CN101918522A - 生产烃的方法和设备 - Google Patents

生产烃的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN101918522A
CN101918522A CN2008801247485A CN200880124748A CN101918522A CN 101918522 A CN101918522 A CN 101918522A CN 2008801247485 A CN2008801247485 A CN 2008801247485A CN 200880124748 A CN200880124748 A CN 200880124748A CN 101918522 A CN101918522 A CN 101918522A
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N·帕劳舍克
P·特拉博德
H·赫里奇
M·霍夫曼
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Abstract

本发明涉及从脂肪或脂肪油中存在的脂肪酸酯中生产烃,其中首先脂肪酸酯通过水解分裂为含有粗醇和水的第一料流和含有游离脂肪酸的第二料流。随后第二料流中的游离脂肪酸被氢氢化成饱和烃。

Description

生产烃的方法和设备
本发明涉及一种由动物脂肪或植物油中所含的脂肪酸酯(尤其是甘油三酯)制备烃的方法,以及一种实施此方法的设备。
由于原油短缺,人们在寻找燃料生产的替代性原料来源。因此,从如菜籽油、棕榈油等等的天然原料来开发掺入矿物燃料中的生物燃料的做法呈增加趋势。为达此目的,对甘油酯(甘油三酯)进行催化氢化将其转化为饱和的、很大程度上未支化的烃,此甘油酯例如经由对含油果实和含油种子进行挤压和/或提取而获得。在氢化过程中,甘油骨架被转化为丙烷,因此不能获得有价值的物质。此外,双键被氢饱和。羧基也被氢饱和或分裂为二氧化碳。由于粗酯所含的杂质会干扰氢化,根据所用的原料和催化剂必需昂贵的净化过程。
在图1中,这样的已知方法被大略地图示说明。粗脂肪酸甘油酯在多级过程中被净化,其中金属和磷脂通过除去矿泥被除去至磷脂含量<20ppm。在随后的漂白过程中,磷脂的含量可被降低到5ppm。通过热脱酸作用,游离的脂肪酸最终被除去。随后获得的脂肪酸甘油酯通过添加氢来氢化,获得饱和烃和丙烷的混合物,并将其蒸馏分离。随后较高分子量的烃可被进一步精制或直接掺入到燃料中。仅在特殊情况下需进一步净化丙烷;因此,其最多可以被作为加热气体热利用。一般来说,由于获得的饱和烃的价值大多低于原料的价值,从经济学上来说,获得的收率并不令人满意。
EP1728844A1中涉及一种类似的方法,其中通过用酸性离子交换剂树脂预处理而从生物原料如玉米、菜籽、大豆或棕榈油除去部分杂质,并产生第一料流,其随后被氢化,以获得具有烃级分的反应产物,该烃级分包含可用作柴油的正链烷烃。
美国专利4,992,605中也涉及一种生产用于掺入柴油机燃料的高价烃的方法,其中植物油被催化氢化以将原料转化为高级无支链链烷烃。
然而,这些方法都有一个共同点是植物油在氢化之前必需进行昂贵的预净化,因为随后氢化所用的催化剂对杂质敏感。变化的净化质量会导致催化剂活性降低,生产设备的可用性降低,从而提高成本。此外,原料粗酯在净化过程中部分损失,所以损害该方法的效率。甘油骨架被氢化为丙烷,其由于低价值而最多只能热利用。此外,甘油骨架的氢化包含更多的氢气消耗,因此操作成本也提高了。劣质的脂肪不可使用,以防在氢化过程中破坏催化剂。
因此,本发明的目标是避免上述的弊端,并且提供一种更经济的方法来由生物原料生产燃料。本发明充分达到了这个目标,因为脂肪酸酯被直接水解而不预处理,并被分离为含粗醇和水的第一料流和含游离脂肪酸的第二料流。此第一步骤为应用受污染的且因此较便宜的原料做准备。然后将第二料流中的游离脂肪酸用氢氢化以获得饱和烃。由于省去了现有技术中必需的预净化过程,因此充分地节省了成本。粗醇在水解后直接被提走,因此它不再经过氢化阶段。仅仅是游离脂肪酸被氢化,因此粗醇从进料料流被提走使得氢化所消耗的氢减少。
根据本发明一个优选方面,粗醇为甘油。用于从菜籽油、棕榈油等生产生物柴油的常见基础物质是甘油三酯,其通过水解分解成甘油和游离脂肪酸。
依照本发明,水解时脂肪酸与甘油的分离由液-液析相作用实现。
依照本发明的发展,含有甘油和水的第一料流随后被蒸发至甘油的浓度>80重量%,优选大约88重量%。蒸发过程中获得的水可被循环至水解过程,由此水解过程中需要的分解水的供给就相应地减少了。由此得到的甘油可被用作有价值的物质,不需要进一步的处理。
如果甘油准备被用于制药工业,则其可通过蒸馏净化至浓度>95重量%,优选高达99.8重量%,并且随后可用活性炭漂白。因此甘油的销售价值被显著提高了。
如果需要,水解所得的第二料流被分离为实质上含有脂肪酸的第三料流和含有杂质的第四料流,优选通过蒸馏或精馏。因此,一个充分纯的游离脂肪酸料流被提供至氢化,以保护用于氢化的催化剂。含有杂质的重质蒸馏残渣按照本发明被排出或部分循环到水解过程以提高收率。
净化了的脂肪酸在通常的氢化催化剂存在下用氢氢化以获得饱和烃,尤其是正链烷烃。
根据所得饱和烃的计划用途,其中的至少一部分可以被异构化为异链烷烃。但是,不经进一步转化的正链烷烃也可被应用在特殊领域。
然后该饱和烃优选被用作汽油或柴油生产的添加剂。
本发明还涉及一种从动物脂肪或植物油中含有的脂肪酸酯制备烃的设备,它适于实施前述的方法。该设备包括水解反应器,在其中脂肪酸酯被水分裂为含有粗醇和水的第一料流和含有游离脂肪酸的第二料流,和氢化反应器,在其中脂肪酸被氢氢化以获得饱和烃。
在水解反应器之后,提供蒸发设备用于从水中分离粗醇,尤其是甘油。经过回流管,由此获得的水可被循环至水解反应器。
依照本发明,在第一蒸馏阶段中粗醇的纯度被提升至超过99重量%,因此其可被应用于制药工业。
依照本发明的发展,在水解反应器和氢化反应器之间有第二蒸馏装置,在其中第二料流被分离为实质上含有脂肪酸的第三料流和含有杂质的第四料流。
第二蒸馏装置通过回流管与水解反应器相连接,以将含有杂质的第四料流以及未转化的脂肪酸酯部分循环至水解反应器从而提高收率。
依照本发明,在水解反应器后提供异构化设备,在其中至少部分由氢化获得的正链烷烃被异构化,因为一些应用需要支化烃。
从如下的实施方案和图的描述中可以看出本发明的发展、优势和可能的应用。描述的和/或说明的所有特征本身或组合起来,组成了本发明的主题,不依赖于他们的权利要求中的包含物或他们的后方参考。
在图中:
图1大略地表示了依照现有技术生产饱和烃的设备,
图2大略地表示了依照本发明的第一实施方案的生产饱和烃的设备,和
图3大略地表示了依照本发明的第二实施方案的生产饱和烃的设备。
图2表示了一个由如棕榈油、菜籽油、脂、废弃的脂肪或类似由脂肪酸甘油酯组成的天然原料来生产饱和烃的设备的第一实施方案。
不在之前进行净化,脂肪酸甘油酯在水解反应器1中进行水解。水解通过由引水管2引入水解反应器1中的分解水而进行,引水管2比如压力为65bar、温度大约是250℃。水蒸汽或液态和蒸气态水的混合物可代替分解水用于水解。优选脂肪酸甘油酯分解了超过98%,尤其是超过99%,并且经由液-液析相作用分离为含有甘油和水的第一料流和含有游离脂肪酸和杂质的第二料流。
经过管3,甘油和水被送入蒸发设备4,在其中含约12至32%甘油的第一料流被蒸发至甘油浓度大约88重量%。由此所得的水经由回流管5被循环至水解反应器1并支持水解,因此经引水管2提供的分解水的量可以相应减少。
在本发明的优选方面中,蒸发设备4中获得的甘油在第一蒸馏装置6中被净化至浓度>99重量%,并随后用活性炭漂白,使得其可用作制药上可接受的甘油。
如果需要,经管7从水解反应器1排出的含有游离粗脂肪酸的第二料流在第二蒸馏装置8中大部分与杂质分离,并且分离为实质上含有脂肪酸的第三料流和实质上含有杂质的第四料流。第四料流可经由回流管9被循环至水解反应器1,以提高收率。至少部分第四料流经由排料管10排出。
从蒸馏装置8中排出的含有游离脂肪酸的第三料流被供应到可能的多级氢化反应器11,在其中,通过加入合适的氢化剂,尤其是氢(H2),并在市售氢化催化剂如氧化铝或二氧化硅基材上的钴、钯、铂催化剂存在下,游离脂肪酸被氢化为长链饱和烃(正链烷烃),它们然后可被用作汽油或柴油燃料或可以掺入到其中。根据应用,这些饱和烃在随后步骤中不异构化、部分异构化、或完全异构化。
在图3中表示的修改后的实施方案中,在氢化反应器11后提供异构化设备12,向其中供应至少部分通过氢化获得的未支化饱和烃,以获取通过异构化支化的饱和烃(异链烷烃),其尤其可用于柴油机燃料。剩余的线性饱和烃可作其他合适的用途。
本发明提出了一种生产饱和烃作为燃料的经济方法。与现有技术形成对比的是,在氢化反应器11之前不需要昂贵的预净化过程。甘油通过水解被分离,并可用作有价值的物质。由于在本发明中未进行甘油的氢化,提供至氢化反应器11中的氢的量可以显著减少。
作为用于本发明设备的原料,不仅可使用常规用于生物燃料的含油果实和含油种子,也可使用动物脂肪和废弃的脂肪。因此,本发明的应用范围可进一步扩大。
实施例
为说明本发明方法的经济效益,在水解反应器1中以示例性的计算方式加入250kt/a的脂肪酸甘油酯。通过甘油分解和蒸发,获得浓度为88重量%的28至34kt/a的甘油(视原料情况而定)。
226kt/a的脂肪酸被送入氢化反应器11,相比现有技术,要提供到氢化反应器中的氢的量节省了高达30%。
参考数字清单
1水解反应器
2引水管
3管
4蒸发设备
5回流管
6第一蒸馏装置
7管
8第二蒸馏装置
9回流管
10排放管
11氢化反应器
12异构化设备

Claims (20)

1.一种从脂肪或脂肪油中含有的脂肪酸酯制备烃的方法,
其中脂肪酸酯通过水解分离为含有粗醇和水的第一料流和含有游离脂肪酸的第二料流,并且
其中将第二料流中的游离脂肪酸用合适氢化剂氢化以获得饱和烃。
2.按照权利要求1的方法,其特征在于粗醇是甘油。
3.按照权利要求1或2的方法,其特征在于通过液-液析相作用分离成第一料流与第二料流。
4.按照权利要求2的方法,其特征在于第一料流被蒸发至甘油浓度>80重量%,优选85至90重量%。
5.按照权利要求4的方法,其特征在于蒸发过程中获得的水被循环至水解过程。
6.按照权利要求4或5的方法,其特征在于甘油通过蒸馏净化至浓度>95重量%,优选>99重量%。
7.按照前面权利要求任一项的方法,其特征在于在氢化前将第二料流分离为实质上含有脂肪酸的第三料流和含有杂质的第四料流。
8.按照权利要求7的方法,其特征在于通过蒸馏或精馏分离成第三料流和第四料流。
9.按照权利要求7或8的方法,其特征在于将第三料流用氢氢化以获得饱和烃,尤其是链烷烃。
10.按照前面权利要求任一项的方法,其特征在于在氢化催化剂存在下进行氢化。
11.按照前面权利要求任一项的方法,其特征在于饱和烃至少部分异构化为异链烷烃。
12.按照前面权利要求任一项的方法,其特征在于饱和烃被用作汽油或柴油生产的添加剂。
13.按照权利要求7至12任一项的方法,其特征在于含有杂质的第四料流被部分循环至水解反应器。
14.一种从脂肪或脂肪油中含有的脂肪酸酯制备烃的设备,尤其是用于实施按照前面权利要求任一项的方法的设备,其包括水解反应器(1),在其中脂肪酸酯被水分裂为含有粗醇和水的第一料流和含有游离脂肪酸的第二料流,以及包括氢化反应器(11),在其中用合适的氢化剂氢化脂肪酸以获得饱和烃,所述的氢化剂特别是氢。
15.按照权利要求14的设备,其特征在于用于分离水和粗醇的蒸发设备(4)。
16.按照权利要求15的设备,其特征在于将蒸发获得的水循环至水解反应器(1)的回流管(5)。
17.按照权利要求14至16的设备,其特征在于第一蒸馏装置(6),在其中提高粗醇的纯度。
18.按照权利要求14至17任一项的设备,其特征在于在水解反应器(1)和氢化反应器(11)之间提供第二蒸馏装置(8),在其中第二料流分离为实质上含有脂肪酸的第三料流和含有杂质的第四料流。
19.按照权利要求18的设备,其特征在于从第二蒸馏装置(8)到水解反应器(1)的回流管(9)。
20.按照权利要求14至19任一项的设备,其特征在于在氢化反应器(11)后提供异构化设备(12),在其中至少部分通过氢化获得的饱和烃被异构化。
CN2008801247485A 2008-01-14 2008-11-25 生产烃的方法和设备 Pending CN101918522A (zh)

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