CN101926241A - Method for recovering degraded coastal saline-alkali wetland by using papermaking waste water - Google Patents
Method for recovering degraded coastal saline-alkali wetland by using papermaking waste water Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for recovering a degraded coastal saline-alkali wetland by using papermaking waste water. In the method, the degraded coastal saline-alkali wetland to be recovered is irrigated by using the papermaking waste water; the chemical oxygen demand (COD) value of the papermaking waste water is between 200 and 1,500 mg/L, preferably between 850 and 1,200 mg/L and most preferably 957 mg/L; in an irrigation step, the irrigation depth of the papermaking waste water is between 20 and 25 centimeters; and irrigation time is from April to June every year and irrigation is performed for 1 to 4 times every month, preferably 2 to 3 times. The method has the advantages of increasing the pH value of the degraded saline-alkali wetland, increasing the nutrient content of soil, remarkably increasing microorganisms and biomass carbon in the soil, improving the physical property of the soil and enhancing the soil water storage capability of plant communities such as reed and the like, is an effective way for lowering the salt content of the soil and enhancing the soil fertility and has good application prospect.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to saline-alkali wetland and recover the field, particularly relate to a kind of method of utilizing paper waste to recover degraded coastal saline-alkali wetland.
Background technology
The Huanghe delta is one of China three big deltas, also be develop the latest, the youngest delta.Huanghe delta wetland is in neotectonic movement, the Yellow River mud deposition, grow up under local rainfall and runoff and the trend effect, mainly be distributed in the zone of bordering on the sea, based on the beach wetland, formed the fan band of a broadness, whole delta wetland type is abundant, various (the Xu J M.Studies on the ecological evaluation of view type, properprotection and utilization of the wetland resource in Yellow River Delta.Journal of ChinaAgricultural Resources and Regional Planning, 2001,22 (2): 45～49; Cui B S, Liu X T.Ecological character changes and sustainability management of wetlands in the YellowRiver Delta.Geographical Science, 2001,21 (3): 250～256.).But local agricultural and oil field development cause these zone wetlands ecosystems and have a strong impact on, (Chen W F is quickened in the wetland atrophy, Zhou W Z, Shi Y X.Crisisof wetlands in the Yellow River Delta and its protection.Journal of Agro-EnvironmentalScience, 2003,22 (4): 499～502), ecological environment problem is outstanding, badly influence the ecological safety of zone, the Huanghe delta and Bohai Economic Rim, thereby, improvement Huanghe delta degraded coastal saline-alkali wetland, it is great to recover its ecological protective screen functional meaning.
Huanghe delta severe degraded coastal saline-alkali wetland soil mainly is marine solonchak, salinity is based on NaCl, the low nutrient soil of high salinity has seriously restricted the growth of wetland plant, this zone year evaporation discharge is much larger than precipitation, drought and water shortage, degree of mineralization of ground water height can't use in addition, the freshwater resources scarcity, and water has become the bottleneck that this zone degeneration wetland recovers.
The papermaking industry is the important industry in area, the Huanghe delta, and the sector water consumption is higher, can produce a large amount of paper wastes.Paper waste does not contain pollutants such as heavy metal, and wherein the content of sodium ion and chlorion only is equivalent to the 5-10% of seawater, and is rich in nutriments such as organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus, thereby, recover the degeneration saline-alkali wetland with paper waste and have feasibility.
At present in zone, the Huanghe delta, to mainly being to experimentize different hydraulic loads and running time by designing with paper waste improvement saline-alkali wetland, but this method need continue the 6-10d that pours water, and has shortcomings such as long, slow, the expense height of taking effect of implementation cycle; She Ji flooding depth gradient is less simultaneously, fails to determine effective waterflooding threshold range of improvement degeneration saline-alkali wetland, and being applied to the actual production guidance has certain limitation.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of method of utilizing paper waste to recover degraded coastal saline-alkali wetland.
The method of utilizing paper waste to recover degraded coastal saline-alkali wetland provided by the invention is with paper waste pouring described degraded coastal saline-alkali wetland to be recovered.
In the said method, the COD value of described paper waste is 200-1500mg/L, and is preferred 850,957,1200mg/L, most preferably 957mg/L.In the described pouring step, the pouring degree of depth of described paper waste is 20cm-25cm, most preferably 20cm.The number of times of pouring is every month 1-4 time, preferred 2-3 time, sees dried at every turn.Described degraded coastal saline-alkali wetland described to be recovered is preferably placed at the Huanghe delta.Described watering time is annual April-June.
The method of utilizing paper waste to recover degraded coastal saline-alkali wetland provided by the invention, be applicable to the recovery of severe degraded coastal saline-alkali wetland, degeneration saline-alkali wetland pH value is slightly raise, and it is not remarkable that the Different Irrigation amount influences difference to the pH value of degeneration salinization of soil wetland, can not increase the weight of alkalization of soils; Irrigate the back soil nutrient content and improve, soil microbes biomass carbon significantly increases, and the activity of topsoil dehydrase improves 12.2～85.7%, but heavy irrigation, dehydrogenase activity significantly reduces.In addition, method provided by the invention has also been improved soil physical, and the bulk density of soil reduces, and porosity increases, and has strengthened the ability of the storage or saving soil moisture of plant communitys such as reed.This method can be utilized contained nutriment promotion reed growth in the paper waste, can produce good economic benefit, realizing the ecological circulation that papermaking industry and wetland recover, realize paper making wastewater zero discharge, is a kind of saline-alkali wetland recovering method that has very much development potentiality.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 tests regional location among the embodiment 1.
Fig. 2 irrigates back changes of pH situation among the embodiment 1.
Fig. 3 is water-soluble total salt, Na among the embodiment 1
+And Cl
-The dynamic change of content.
Fig. 4 be among the embodiment 1 different waste water irrigation amounts to the influence of different depth soil salt removal effect.
Fig. 5 be among the embodiment 1 different waste water irrigation amounts to the influence of soil nutrient
Fig. 6 is that Different irrigation deep soil enzymic activity is with changes of seasons among the embodiment 1, and wherein, Fig. 6 a-Fig. 6 e is respectively catalase, phosphatase, dehydrase, urase and invertase with the changes of seasons rule.
Fig. 7 is the variation of soil microbial biomass under the Different irrigation degree of depth among the embodiment 1.
Fig. 8 is that paper waste is irrigated the bulk density of soil and porosity down among the embodiment 1.
Fig. 9 is that paper waste is irrigated soil infiltration rate curve down among the embodiment 1.
Figure 10 is that paper waste is irrigated soil water storage amount down among the embodiment 1.
Embodiment
Brackish water that to be b.s.l. 6m link to each other with the outflow river basin to the high water level of spring tide of coastal saline-alkali wetland described in the present invention and light shallow lake, marsh and zone (the Lu JJ between the section accordingly, He W S, Tong CF, Wang W.Wetland Ecology.Beijing:Higher Education Press, 2006,7～14); The coastal saline-alkali wetland of described degeneration is that the wetland soil salt content raises, biomass reduces and the significantly reduced coastal saline-alkali wetland of ecological functions; The coastal saline-alkali wetland of described slight degeneration be meant soil salt content less than 1%, the coastal saline-alkali wetland that decreases of phytomass; The coastal saline-alkali wetland that described moderate is degenerated be meant soil salt content less than 1.5%, phytomass and kind significantly reduces, cover degree is less than 50% coastal saline-alkali wetland; The coastal saline-alkali wetland that described severe is degenerated be meant soil salt content 1.5% or more, almost do not have that wetland plant is survived, cover degree is less than 5% coastal saline-alkali wetland.
The invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiment, but the present invention is not limited to following examples.
One, test region overview
The test region is positioned at the degraded coastal saline-alkali wetland (Fig. 1 is seen in the position) at NATO 10km place, Zhanhua County, area, the Huanghe delta.This zone belongs to the moist continent of East Asia warm-temperature zone monsoon sex climate, the about 600mm of mean annual precipitation, year evaporation discharge 1800～2000mm, 12.5 ℃ of average temperatures of the whole year.Because the river mouth inwelling that exhaustive exploitation underground water causes makes this area's wetland soil salinization of soil, soil presents different salinization and alkalization in the zone, it is the test region that 15 mu of severe degraded coastal saline-alkali wetlands are chosen in this test, this zone reed growth is few, be bare land, soil surface salts out, and this mainly is that inwelling and evaporation discharge cause greatly.This regional soil belongs to coastal saline-alkali wetland, and soil body configuration has thick glutinous layer more, and fundamental property sees Table 1.
Table 1, test region soil fundamental property
Two, testing program design
One) paper waste is irrigated the experimental scheme to soil chemical properties
1, experimental scheme
This test adopts the paper waste after handling to irrigate the severe degraded coastal saline-alkali wetland, and paper waste stores pool waste water from certain paper mill, and this waste water of paper mill processing technological flow is: the former water → adjusting pool → anaerobic pond → aerobic pool → facultative lagoon → storage pool.Store pool waste water quality and see Table 2.
Table 2, storage pool waste water quality situation
Annotate: TN: total N; TP: total P.
Subregion is carried out in the experimental field, establish A, B, C, D, 5 processing of E, every processing water irrigating depth is respectively 0cm (promptly contrast is not irrigated), 10cm, 15cm, 20cm and 25cm, and 15 experiment sub-districts are laid in 3 repetitions of every processing at random.The master that each minizone is provided with float alkali ditch and both sides falls the stain ditch in order to draining.In addition, each minizone all is provided with the geotextiles of buried 50cm and does isolation, in case influence each other.Each sub-district is irrigated the paper waste of water quality shown in the different tables of measuring 2.
2, sample collection and mensuration
Soil specimen is gathered: the sampling time is respectively May in the same year, August, November and March next year, the sub-district soil sampling is provided with 5 sampled points by the S type, each sampled point divides 0cm～10cm by section, 10cm～20cm, three layers of 20cm～30cm, each sub-district 5 sampled point soil samples layering is evenly mixed, and the laboratory is taken back in the pack sealing.Grind behind the suitable natural air drying of soil sample, quartering is rejected unnecessary soil sample, crosses the 2mm sieve, and the pack sealing is preserved in order to measure each soil index.
Assay method: measure: National Environmental ProtectionAgency.Water and exhausted water monitoring analysis method:4 according to the method that following document provides
ThEdition.Beijng:ChinaEnvironmental Science Press, 2002.102～104,109～110,210～213,227～231,243～246,254～257; Bao S D.Soil Agrochemical Analysis.Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 2005.30～34,56～58,81～83,106～108,178～192.Wherein, water quality index: with reference to water and effluent monitoring method.Soil pH value: pH meter method; Soil solubility total salt: gravimetric method; Soil Cl
-: AgNO
3Titration; Soil Na
+: atomic absorption spectrophotometry; The soil organic matter: potassium bichromate titrimetric method; Soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen: diffusion process; Soil available phosphorus: 0.5mol/L sodium bicarbonate lixiviate-molybdenum antimony resistance colorimetric method; Soil available potassium: 1mol/L ammonium acetate lixiviate-atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Main experimental instrument: Water Test Kits, Thermo Electron atomic absorption spectrophotometer, TU-1901 ultra-violet and visible spectrophotometer, temperature adjustable electrically heated plate, vacuum filtration machine, biochemical incubator, blast drier, electronic balance, water-bath, constant temperature oscillator etc.
3, data are handled
Adopt the mapping of origin software; Adopt the SPSS statistical software to utilize one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) that the experimental data otherness is carried out significance analysis, and utilize the multiple comparative approach of least significant difference (LSD) respectively between the different soils degree of depth and the otherness between the different paper waste irrigation volume compare analysis.
Two) paper waste is irrigated the experimental scheme to soil physical properties
1, experimental scheme
Select the more consistent salinized reed group of growth, adopting at random district's group to carry out the experimental plot lays, paper waste is set irrigates 1 time (I1), irrigates 2 times (I2), irrigate 3 times (I3), irrigate 4 times (I4) totally 4 kinds of wastewater treatment modes, not irrigate (CK) in contrast, design 15 experimental plots altogether simultaneously, every sub-district area is 2 * 2m
2For the side of avoiding irrigating the back paper waste is oozed influence, antiseepage film was built ridge method processing around adopted the sub-district, water irrigating depth with irrigation quantity preferably 20cm/ time be example, poured water 1-4 time in every month, carry out irrigation tests from mid-June, gather in the mensuration of carrying out soil specimen collection and soil water historical relic reason parameter behind the reed by the end of October, for avoiding edge effect, the mensuration of soil specimen collection and hydrology physical parameter at middle part, every sub-district, is carried out the sampling and measuring analysis according to S shape pattern as far as possible.
2, test method
The cutting ring bowssening is measured every hydrology physical parameters such as the bulk density of soil and porosity.And calculate the maximum sticking water-storage capacity of soil in certain soil depth, maximum water-storage capacity and the saturated water-storage capacity of being detained by formula.That is: Wc (mm)=1000Pch; Wnc (mm)=1000Pnch; Wt (mm)=1000Pth.
In the above-mentioned formula: Wc, Wnc and Wt are respectively the maximum sticking water-storage capacity of soil moisture, maximum storage capacity and the saturated water-storage capacity of soil moisture (mm) of being detained of soil moisture; Pc, Pnc and Pt are respectively capillary porosity, noncapillary poropsity and total porosity (%); H is for calculating soil depth (m), and this research is 0.2m.Utilize the soil infiltration rate of infiltration tube (monocycle is decided head and added water one by one) method different periods of mensuration and make the infiltration process curve.Utilize the SPSS statistical software, use Kostiakov respectively and infiltrate model, Horton and infiltrate model and general (generally) and infiltrate soil infiltration process after the model match waste water irrigation, find the solution the rate of just oozing, surely ooze rate etc. and infiltrate characteristic parameter.
Three, result and analysis
One) described paper waste is to the influence of soil chemical properties
1, paper waste is irrigated the influence to soil pH value
Paper waste is alkalescence, and the pH value is 7.44, makes the soil pH value (see figure 2) that slightly raises after the irrigation.Each experimental plot pH background values is basic identical, and all between 7.8～8.0, variation tendency basically identical behind the irrigation waste water all rises to maximum in August, occurred downward trend afterwards, but still high slightly than background values to March next year.Respectively handle with control group (irrigating 0cm) and compare, the pH value is all compared according to high, illustrates that irrigation is subalkaline paper waste and makes the soil pH value trend of rising, but the influence that different amount paper waste is irrigated soil pH value does not show significant difference.Though paper waste pH is lower slightly than test region soil background values, irrigation back soil pH raises to some extent, is because the alkaline matter in the waste water is adsorbed, accumulates by soil colloid on the one hand; The desalination of pouring water has on the other hand caused the soil Soluble Ca
2+Leaching loss, be subjected to the CaCO of solubility product domination
3Be partly dissolved, improved HCO in the solution
3 -Content, thereby cause rising (the Chen W of soil pH value, Chen B B, Shen Q R.Study on the changes of pH value andalkalization of heavily saline soil in seabeach during its desalting process.Acta PedologicaSinica, 2000,37 (4): 521～528).
2, paper waste is irrigated the total salt of soil water dissolubility, Na
+, Cl
-The influence of content
2.1 the total salt of soil water dissolubility, Na behind the irrigation paper waste
+, Cl
-The dynamic change of content
From Fig. 3 (a) can find out irrigate paper waste August after, all treatment of water-soluble total salt contents all reduce rapidly under the flushing action of paper waste, because August is just as rainy season, the water-soluble total salt content of control group also reduces significantly, but except that irrigating 10cm, all the other are handled the reduction amount and all are higher than contrast, and irrigation 20cm treatment of water-soluble total salt content is reduced to minimum, and comparison is according to reducing by 42.9%; Autumn and winter season, rainfall reduces, the soil accumulation of salt in the surface soil, and November and March next year, each treatment of water-soluble total salt content all rose, but still was starkly lower than background level, and this is because the part salinity is discharged from sample ground by falling the stain ditch and arranging the alkali ditch, and whole water-soluble total salt content is reduced.
Na
+And Cl
-Variation tendency consistent with water-soluble total salt, all be to drop to minimum and irrigate 20cm and handle reduction amplitude maximum in August, comparison is according to reducing by 48.06%, 54.2%; Go up to some extent afterwards, but background values still has reduction by a relatively large margin relatively.
2.2 different paper waste irrigation volumes are to the influence of different depth soil salt removal effect
Different depth soil water dissolubility total salt content all reduces rapidly after irrigating paper waste, Fig. 4 for the salt rejection rate of irrigating the relative soil background values of different depth soil behind the waste water August, take off sodium rate and dechlorination rate.The result shows, removes and irrigates 10cm, and 15cm irrigates with contrast difference little, 20cm, and the 25cm salt rejection rate is wherein irrigated the 20cm performance better apparently higher than contrast, illustrate that paper waste irrigates the effect of having played pressure salt.Wherein, the upper layer of soil salt rejection rate, irrigation 20cm, 25cm all are significantly higher than contrast and irrigate 20cm and be significantly higher than the 25cm processing; The BC soil salt rejection rate is irrigated 20cm, 25cm and all is significantly higher than contrast, but is irrigating below the 15cm, along with the increase of irrigation volume does not show significant difference; The lower soil salt rejection rate has only the 20cm of irrigation and 25cm to be significantly higher than contrast.Each handles the upper layer of soil salt rejection rate all than middle lower soil height, is because the topsoil porosity is bigger on the one hand, and the middle relatively lower floor of salinity can be more easily by leaching; Soil makes salinity accumulate in the top layer under the effect of the accumulation of salt in the surface soil on the other hand, on the soil that forms, in, the space distribution rule that lower floor's soluble-salt reduces successively, Zhang Leina (Zhang LN, Feng Y J, Zhang H.Study on theinfluential factors on degree to water and salt movement of seashore saline soil.Journal ofShandong Agricultural University (Natural Science), 2001,55～58) etc. 32 (1): people's research shows that also soil salt content is high more, and salt rejection rate is big more.
Take off the sodium rate, the overall Changing Pattern of dechlorination rate is consistent with salt rejection rate, promptly respectively handle upper layer of soil and take off sodium rate, dechlorination rate all than middle lower soil height, but each handle between the concrete significance of difference different again, see Fig. 4.
2.3 paper waste is irrigated the influence to soil nutrient
Data in May each nutrient background situation of soil as can be known from table 4: organic (7.059g/kg～8.552g/kg), alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (9.207mg/kg～13.41mg/kg), rapid available phosphorus (7.646mg/kg～8.499mg/kg), available potassium (252.9mg/kg～291.2mg/kg).The soil nutrient content grade scale draws in the associative list 3: this test region soil organic matter before irrigating paper waste is in the 5th grade of (shortages) level, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and is in the 6th grade of (anxious scarce) level, rapid available phosphorus and is in the 4th grade of (more scarce) level, available potassium and is in the 1st grade of (enriching) level.As seen, this test region is except that the soil quick-acting potassium content is very abundant, and all the other nutrient contents all are lower than normal soil level, and this is relevant with this test region soil texture and degree of degeneration.
Table 3, soil nutrient content grade scale
Annotate: draw from " national overall survey of soil technical regulation for the second time ".2.3.1 influence to organic matter
By Fig. 5 (a) as can be known, the situation of change of the control group soil organic matter has reflected the seasonal variety rule of this area's soil organic matter: raise earlier March May to next year and afterwards reduce, reach maximum in November.It is consistent with contrast that all the other handle organic change with time, all reaches maximum in the fall.The increase of soil organic matter content is mainly finished (C.Walker by the suction-operated of plant and microorganism, H.S.Lin.Soil property changes after fourdecades of wastewater irrigation:A landscape perspective.Catena, 2008,73 (1): 63～74), this test sample ground is bare land, there is not plant growing, so mainly adsorb by microorganism.In theory, because summer, edaphon quantity was more, can adsorb more organic substances, the content of organic matter should be higher than autumn, but this test then shows and is higher than summer autumn, this may be relevant with the weather conditions of this area " summer is rainy, autumn is short of rain ", and part is organic to be run off by rainwater drip washing, causes the summer content of organic matter lower on the contrary.
Compare with the organic increasing rate of control group (31.45%～57.57%), each is handled and all is significantly higher than contrast, show that irrigating paper waste can increase soil organic matter content, this is to contain a large amount of organic substances based on vegetable fiber, lignin because of the paper waste that is raw material with the straw pulp, irrigates the back and is accumulated by adsorption by soil.In this trial stretch, along with the increase of paper waste irrigation volume shows significant difference, irrigation volume is big more, and soil organic matter increase is many more, does not reach except between adjacent processing the significant difference, and all difference was remarkable between all the other were handled in twos.
2.3.2 influence to alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen
By Fig. 5 (b) as can be known, the seasonal variety rule of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen is with organic consistent: raise earlier March May to next year and afterwards reduce, reach maximum in November.Each is handled the alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen increasing rate and all is significantly higher than contrast, shows that irrigating paper waste can increase alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content, and the soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen is directed to nitrogenous more rich paper waste on the one hand, derives from the conversion of organic mineralising and full nitrogen on the other hand.The microorganism that increases to of the soil organic matter provides a large amount of carbon sources, promote microbial growth, increased the activity of enzyme, thereby helped organic mineralising, increase the content of various available nutrients, the increase of urease activity simultaneously also promotes how full nitrogen to be converted into alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen.In this trial stretch, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content shows significant difference with the increase of paper waste irrigation volume, except irrigation 25cm hanged down than irrigation 20cm alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen increasing rate, all the other handle alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen increasing rates all increased with the increase of irrigation volume, and differences is remarkable in twos.Alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content is subjected to multiple factor affecting such as paper waste irrigation volume, edaphon quantity, enzymic activity, and irrigating 25cm lower than 20cm alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen increasing rate may mainly be because irrigate 25cm edaphon quantity (1.2 * 10
4Individual/gram) than irrigating 20cm edaphon quantity (1.5 * 10
4Individual/gram) few, organic mineralising and full nitrogen transforming degree are lower.Analysis-by-synthesis as can be known, when irrigating 20cm, soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content is the highest.
2.3.3 influence to rapid available phosphorus
By Fig. 5 (c) as can be known, the dynamic change of control group soil quick-effective phosphor content shows increases the seasonal variety rule that afterwards reduces earlier, reaches maximum in August, and respectively pouring water to handle with control group has similar dynamic change trend, but is not quite similar.November with March next year available phosphorus contents reduce with the content of organic matter during this period of time raise relevant, hydroxyl, carbonyl and the phenolic hydroxyl group etc. that the soil organic matter produces can with phosphorus competitive Adsorption site, thereby the absorption of minimizing phosphorus.
Irrigating paper waste can increase soil quick-effective phosphor content, and it is similar to alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen that it increases reason, on the one hand from the phosphorus in the paper waste, on the other hand from the mineralising of organic matter and the conversion of full phosphorus.In this trial stretch, the rapid available phosphorus increasing rate shows significant difference with the irrigation volume increase, and increases with the increase of irrigation volume, is lower than irrigation 20cm but irrigate 25cm, and general performance irrigation 20cm available phosphorus contents is the highest.
2.3.4 influence to available potassium
By Fig. 5 (d) as can be known, soil quick-acting potassium content seasonal dynamic rule is to reduce afterwards earlier to raise, and reaches maximum in March next year.All are handled, and May, August and three quick-acting potassium content fluctuations in November are little, and uprush March next year, and reason awaits further research.Compare with contrast, each irrigate to handle quick-acting potassium content increasing rate slightly increases, but does not show significant difference, two) described paper waste pouring is to the influence of soil biology character
1, described paper waste is to the influence of soil enzyme activities
Numerical value (the 0.01mL KMnO that table 4 activity changes with soil depth
4/ g dry ground, ml)
As shown in Table 4, soil enzyme activities presents certain rules along with the variation of soil layer, and the level of soil enzyme activities is stronger.Wherein the enzymic activity of soil lower floor (20-30cm) is minimum.Mainly be because the soil permeability in saline land is relatively poor, upper soll layer does not almost have vegetation to cover, and in the soil of lower floor, the matrix amount that enzymatic catalysis can take place is very low, and the salinization and alkalization of soil is higher, causes enzymatic reaction to carry out effectively smoothly.And at soil at the middle and upper levels, the matrix amount of available enzymatic catalysis wants many than lower floor, and enzyme reaction intensity is higher than lower soil.At topsoil, because there is the accumulation of salt in the surface soil effect of ponding and soil in impeded drainage, and does not exist under the situation of ponding, the sunlight direct projection is strong, and evaporation discharge is bigger, causes the topsoil enzymic activity to be lower than the soil enzyme activities in middle level.And the topsoil activity of phosphatase and invertase is stronger, may be this experiment Tanaka, and the substrate concentration that helps phosphatase and invertase enzymatic catalysis in the upper soll layer is higher, so cause these two kinds of enzymic activitys the strongest on the top layer.By above analysis as can be known, in heavy salinized dampness elimination ground, soil enzyme activities presents certain level.The enzymic activity in middle level is apparently higher than the enzymic activity of soil lower floor on the soil.Along with the intensification of soil layer, the power that enzymatic reaction is carried out in the soil reduces.Along with the increase of water irrigating depth, soil enzyme activities has enhancing trend, but the 20cm that pours water, performance is better.
2, soil enzyme activities is with the trend of seasonal variation
Because the influence factor of soil enzyme activities is more, along with changes of seasons, soil enzyme activities also presents certain Changing Pattern.As can be seen from Figure 6, the soil phophorus phytase activity is downward trend always.May be owing to after irrigating waste water, have the factor that suppresses phosphatase activity in the waste water, cause its activity to be downward trend.Because the irrigation waste water of continuation, the activity that causes soil catalase, dehydrase, urase and invertase, after irrigating waste water for the first time (September), all increase significantly, mainly be because soil enzyme activities is subjected to seasonal effect, and after irrigating waste water, the pressure salt action certain to having of soil, alleviate the inhibitory action of salt pair soil enzyme activities to a certain extent, caused soil enzyme activities that certain rising is arranged.And along with the reduction of outside air temperature, November in the same year and next years 3 the lunar regolith enzymic activity all on a declining curve, mainly be that ambient temperature descends, the activity that has suppressed soil enzyme, in May next year, outside air temperature gos up, and the irrigation waste water that continues, the matrix of carrying out enzymatic catalysis in the soil also there is certain summation, thereby causes soil enzyme activities in rising trend, shown to a certain extent that also the salinization of soil situation of soil has some improvement.
3, described paper waste is to the influence of soil microbial biomass carbon
Soil microbial biomass carbon upper, middle and lower layer reduces successively, and the upper strata is between 245.18mg/kg-630.44mg/kg; The middle level is between 71.12mg/kg～277.37mg/kg; Lower floor is between 34.36mg/kg～176.75g/kg.Microbial biomass carbon increases with the increase of water irrigating depth.Soil microbial biomass carbon upper, middle and lower layer successively decreases successively, and soil microbial biomass accounts for 0.32%～1.69% of soil organic carbon, concentrates to be distributed in 0～20cm top layer.Soil microbial biomass carbon increases with the increase of water irrigating depth, but the increase degree diminishes with the irrigation quantity increase.Waste water irrigation can improve soil microbial biomass carbon to a certain extent, and this may be owing to contain abundant nutritive element in the waste water, helps supporting the existence of microorganism, thereby has increased the conversion of carbon.
4, different soil degree of depth bacterium, fungi, actinomycetic number change
As can be seen from Figure 7, bacterium, fungi, each water irrigating depth upper strata of actinomycetes is greater than the middle level; Bacterial number each water irrigating depth in upper strata is significantly higher than contrast, and 20cm pours water and reaches maximum; Middle level 20cm, 25cm is significantly higher than contrast.Upper strata fungi 20cm, the 25cm water irrigating depth is significantly higher than contrast, and wherein the 20cm water irrigating depth reaches maximum; Middle level 20cm, the 25cm water irrigating depth is significantly higher than contrast, and wherein the 20cm water irrigating depth reaches maximum.Middle level 20cm on the actinomycetes, the 25cm water irrigating depth is significantly higher than contrast, finds out thus, and the 20cm water irrigating depth has very big facilitation to the upper layer of soil microorganism.Irrigate waste water and can increase the top layer microbial numbers, this mainly is because edaphon and organic matter have very confidential relation, most microorganisms are with the saprophytic property and the saprophytic property of holding concurrently in the soil, they obtain the carbon source and the energy with organic matter, and organic increase is because of containing a large amount of organic matters and nutriment in the waste water
Three) described paper waste pouring is to the influence of soil physical properties
1, paper waste is irrigated the influence to the bulk density of soil and porosity
The bulk density of soil under the Different Irrigation number of times shows significant difference, as shown in Figure 8, and compared with the control, the bulk density of soil all significantly reduces under the waste water irrigation, irrigate 3～4 times bulk density of soil minimum, descend 8.6%, 8.9% than CK respectively, but it is not remarkable to irrigate 1～2 time bulk density of soil difference.Soil total porosity under the Different Irrigation number of times, capillary porosity, noncapillary poropsity all show significant difference (p＜0.001), but it is not remarkable to irrigate 1～2 time soil total porosity, capillary porosity difference, and the noncapillary poropsity significant difference.Compared with the control, total porosity, capillary porosity, noncapillary poropsity all show increase tendency under the waste water irrigation, and the soil total porosity of irrigating after 1～4 time increases by 14.1%, 15.4%, 25.9%, 32.8% than CK respectively, shows that waste water irrigation has improved soil aeration situation and water permeability to a certain extent.
2, paper waste is irrigated the influence to soil infiltration capability
The soil infiltration parameter difference opposite sex significantly under the Different Irrigation number of times, by Fig. 9 and table 5 as can be known, increase along with irrigation frequency, just the rate of oozing has reducing tendency, irrigate 1～4 time the first rate of oozing and descend 11.3%, 17.3%, 30.8%, 32.4% than CK respectively, show that waste water irrigation has weakened to a certain extent precipitation initially infiltrated performance.The rate of surely oozing shows increase tendency along with the increase of irrigation frequency, and irrigating 1～4 time increases by 7.0%, 12.7%, 54.1%, 95.9% than CK respectively.
Table 5, paper waste are irrigated the model match of soil infiltration process down
Adopt three kinds of models that infiltrate commonly used that testing data is carried out Fitting Analysis (Fig. 9).Be respectively: 1. Cowes Jia Kefu (Kostiakov) formula: f=at
-nF, t are respectively infiltration rate, infiltrate the time; A, n are empirical parameter.2. (Horton) formula: f=f suddenly pauses
c+ (f
o-f
c) e
-ktF, f
0, f
cWith t be respectively infiltration rate, just ooze rate, surely ooze rate and infiltrating the time, k is an empirical parameter, is determining f from f
0Be reduced to f
cSpeed.3. general empirical equation: f=at
-n+ b; F, t are respectively infiltration rate, infiltrate the time, and a, b, n are empirical parameter (b is equivalent to the rate of surely oozing).As shown in Figure 9,3 kinds of models all can be obtained fitting effect preferably to soil infiltration process under the Different Irrigation number of times, the variation characteristic that can reflect penetration curve, its penetration curve variation tendency unanimity can be divided into 3 stages, secondly promptly permeate the permeability transient phase at initial stage, be transitional stage, As time goes on descend, reach plateau at last.When adopting the match of Kostiakov model, a value is between 24.39～89.72, far above the initial infiltration rate value of actual measurement; The n value is between 0.51～0.90, its size has reflected the situation that infiltration rate successively decreases, and the n value is big more, and infiltration rate successively decreases fast more in time, as seen 1～2 its infiltration rate of waste water irrigation degree of successively decreasing in time is higher than CK, and infiltration rate changes slowly in time after 3～4 times but pour water.When adopting the Horton model, f
cValue is at 1.48～2.97mm/min, and is more approaching with measured value, and the k value is between 0.05～0.08, and compare the k value with CK bigger than normal, shows after the waste water irrigation from the time that initial infiltration rate is reduced to the rate of surely oozing to shorten, and promptly permeance property has enhancing trend.And universal model b value is at 0.33～2.38mm/min, surely ooze rate much smaller than the correspondence actual measurement, in conjunction with correlation coefficient, actual measurement initial infiltration rate, surely ooze rate value analysis-by-synthesis, Horton model fitting precision is higher as can be seen, its fitting result more approaches measured value than Kostiakov model and universal model, shows that the Horton model relatively is applicable to the soil infiltration feature of describing this test region reed community.
3, paper waste is irrigated soil water storage Effect on Performance
Data analysis shows that the saturated water-storage capacity under the Different Irrigation number of times, sticking water-storage capacity, delay water-storage capacity all show significant difference.By Fig. 2-10 as can be known, compared with the control, the saturated water-storage capacity in reed ground increases obviously, along with the saturated water-storage capacity of increasing of irrigation frequency increases significantly, but it is all not remarkable to irrigate 1～2 time, 3～4 times differences, and irrigating 1～2 time, 3～4 times increases by 1.46～1.50%, 3.54～4.52% than CK respectively.Soil sticking water-storage capacity increases obviously after the waste water irrigation, and variation tendency is identical with saturated water-storage capacity, and 3 sticking water-storage capacitys of waste water irrigation reach the highest, increases by 4.29% than CK, descends on the contrary but irrigate 4 times, only increases by 1.25% than CK.Along with the increase of irrigation frequency, the delay water-storage capacity reduces afterwards earlier and increases.
Soil water storage performance and soil water content in early stage are closely related, and when soil moisture was big, the soil water storage amount reduced, even rainfall is very little, also can produce rainwash, when this is measured in the test region soil weight water content difference not remarkable, average is 28.23+1.49%.Implicit precipitation significant difference under the Different Irrigation number of times, but it is not remarkable to irrigate 1～2 implicit precipitation difference.As shown in Figure 10, along with the increase of irrigation frequency, implicit precipitation reduces afterwards earlier and increases, and 4 times the implicit precipitation in irrigation back reaches the highest, increases by 125.24% than CK.The amount that effectively contains significant difference under the Different Irrigation number of times, along with the increase of irrigation frequency, effectively implicit amount shows as increase trend, and 3～4 times the effectively implicit amount in irrigation back reaches the highest, respectively than CK increase by 36.28%, 105.97%.
4, different paper wastes are irrigated the influence of the degree of depth to the basic physical behavior of soil
Table 6, irrigate the influence of the degree of depth to soil physical property
As shown in Table 6, paper waste is irrigated each bulk density of soil of back and all is lower than and does not irrigate, and under 10cm, 15cm, 20cm, the 25cm water irrigating depth bulk density of soil descends 3.3%, 5.3%, 11.3% and 2.0% than not irrigating respectively.Total porosity shows as the 20cm that the pours water＞15cm that the pours water＞10cm that the pours water＞25cm that pours water＞irrigation, and its total porosity improves 11.7%, 5.9%, 3.7% and 1.7% than not irrigating respectively; The maximum water-storage capacity of soil shows as similar trend.As seen along with the increase of water irrigating depth, the basic physical behavior of degeneration reed ground soil show as unit weight have reduce, porosity and water-storage capacity have increase trend, but reaches after the water irrigating depth 20cm, the basic physical behavior of soil has reverse transition trend.The certain water irrigating depth threshold value of recovery needs that shows the degeneration reed wetland, based on hydrology physical behavior, the 10cm that pours water, 15cm, 20cm are better, and optimum water irrigating depth is at 20cm.
Four, conclusion
By last described paper waste is watered to described soil chemical, soil biology character and analysis of physical as can be known:
(1) degeneration saline-alkali wetland pH value slightly raise after paper waste was irrigated, and it is not remarkable that the Different Irrigation amount influences difference to degeneration salinization of soil wetland pH value, can not increase the weight of alkalization of soils.
(2) this test irrigation waste water salinity (1080mg/L) is lower, can not cause the accumulation of soil salt after the irrigation, can reduce water soluble salt content on the contrary, salt rejection rate reaches 38.9%～72.29%, and in this trial stretch, the salinity clearance increases with the increase of irrigation volume.
(3) irrigating the back soil nutrient content improves, organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus contents increasing rate are significantly higher than contrast, and the increase with irrigation volume increases generally, respectively the comparison according to high by 31.45%～57.57%, 31.01%～101.2% and 1.08%～18.28%; Quick-acting potassium content increasing rate relative comparison does not significantly improve.
(4) along with the increase of soil depth, soil enzyme activities can weaken thereupon; Waste water irrigation can improve the activity of soil enzyme, but when irrigation volume is 10cm, and the activity of five kinds of soil enzymes is minimum in the sample ground, and performance is better when pouring water 20cm.Be embodied in: soil enzyme activities presents certain rules with seasonal variation, and summer, the activity of soil enzyme was the strongest, and winter, the activity of soil enzyme was the most weak.Mainly be because soil enzyme activities is subjected to outside air temperature and upper soll layer situation to influence bigger.
(5) bacterium and fungi are in the top summer, and winter in spring and autumn is relatively low; Actinomycetes, spring is the highest, and the autumn and winter in summer are lower.Soil microbial biomass carbon upper, middle and lower layer successively decreases successively; Along with the increase of water irrigating depth, top layer microbial biomass carbon increases successively; Intensity of soil respiration mainly occurs in the top layer and the 15cm water irrigating depth is the strongest.From soil microbial activities and soil enzyme activities analysis, irrigate the increase of the degree of depth along with paper waste, its activity has enhancing trend, better during at 15-20cm at water irrigating depth, after this along with the increase of irrigating the degree of depth, microbial activity and enzymic activity show reduction trend, wherein when water irrigating depth is 20cm, behave oneself best.
(6) after the waste water irrigation, soil microbes biomass carbon significantly increases, and recruitment increases with the increase of irrigation quantity, and maximum recruitment is 3 times of contrast, but with the increase of irrigation volume, the increasing degree of microbes biomass carbon reduces.Waste water irrigation has improved the activity of topsoil dehydrase, and increasing degree is 12.2～85.7%, but heavy irrigation, dehydrogenase activity significantly reduces.After the waste water irrigation, top layer, BC soil sucrase active also significantly improve, and increase rate is 6.5～17.5% and 5.3～25.8%.Therefore, waste water irrigation there are differences the influence of different soils enzymic activity, wherein irrigate better with 15cm and 20cm, and heavy irrigation, soil enzyme activities has the trend of reduction.
When (7) water irrigating depth is 20cm, improved soil physical after the waste water irrigation, made more loose that soil matrix becomes, be beneficial to moisture, the hole gas of root system of plant and soil, the transmission of heat, shown as the bulk density of soil and reduce, porosity increases; The Horton model relatively be fit to be described the soil infiltration process of reed community after the waste water irrigation, and its infiltration rate degree of successively decreasing in time is higher than waste water irrigation 3～4 times after the waste water irrigation 1～2 time, and shortens from the time that the first rate of oozing is reduced to the rate of surely oozing after the waste water irrigation; Paper waste is irrigated the ability strengthened reed community storage or saving soil moisture, but that moisture is stored in waste water irrigation for 3 times is the most favourable to the plant physiology growth, and pour water 4 times comparatively effective to soil horizon water conservation function.Consider from the angle of improve the soil hydrology physical characteristic and storage or saving moisture, carrying out paper waste when irrigating landlocked lack of water saline land, this Huanghe delta reed community, to pour water 2～3 times better, secondly be 4 times, pour water 1 time not obvious to the improved effect of hydrology physical behavior.
(8) along with the increase of water irrigating depth, the degeneration reed wetland shows as the bulk density of soil and reduces, and porosity increases, and the water irrigating depth of 20～25cm is better relatively, the 20cm the best of wherein pouring water.
Claims (10)
1. a method of utilizing paper waste to recover degraded coastal saline-alkali wetland is with paper waste pouring described degraded coastal saline-alkali wetland to be recovered.
2. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the COD value of described paper waste is 200-1500mg/L.
3. method according to claim 2 is characterized in that: the COD value of described paper waste is 850-1200mg/L.
4. method according to claim 3 is characterized in that: the COD value of described paper waste is 957mg/L.
5. according to the arbitrary described method of claim 1-4, it is characterized in that: in the described pouring step, the pouring degree of depth of described paper waste is 20-25cm.
6. according to the arbitrary described method of claim 1-5, it is characterized in that: in the described pouring step, the pouring degree of depth of described paper waste is 20cm.
7. according to the arbitrary described method of claim 1-6, it is characterized in that: in the described pouring step, the number of times of pouring is every month 1-4 time.
8. method according to claim 7 is characterized in that: in the described pouring step, the number of times of pouring is every month 2-3 time.
9. according to the arbitrary described method of claim 1-8, it is characterized in that: described degraded coastal saline-alkali wetland described to be recovered is positioned at the Huanghe delta.
10. according to the arbitrary described method of claim 1-9, it is characterized in that: in the described pouring step, watering time is annual April-June.
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| CN102405707A (en) * | 2011-08-17 | 2012-04-11 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | Method for improving degenerated littoral saline-alkali wetland |
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