 0.3-0.6at% preferably, more preferably 0.4at%.
These technical schemes comprise that preferred each element mass percent and preferred each element mass percent also can make up mutually or combination, thereby reach better technique effect.
Nb can greatly improve the antioxidant property of titanium aluminum alloy, improves the hot strength and the creep property of alloy, but along with the increase of Nb content, the flowing property in the Ti-Al alloy material smelting and pouring process can decrease.Therefore, the titanium aluminum alloy of high Nb content is unfavorable for the casting of thin-walled parts.The present invention's appropriateness on the basis of high Nb titanium aluminum alloy reduces Nb content to 3.0～5.0at%, when more common titanium aluminum alloy has more high antioxygenic property, hot strength and creep property, flowing property when having improved the titanium aluminum alloy casting, moulding titanium aluminum alloy thin-wall part better when vacuum induction furnace and vacuum consumable electrode arc furnace melting casting.Simultaneously, appropriateness reduces the cost that Nb content can reduce Ti-Al alloy material.
Mo can improve the room temperature unit elongation of titanium aluminum alloy, and Mo can improve the antioxidant property of titanium aluminum alloy more significantly simultaneously.Improved the room temperature processing characteristics of titanium aluminium part by adding an amount of Mo in this patent material, but the hot strength of material can reduce when the Mo too high levels.Help improving the creep property of material, the friction that increases alloy inside and raising anti-seismic performance by adding an amount of Ni, if the too high meeting of Ni reduces the room temperature unit elongation of material; Add creep strength and antioxidant property that an amount of Si can improve titanium aluminum alloy, but the room temperature unit elongation of material can reduce when the Si too high levels.
Consider the significantly grain-size of refinement gamma-TiAl alloy of B element, be prone to the above big crystal grain of 1mm in the TiAl alloy casting microstructure of B but contain, in the part of the big stress of needs carrying, the Bization thing often causes the premature failure inefficacy of part.Therefore, do not add the grain refining element B in this patent.
By experiment with analyze titanium aluminum alloy in different elements and content to the influence of material mechanical performance and castability, Ti-Al alloy material of the present invention is Ti-(44～48at%) Al-(3～5at%) Nb-(0.1-3.0at%) Mo-(0-0.8at%) Ni-(0-0.8at%) Si.
The titanium aluminium base alloy material preparation method of a kind of high-temperature behavior excellence of the present invention is: adopt titanium sponge or other pure titanium material, AlNb alloy, AlMo alloy, pure Ni, pure Al and pure Si as raw material, perhaps other can make the final composition of alloy meet the raw material of proportion requirement, melting and cast molding in vacuum consumable electrode electric arc skull crucible or vacuum induction furnace can be carried out after the vacuum melting casting or carry out casting after the argon filling melting during cast molding the titanium aluminum alloy ingot casting; Need to take out certain vacuum in advance before casting is meant ingot casting vacuum melting after the described vacuum melting, and treat that titanium aluminum alloy liquid melts the rear moulded by casting fully; Casting process is meant after the described argon filling melting needs to take out in advance certain vacuum tightness in the argon filling melting forehearth, charge into argon gas afterwards and carry out melting behind certain pressure, and treat that titanium aluminum alloy liquid melts the rear moulded by casting fully.The titanium aluminium base alloy material preparation method of above-mentioned high-temperature behavior excellence needs twice above homogeneity with the assurance material of melting during induction furnace melting titanium aluminum alloy ingot casting; Described vacuum consumable electrode electric arc skull crucible casting with the preparation method of titanium aluminum alloy ingot casting is: at first push the titanium aluminum alloy electrode, be smelted into the titanium aluminum alloy ingot casting afterwards in vaccum consumable electrode electric arc furnace.
The titanium aluminium base alloy preparation methods of above-mentioned a kind of high-temperature behavior excellence needs to take out in advance certain vacuum tightness in the argon filling melting forehearth, general requirement makes vacuum tightness below 3.5Pa.
The titanium aluminium base alloy preparation methods of above-mentioned a kind of high-temperature behavior excellence, the described argon gas that charges into are to certain pressure, and the general requirement argon pressure is more than the 60000Pa.
Also can select other raw materials according to concrete technology, as long as can make the final composition of alloy meet Al:44.0～48.0at%, Nb:3.0～5.0at%, Mo:0.1-3.0at%, Ni:0-0.8at%, Si:0-0.8at%, all the other are the proportion requirement of Ti.
By adopting technique scheme, the present invention has following beneficial effect:
The titanium aluminium base alloy material of a kind of high-temperature behavior excellence provided by the invention has improved the use temperature of general T iAl alloy, and titanium aluminum alloy can be used down at 900 ℃, and existing good temperature-room type plasticity, and good creep-resistant property and antioxidant property are arranged again.Simultaneously, this is high temperature resistant, and the gamma-TiAl alloy material has advantages of good casting, be suitable for the casting of thin-walled parts, particularly be fit to the light member material that casting high temperature is used down, as turbine blade in aircraft engine, the motor car engine turbo-supercharger etc., can improve the use properties of aircraft engine, motor car engine, have huge market outlook.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
Adopt titanium sponge, AlNb50 alloy, AlMo60 alloy, pure Al as raw material in the preparation process, preparation titanium aluminum alloy Ti-46at%Al-4at%Nb-1.0at%Mo.Forvacuum degree 3.5Pa in vacuum induction furnace, argon filling carries out melting behind 60000Pa afterwards, continues to stop melting after the melting stirring 2min after Ti-Al alloy material melts fully, with titanium aluminum alloy ingot casting cool to room temperature again; By above technology titanium aluminium ingot casting melt back three times altogether (before each melting the ingot casting direction being exchanged) aluminium alloy thin-walled of back cast titanium and mechanical test coupons.
The titanium aluminum alloy room-temperature property is after tested: tensile strength is 380Mpa, and unit elongation is 0.70%; 900 ℃ of high-temperature behaviors: tensile strength is 350Mpa, and unit elongation is 2.5%.
Embodiment 2
Adopt titanium sponge, AlNb50 alloy, AlMo60 alloy, pure Ni, pure Al and pure Si as raw material in the preparation process, preparation titanium aluminum alloy Ti-46at%Al-4at%Nb-0.6at%Mo-0.2at%Ni-0.1Si.Forvacuum degree 3.5Pa in vacuum induction furnace, argon filling carries out melting behind 60000Pa afterwards, continues to stop melting after the melting stirring 2min after Ti-Al alloy material melts fully, with titanium aluminum alloy ingot casting cool to room temperature again; By above technology titanium aluminium ingot casting melt back three times altogether (before each melting the ingot casting direction being exchanged) aluminium alloy thin-walled of back cast titanium and mechanical test coupons.
The titanium aluminum alloy room-temperature property is after tested: tensile strength is 365Mpa, and unit elongation is 0.80%; 900 ℃ of high-temperature behaviors: tensile strength is 345Mpa, and unit elongation is 3.0%.
Embodiment 3
Adopt titanium sponge, AlNb50 alloy, AlMo60 alloy, pure Ni, pure Al and pure Si as raw material in the preparation process, preparation titanium aluminum alloy Ti-44at%Al-5at%Nb-0.1at%Mo-0.8at%Ni-0.3Si.Forvacuum degree 3.5Pa in vacuum induction furnace, argon filling carries out melting behind 60000Pa afterwards, continues to stop melting after the melting stirring 2min after Ti-Al alloy material melts fully, with titanium aluminum alloy ingot casting cool to room temperature again; By above technology titanium aluminium ingot casting melt back three times altogether (before each melting the ingot casting direction being exchanged) aluminium alloy thin-walled of back cast titanium and mechanical test coupons.
The titanium aluminum alloy room-temperature property is after tested: tensile strength is 400Mpa, and unit elongation is 0.70%; 900 ℃ of high-temperature behaviors: tensile strength is 360Mpa, and unit elongation is 2.5%.
Embodiment 4
Adopt titanium sponge, AlNb50 alloy, AlMo60 alloy, pure Ni, pure Al and pure Si as raw material in the preparation process, preparation titanium aluminum alloy Ti-48at%Al-3at%Nb-3at%Mo-0.6at%Ni-0.8Si.Forvacuum degree 3.5Pa in vacuum induction furnace, argon filling carries out melting behind 60000Pa afterwards, continues to stop melting after the melting stirring 2min after Ti-Al alloy material melts fully, with titanium aluminum alloy ingot casting cool to room temperature again; By above technology titanium aluminium ingot casting melt back three times altogether (before each melting the ingot casting direction being exchanged) aluminium alloy thin-walled of back cast titanium and mechanical test coupons.
The titanium aluminum alloy room-temperature property is after tested: tensile strength is 410Mpa, and unit elongation is 0.60%; 900 ℃ of high-temperature behaviors: tensile strength is 355Mpa, and unit elongation is 3.0%.
Embodiment 5
Adopt titanium sponge, AlNb50 alloy, AlMo60 alloy, pure Al and pure Si as raw material in the preparation process, preparation titanium aluminum alloy Ti-45at%Al-5at%Nb-0.7at%Mo-0.4Si.Forvacuum degree 3.5Pa in vacuum induction furnace, argon filling carries out melting behind 60000Pa afterwards, continues to stop melting after the melting stirring 2min after Ti-Al alloy material melts fully, with titanium aluminum alloy ingot casting cool to room temperature again; By above technology titanium aluminium ingot casting melt back three times altogether (before each melting the ingot casting direction being exchanged) aluminium alloy thin-walled of back cast titanium and mechanical test coupons.
The titanium aluminum alloy room-temperature property is after tested: tensile strength is 390Mpa, and unit elongation is 0.80%; 900 ℃ of high-temperature behaviors: tensile strength is 350Mpa, and unit elongation is 3.5%.
Claims (7)
1. the titanium aluminium base alloy material of a high-temperature behavior excellence, it is characterized in that: this alloy belongs to gamma-TiAl alloy, and the chemical ingredients mass percent consists of: Al:44.0～48.0at%, Nb:3.0～5.0at%, Mo:0.1-3.0at%, Ni:0-0.8at%, Si:0-0.8at%, all the other are Ti and unavoidable impurities element.
2. according to the titanium aluminium base alloy material of the described high-temperature behavior excellence of claim 1, it is characterized in that: the chemical ingredients mass percent composition of described alloy is: Al:46.0～47.0at%; Nb:3.5～4.5at%; Mo:1.0-2.0at%; Ni:0.2-0.6at%; Si:0.3-0.6at%.
3. according to the titanium aluminium base alloy material of the described high-temperature behavior excellence of claim 2, it is characterized in that: the chemical ingredients mass percent composition of described alloy is: Al:46.5at%; Nb:4.0at%; Mo:1.5at%; Ni:0.3at%; Si:0.4at%.
4. the titanium aluminium base alloy preparation methods of the described high-temperature behavior excellence of claim 1, adopt titanium sponge or other pure titanium material, AlNb alloy, AlMo alloy, pure Ni, pure Al and pure Si as raw material, perhaps other can make the final composition of alloy meet the raw material of proportion requirement, melting and cast molding in vacuum consumable electrode electric arc skull crucible or vacuum induction furnace can be carried out after the vacuum melting casting or carry out casting after the argon filling melting during cast molding the titanium aluminum alloy ingot casting; Need to take out certain vacuum in advance before casting is meant ingot casting vacuum melting after the described vacuum melting, and treat that titanium aluminum alloy liquid melts the rear moulded by casting fully; Casting process is meant after the described argon filling melting needs to take out in advance certain vacuum tightness in the argon filling melting forehearth, charge into argon gas afterwards and carry out melting behind certain pressure, and treat that titanium aluminum alloy liquid melts the rear moulded by casting fully.
5. according to the described preparation method of claim 4, it is characterized in that: need twice of melting above during described induction furnace melting titanium aluminum alloy ingot casting to guarantee the homogeneity of material; The preparation method of titanium aluminum alloy ingot casting is: at first push the titanium aluminum alloy electrode, be smelted into the titanium aluminum alloy ingot casting afterwards in vaccum consumable electrode electric arc furnace.
6. according to the described preparation method of claim 4, it is characterized in that: need to take out certain vacuum tightness in advance in the argon filling melting forehearth, vacuum is below 3.5Pa.
7. according to the described preparation method of claim 4, it is characterized in that: the described argon gas that charges into is to certain pressure, and argon pressure is more than the 60000Pa.
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Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102268568A (en) * | 2011-08-02 | 2011-12-07 | 洛阳双瑞精铸钛业有限公司 | TiAl-based alloy with excellent high temperature oxidation resistance and creep resistance suitable for casting |
| CN102268569A (en) * | 2011-08-02 | 2011-12-07 | 洛阳双瑞精铸钛业有限公司 | Titanium-aluminum-based alloy with excellent high-temperature creep property and casting performance |
| CN103789598A (en) * | 2014-02-28 | 2014-05-14 | 南京理工大学 | Directional TiAl-based alloy and preparation method thereof |
| CN108559872A (en) * | 2018-06-05 | 2018-09-21 | 中国航发北京航空材料研究院 | A kind of TiAl alloy and preparation method thereof |
| CN108977690A (en) * | 2018-07-31 | 2018-12-11 | 河北工业大学 | Sapphire whisker toughening TiAlNbMo alloy composite materials and preparation method thereof |
| CN109778006A (en) * | 2019-02-24 | 2019-05-21 | 宝鸡市嘉诚稀有金属材料有限公司 | A kind of aerospace grade titanium alloy high purification smelting technology |
| CN112359262A (en) * | 2020-11-20 | 2021-02-12 | 重庆理工大学 | Strengthening and toughening titanium-aluminum-based composite material and preparation method thereof |
| CN112626373A (en) * | 2020-11-20 | 2021-04-09 | 重庆理工大学 | High-temperature titanium-aluminum alloy and preparation method thereof |
| CN113020604A (en) * | 2021-03-05 | 2021-06-25 | 西安建筑科技大学 | High-strength wear-resistant high-temperature-resistant titanium-aluminum oxide alloy material and preparation method thereof |
| CN116516213A (en) * | 2023-03-23 | 2023-08-01 | 北京科技大学 | Preparation method of Si-containing high Nb-TiAl alloy |
| CN117165883A (en) * | 2023-09-07 | 2023-12-05 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Preparation method of beta-solidification gamma-TiAl alloy with lamellar distribution characteristic and bimodal structure |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102268568A (en) * | 2011-08-02 | 2011-12-07 | 洛阳双瑞精铸钛业有限公司 | TiAl-based alloy with excellent high temperature oxidation resistance and creep resistance suitable for casting |
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| CN103789598A (en) * | 2014-02-28 | 2014-05-14 | 南京理工大学 | Directional TiAl-based alloy and preparation method thereof |
| CN108559872B (en) * | 2018-06-05 | 2020-06-30 | 中国航发北京航空材料研究院 | TiAl alloy and preparation method thereof |
| CN108559872A (en) * | 2018-06-05 | 2018-09-21 | 中国航发北京航空材料研究院 | A kind of TiAl alloy and preparation method thereof |
| CN108977690A (en) * | 2018-07-31 | 2018-12-11 | 河北工业大学 | Sapphire whisker toughening TiAlNbMo alloy composite materials and preparation method thereof |
| CN109778006A (en) * | 2019-02-24 | 2019-05-21 | 宝鸡市嘉诚稀有金属材料有限公司 | A kind of aerospace grade titanium alloy high purification smelting technology |
| CN112359262A (en) * | 2020-11-20 | 2021-02-12 | 重庆理工大学 | Strengthening and toughening titanium-aluminum-based composite material and preparation method thereof |
| CN112626373A (en) * | 2020-11-20 | 2021-04-09 | 重庆理工大学 | High-temperature titanium-aluminum alloy and preparation method thereof |
| CN113020604A (en) * | 2021-03-05 | 2021-06-25 | 西安建筑科技大学 | High-strength wear-resistant high-temperature-resistant titanium-aluminum oxide alloy material and preparation method thereof |
| CN116516213A (en) * | 2023-03-23 | 2023-08-01 | 北京科技大学 | Preparation method of Si-containing high Nb-TiAl alloy |
| CN116516213B (en) * | 2023-03-23 | 2024-06-07 | 北京科技大学 | Preparation method of Si-containing high Nb-TiAl alloy |
| CN117165883A (en) * | 2023-09-07 | 2023-12-05 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Preparation method of beta-solidification gamma-TiAl alloy with lamellar distribution characteristic and bimodal structure |
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Application publication date: 20110119 |