CN101940785B - 一种硫化氢产生酶制剂及其用途 - Google Patents
一种硫化氢产生酶制剂及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种硫化氢产生酶制剂及其用途,该制剂中含硫化氢产生酶、质量百分比为0.01~0.1%的磷酸吡哆醛和质量百分比为0~0.1%的二硫苏糖醇,所述的硫化氢产生酶为在微量磷酸吡哆醛存在的条件下能将L-半胱氨酸脱硫产生硫化氢的酶。本发明酶制剂可通过与常规辅料混合制成口服制剂,增加硫化氢供给,可治疗和预防因内源性硫化氢产生被抑制或内源性硫化氢产生不足而引起的疾病,而且无毒副作用,具有广阔应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及酶制剂及医药技术领域,尤其涉及一种硫化氢产生酶制剂及其用途。
背景技术
长期以来,硫化氢一直被认为是一种有毒的气体。然而最近研究表明,硫化氢作为气态信号分子在多种生理过程中发挥重要作用,具有广泛的生物学效应,显示出极大的治疗性应用前景。
正常情况下,机体的稳态可通过神经和体液系统进行内源调节。一氧化氮和一氧化碳是两类早已确认的内源气态调节因子,最近,硫化氢被证实为第三种气态信号分子,共同参与稳态的调节。研究表明,正常机体组织中存在着一定浓度的硫化氢(如大鼠血清中约含46μM硫化氢,哺乳动物脑组织中约含50-160μM硫化氢,哺乳动物胃肠道中的硫化氢浓度更高,达0.2~3.4mM),它们1/3以气态形式存在,2/3以离子(主要是HS-)形式存在。这些内源性硫化氢主要由两类磷酸吡哆醛依赖性酶:胱硫醚β-合酶(cystathionine β-synthase,CBS,EC 4.2.1.22)和胱硫醚γ-裂解酶(cystathionineγ-lyase,CGL;又称为γ-胱硫醚酶,γ-cystathionase,CSE,EC 4.4.1.1)催化产生。硫化氢可直接作用于KATP通道,通过减少细胞外Ca2+的内流及促进内皮细胞释放内皮超极化因子等方式来舒张血管平滑肌,同时,还可通过对丝裂原激活蛋白激酶的作用抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖,促进其凋亡,改善血管重构。
硫化氢的主要生理功能有:
治疗消化道溃疡:非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDs)广泛用于关节炎、发热和疼痛症状的缓解,但易引发消化性溃疡。研究显示NSAIDs抑制胃及肠粘膜细胞CSE的表达,减少硫化氢的生成,如预先给大鼠注射NaHS,则可增加胃和肠粘膜血流,减少服用NSAIDs后引起的粘膜损伤(Sivarajah etal.,Shock.2006,26:154-161)。在大鼠的胃肠道溃疡模型中,使用NSAIDs会延缓愈合的进程,而硫化氢供体或L-半胱氨酸可加速溃疡的愈合(Wallace et al.,FASEB J.2007,21:4070-4076)。两种能释放硫化氢的NSAIDs衍生物,ATB337(双氯芬酸衍生物)和ATB343(吲哚美辛衍生物),可抑制前列腺素合成以及环氧化酶的活性,阻止白细胞粘附到血管内皮,而不会引起胃肠道粘膜损伤(Wallace,Trends PharmacolSci.2007,28:501-505),说明硫化氢与NSAlDs联用能减少NSAIDs的致溃疡副作用。
维持血压稳定:研究表明,自发性或诱发性高血压大鼠的血浆中硫化氢浓度显著低于正常大鼠,如果静脉注射或腹腔注射NaHS(一种硫化氢的供体),不仅可提高血浆中的硫化氢水平,还能显著降低大鼠的血压(Shiet al.,American J Physiology Heart and Circulation Physiology.2007,293:2093-2100)。对正常大鼠体外灌注胱硫醚β-合酶或胱硫醚γ-裂解酶的激活剂,可使受试动物的血压降低,反之,如果灌注这些酶的抑制剂,则会使受试动物的血压升高(Webb et al.,J Pharm Experiment Threapeut.2008,324:876-882)。Yang等用敲除CSE基因的突变小鼠进行实验,发现这种突变小鼠其硫化氢的水平显著下降,并表现出明显的高血压倾向和依赖内皮的血管舒张功能丧失,如果静脉注射或腹腔注射NaHS,可使血压回归正常(Science,2008,322:587-590),这些研究都说明硫化氢在血管扩张和血压调节过程中发挥着重要作用。
保护心脏:心肌缺血损伤的大鼠其血浆硫化氢水平显著降低,心肌CSE活性下调,外源性给予NaHS可以改善左室收缩功能和舒张功能、降低心肌缺血损伤大鼠的死亡率,还可减少心肌纤维原细胞的增生和肥大,减少脂质过氧化作用(Ji et al.,EurJPharmacol.2008,587:1-7)。在大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注模型中,缺血前15min预先给予NaHS能明显保护心脏功能,减少心肌梗死面积,抑制血管内皮细胞凋亡,促进内皮细胞再生(Bliksoen et al.,EurJ Cardiothorac Surg.2008,34:344-349),说明硫化氢对缺血心肌具有保护作用。
防止动脉粥样硬化:研究表明,动脉粥样硬化的模型小鼠中血浆硫化氢水平明显降低,硫化氢浓度与动脉粥样硬化的严重程度具有明显相关性,腹腔注射NaHS后,血清中硫化氢的含量明显升高,主动脉根部动脉粥样硬化斑块明显缩小(王燕飞等,国药理学通报.2008,24:1293-1296),提示硫化氢可以延缓动脉粥样硬化的进程。
此外,硫化氢在防治肠易激综合征、降低代谢、防止低氧性损伤、参与神经调节等生理活动中也起着非常重要的作用。
既然H2S具有如此重要的生理功能,与其相关的药物开发工作自然受到重视。据2008年5月27日的<生命科学世界>报道,美国Ikaria Holdings公司已完成对注射用硫化氢前体IK-1()()1的一期临床研究,期望开发成对低氧和缺血性心血管疾病具有特效的药物。但是动物对H2S浓度非常敏感,过高的H2S会损伤神经及呼吸系统,严重时甚至引起动物麻痹和肺水肿。虽然在生理学条件下,过多的硫化氢可在线粒体内被硫代硫酸盐还原酶迅速代谢,但像NaHS等快速硫化氢释放试剂作为候选药物具有极大的风险。因此能缓慢释放硫化氢的化合物正日益受到相关药物研究者的重视,Li等于2008年合成了一种水溶性化合物GYY4137(morpholin-4-ium 4methoxyphenol phosphinodithioate),研究表明,该化合物能在数小时内持续缓慢释放硫化氢,具有扩张血管及降低血压等作用。2010年3月加拿大Antibe Therapeutics公司开发成功能释放硫化氢的非甾体类抗炎药ATB-346并成功进入市场。但是,目前正在使用的非甾体类抗炎药有上千种,要在每一种药物上都连接一个硫化氢缓释基团,将是一项非常艰巨的工作,而且这些化学合成药可能会产生新的毒副作用。如果能开发一个毒副作用小的硫化氢缓释剂作为“万能”辅助药物,将有极大的市场前景。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种硫化氢产生酶酶制剂,该酶制剂能催化L-半胱氨酸脱硫并缓慢产生硫化氢。硫化氢产生的速率与酶比活力、底物L-半胱氨酸的含量,辅助因子磷酸吡哆醛和二硫苏糖醇的浓度及酶所处的环境条件有关。该酶制剂解决了现有硫化氢释放试剂释放过快、副作用较大的问题。可以与几乎所有非甾体类抗炎药联用,降低这类药物的致溃疡风险。
一种酶制剂,该制剂中含硫化氢产生酶、质量百分比为0.01~0.1%的磷酸吡哆醛和质量百分比为0~0.1%的二硫苏糖醇,所述的硫化氢产生酶为在微量磷酸吡哆醛存在的条件下能将L-半胱氨酸脱硫产生硫化氢的酶。
所述的硫化氢产生酶为胱硫醚β-合酶、胱硫醚γ-裂解酶和半胱氨酸脱硫酶中的至少一种。
所述的硫化氢产生酶比活力单位优选为1~2000U/g。
本发明还提供了上述酶制剂在制备硫化氢产生药物中的用途及在治疗和预防因内源性硫化氢产生被抑制或内源性硫化氢产生不足而引起的疾病中的用途。
本发明中硫化氢产生酶的活力定义为:以每克酶制剂在37℃、pH8.0的缓冲液中每分钟生成1微摩尔硫化氢定义为1个酶活单位(U)。
本发明中硫化氢产生酶制剂的优点是:(1)利用硫化氢产生酶将含硫氨基酸分解成硫化氢。由于硫化氢的脂溶性5倍于它的水溶性,因此能容易地穿过细胞膜,在细胞之间自由扩散。这种特性有利于制成口服或透皮药物。口服药物依靠肠上皮细胞的吸收,透皮药物利用皮肤的吸收作用,可增加血液和组织中的硫化氢含量;(2)可通过控制酶制剂的用量、控制底物(如半胱氨酸)和辅助因子(如磷酸吡哆醛)的剂量来调节硫化氢产生酶的活性;(3)所用的酶制剂(本身就是蛋白质)、底物(如半胱氨酸)和辅助因子(如磷酸吡哆醛)是机体本身的组分,几乎没有副作用;(4)酶制剂制成肠溶包衣微胶囊后,不会被胃酸和胃蛋白酶破坏,而食物中的蛋白质被蛋白酶消化后释放出的半胱氨酸,正好成为硫化氢产生酶的底物。由于肠道对硫化氢的敏感性比较低,或者说肠道能耐比较高的硫化氢浓度(一般哺乳动物胃肠道中硫化氢浓度可维持在0.2~3.4mM,见Rose P,WorldJGastroenterol 2005,11(26):3990-3997),因此不会有大的副作用,而且严格意义上说,肠道应是机体的外环境,如果不小心服用过量,多量的硫化氢会通过肠腔排到大气中。
以本发明以硫化氢产生酶为活性成分,与制药学上可接受的载体或药用辅料组合,可开发成相宜的治疗药物或保健食品。
具体实施方式
实施例1.口服肠溶酶制剂A
将比活力单位为2000U/g的半胱氨酸脱硫酶冻干粉末与磷酸吡哆醛、二硫苏糖醇和L-半胱氨酸以质量比100∶0.1∶0.1∶0.5混合后,加入3倍重量的淀粉,混匀,各取200mg装入每一肠溶胶囊,即可得总酶活单位约为100U/胶囊的口服肠溶制剂。该制剂需冷藏保存,防止受潮。
实施例2.口服肠溶酶制剂B
将比活力单位为1U/g的胱硫醚β-合酶与磷酸吡哆醛和二硫苏糖醇以质量比100∶0.5∶0.5混合后,取100mg压成片芯;在邻苯二甲酸乙酸纤维素包衣液中加入重量百分比为5%的L-半胱氨酸进行第一次包衣,然后用聚丙烯酸树脂进行第二层包衣,即制备成总酶活单位约为0.1U/片的口服肠溶衣片。包衣按医药制作的常规方法进行即可。包衣片冷冻干燥保藏。
实施例3.口服肠溶酶制剂C
将比活力单位为510U/g的胱硫醚β-合酶冻干粉末、1U/g的胱硫醚γ-裂解酶冻干粉末和220U/g的半胱氨酸脱硫酶冻干粉末以质量比1∶1∶1的比例混合,加入总质量0.03%的磷酸吡哆醛、0.02%的二硫苏糖醇、5%的L-半胱氨酸和10倍质量的微晶纤维素,混匀后装入肠溶胶囊中,制成口服肠溶制剂C,冷冻干燥保藏。
实施例4.口服肠溶酶制剂D
将比活力单位为120U/g的胱硫醚β-合酶粗酶冻干粉末和比活力单位为1480U/g的胱硫醚γ-裂解酶冻干粉末以质量比5∶1的比例混合,加入总质量0.01%的磷酸吡哆醛和50%的甘露醇,按常规方法在压片机上压成片芯,然后喷上醋酸纤维素包衣,制备成半透膜片剂,在片剂外再包一层欧巴代(OYP)肠溶包膜,制备成口服肠溶制剂D。该制剂最好与适量半胱氨酸制剂一起服用,或仅利用肠道中蛋白分解后生成的半胱氨酸缓慢释放硫化氢。
实施例5.口服肠溶酶制剂E
将比活力单位为1340U/ml的胱硫醚γ-裂解酶溶液与质量体积分数为0.2%的磷酸吡哆醛、0.1%的二硫苏糖醇和50%的羧甲基淀粉钠,混匀后送入低温颗粒摇摆机进行造粒,小丸经低温干燥后在旋流流化床包衣机上用CAP(苯二甲酸醋酸纤维素酯)进行包衣;包衣后的小丸与质量百分比为1%的L-半胱氨酸混合,装入市售肠溶衣胶囊中,制备成口服肠溶制剂E,冷冻干燥保藏。
实施例6.透皮酶制剂贴片F
将比活力单位为1080U/ml的胱硫醚γ-裂解酶与质量体积分数为0.2%的磷酸吡哆醛和0.1%的二硫苏糖醇混合后,加入等体积的50%明胶水溶液后,再加入等体积的甘油后,用研和法制备成软膏剂,冷藏。使用时加入质量分数为1%的L-半胱氨酸,混匀后涂布于胶布上,作为透皮贴片,贴于皮肤表面。
实施例7.酶制剂的硫化氢产生活力
精确称取酶制剂0.1克(或吸取0.1ml),加至10mL比色管中,加入pH8.0的20mM Tris缓冲液8ml,37℃保温10分钟后,加入5mM L-半胱氨酸0.5ml,37℃反应30分钟后,取反应液1.6ml,加0.2ml二甲基对苯二胺溶液(0.02M二甲基对苯二胺硫酸盐溶于7.2M盐酸中)和0.2ml氯化铁溶液(0.03M氯化铁溶于1.2M盐酸中),37℃反应30分钟后,测定反应液在667nm下的吸光度。用硫化钠作标准曲线,根据标准曲线,求得产生的硫化氢浓度。
硫化氢产生酶的活力:以每克(或每ml)制剂在37℃、pH8.0的缓冲液中每分钟生成1微摩尔硫化氢定义为1个酶活单位(U)。测定结果见表1。
表1.酶的比活力测定(U)
酶来源 | 酶制剂A | 酶制剂B | 酶制剂C | 酶制剂D | 酶制剂E | 酶制剂F |
酶活力 | 1960U/g | 1U/g | 250U/g | 350U/g | 1340U/ml | 1080U/ml |
实施例8.酶制剂的半衰期。
精确称取酶制剂0.1克(或吸取0.1ml),加至10mL比色管中,加入pH8.0的20mM Tris缓冲液8mL,37℃水浴保温。每隔2小时,取一管加入5mM L-半胱氨酸0.5mL,按实施例6中的方法测定酶活力,以酶活力下降一半的时间作为酶制剂的半衰期。结果见表2。
表2.酶的半衰期测定(h)
酶来源 | 酶制剂A | 酶制剂B | 酶制剂C | 酶制剂D | 酶制剂E | 酶制剂F |
半衰期 | 14 | 8 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 7.5 |
实施例9.酶制剂透皮贴片对大鼠血浆硫化氢浓度的影响试验。
药物:透皮酶制剂贴片F
实验动物:Wistar大鼠;
取7周龄普通Wistar雄性鼠(180-200克)24只,随机分成3组:组A、B和C;每天按每千克体重喂食50克饲料,分两次供给,吃完为止;饮水充分供应,组A作为对照组,每天腹腔注射无菌注射用水2.5mL,组B和C每天腹腔注射等量DL-炔丙基甘氨酸(PPG,胱硫醚γ-裂解酶抑制剂,剂量为37.5毫克/kg),组A和B每天一次腹部贴透皮安慰膏(无酶),组C每天一次腹部贴酶制剂透皮贴片F(见实施例6)。1个月后测血浆硫化氢浓度,结果见表2.
表3.酶制剂E对大鼠血浆硫化氢浓度的影响
处理 | 组A(n=8) | 组B(n=8) | 组C(n=8) |
硫化氢浓度(μmol/L) | 45.7±8.6 | 20.0±7.3 | 39.8±11.5* |
*:与组B比较,P<0.05
透皮酶制剂贴片中的胱硫醚γ-裂解酶用胱硫醚β-合酶或半胱氨酸脱硫酶代替,或,透皮酶制剂贴片中除涂有胱硫醚γ-裂解酶外,还混入胱硫醚β-合酶或、和半胱氨酸脱硫酶,仍能得到相似的结果。
实施例10.酶制剂对大鼠结肠炎的疗效试验。具体方法是:
试剂:3.3%三硝基苯磺酸溶液,0.01%奥沙拉秦溶液;
药物:口服肠溶酶制剂E;
实验动物:SD大鼠;
饲料:玉米粉,25%;黄豆粉,25%,麸皮,10%;面粉,10%;鱼粉,10%;草粉,10%;骨粉,10%。上述原料混匀后,每千克中再添加10克复合维生素,0.2毫升(浓)鱼肝油,混匀后加适量水后加工成型,干燥保藏。
方法:结肠炎模型制作按Morris的方法(Gastroenterology,96:795-803,1989)
结肠损伤评价按王皓的方法(胃肠病学,6:7-10,2001)
取7周龄雄性SD大鼠(180-220克)24只,随机分成4组:组A、B、C和D;每天按每千克体重喂食50克饲料,分两次供给,吃完为止,饮水充分供应。试验前24小时禁食,试验时先麻醉大鼠,用直径2mm聚乙烯管自肛门插入8cm灌药。组A为正常对照组,灌入生理盐水0.3mL,组B、C和D灌入10%三硝基苯磺酸溶液0.3mL,为实验性结肠炎模型。24小时后,A、B组每日一次灌胃生理盐水2mL,C组灌胃口服肠溶酶制剂E包衣小丸(200mg/2ml生理盐水),D组灌入奥沙拉秦2mL(食后1小时灌入),共14天,试验结束后,将动物处死,观察结肠损伤情况,结果见表4。由表可见,经三硝基苯磺酸诱导后,大鼠患溃疡性结肠炎,若对这些大鼠饲喂酶制剂C,可显著减轻结肠损伤。
表4.酶制剂C对大鼠结肠炎的疗效
*:与组B比较,P<0.05
将口服肠溶酶制剂A,口服肠溶酶制剂B,口服肠溶酶制剂C,口服肠溶酶制剂D代替口服肠溶酶制剂E进行灌肠或灌胃实验,得到相似的结果。
Claims (4)
1.一种酶制剂,其特征在于:该制剂中含硫化氢产生酶、质量百分比为0.01~0.1%的磷酸吡哆醛和质量百分比为0~0.1%的二硫苏糖醇,所述的硫化氢产生酶为胱硫醚β-合酶、胱硫醚γ-裂解酶和半胱氨酸脱硫酶中的至少一种。
2.如权利要求1所述的酶制剂,其特征在于:所述的硫化氢产生酶比活力单位1~2000U/g。
3.如权利要求1~2任一所述的酶制剂在制备硫化氢产生药物中的用途。
4.一种包含权利要求1~2任一所述酶制剂的口服制剂和贴片。
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US20060275279A1 (en) * | 2005-06-06 | 2006-12-07 | Rozzell J D | Methods for dissolving cystine stones and reducing cystine in urine |
CN101665800A (zh) * | 2009-03-26 | 2010-03-10 | 浙江大学 | 一种微生态制剂的制备方法及其用途 |
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US20060275279A1 (en) * | 2005-06-06 | 2006-12-07 | Rozzell J D | Methods for dissolving cystine stones and reducing cystine in urine |
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袁琼英 等.硫化氢与消化系统.《J Intern Med Concepts Pract》.2007,第2卷128. * |
郑斌 等.胱硫醚β- 合酶与动脉粥样硬化.《Chin J Arterioscler》.2009,第7卷268-271. * |
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