CN101915771A - Method for determining sandy soil moisture content based on low-frequency ground penetrating radar ground method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The method of measurement sandy soil moisture content based on low-frequency ground penetrating radar ground method, determination step are as follows: Coherent Noise in GPR Record is acquired by total mid-point method, when determining that air wave and earthwave are walked; With the radar wave information of constant spacing method acquisition soil profile; The calculating of soil dielectric constant: parameter substitution formula is obtained to the dielectric constant of soil
; The calculating of soil moisture content: the soil dielectric constant ε being calculated is substituted into θ=- 5.3 × 10-2+2.92 × 10-2 ε -5.5 × 10-4 ε 2+4.3 × 10-6 ε 3, obtains soil moisture content. This method is suitable for the measurement in farmland and small watershed soil moisture content, and this method is convenient, fast, accurate and non-destructive, is particularly suitable for the measurement of water-content coefficient of sandy soil.
Description
One, technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of sandy soil section moisture determination method, particularly a kind of method of the mensuration sandy soil moisture content based on low-frequency ground penetrating radar ground method.
Two, background technology
For a long time, the assay method of the soil moisture content of small scale mainly is oven drying method, NEUTRON METHOD, sensor method and time-domain reflectomer method, these methods can be measured soil moisture content more exactly, but all exist time and effort consuming and soil is had certain problems such as destructiveness.The mid-90 in last century, remote sensing technology begins to be applied to the determining soil moisture on the regional scale, this method energy fast measuring zone and even global upper soll layer water cut, contain much information, but, the spatial resolution of remote sensing method is lower, and can only estimate the soil moisture content of the top layer 0.05m degree of depth by remotely-sensed data, and the influence that covered by vegetation is also bigger.This shows, between the time-domain reflectomer method and remote sensing technique of determining soil moisture content, there is the technological gap on the space scale, promptly on Small and Medium Sized such as farmland and small watershed, said method can not satisfy far away growing soil science research and modernized precision agriculture in a large number, the demand of agricultural land soil moisture multidate information fast and accurately.Thereby the development scientific basis is applicable to that fully the convenient, fast, accurate and non-destructive soil basis determining technology of farmland and small watershed is that needs are paid attention to and problem in urgent need of strengthening.
Ground penetrating radar exploration is estimated the specific inductive capacity of soil by obtaining the operation information of radar wave in soil, and then utilizes the experimental formula of soil dielectric constant and soil moisture content or the water cut that half theoretical relationship calculates soil.The method of existing ground penetrating radar detection soil moisture content mainly contains 4 kinds by the classification of type of electromagnetic wave propagation: reflective wave method, earthwave method, reflection coefficient method and boring radar method.Wherein the earthwave method is determined the thin solum water cut according to transmitting and receiving the earthwave that antenna distance and ground penetrating radar measure working time, is to think the soil basis determining method of potentialization at present.
At present, using the main scope of wave frequency that adopts when the earthwave method is surveyed soil moisture content in the world is 225MHz～900MHz.And, influenced by the soil texture, water cut etc. because the resolution of low-frequency electromagnetic wave is low, and be difficult for identifying air wave and earthwave in the radar image, also less about the research of low-frequency ground penetrating radar ground method both at home and abroad at present.But characteristics such as low-frequency electromagnetic wave has the penetration capacity increase than frequency electromagnetic waves, and investigation depth is big, research level the water cut dark and soil profile that humidity is high has advantage.Low-frequency ground penetrating radar ground method is particularly useful for the agricultural land soil moisture determination.
And the pattern of earthwave method detection soil moisture content mainly contains common mid-point method and constant spacing method.Be total to mid-point method as a kind of change of weather distance between centers of tracks method, measurement result accuracy height, but need expend a large amount of time and manpower, be not suitable for (10m-1000m) application in a big way.The advantage that the constant spacing method has fast, monitors in real time is suitable for the soil water space-time distribution monitoring than large scale, but must under the condition of the known reflecting interface degree of depth, carry out.To be total to mid-point method and combine with the constant spacing method and measure soil moisture content, then time saving and energy saving is many.When the first earthwave that obtains the different antennae spacing by common mid-point method is walked, select the optimal antenna spacing that to isolate air wave and earthwave then, utilize the constant spacing method to survey water cut again.The major limitation of this method is, is total to the optimal antenna spacing disunity of mid-point method and constant spacing method.Mid-point method is measured in the radar image altogether, and antenna distance is more little, and air wave in the image and earthwave are approaching more, and the interface is unintelligible, is difficult to pick up air wave and earthwave accurately; And constant spacing is measured in the radar image, and antenna distance is big more, and radar wave signal is weak more, and abnormal signal increases, and error is big more.Therefore, how to find the optimal antenna spacing of taking into account common mid-point method and constant spacing method particularly crucial.
Therefore, this method combines by common mid-point method of low frequency ground penetrating radar utilization and constant spacing method and measures the different soils water cut of soil after irrigation, for the further application of low frequency ground penetrating radar in pedology from now on provides foundation.
Three, summary of the invention
Goal of the invention: the present invention is directed to the deficiency that exists in the above-mentioned existing Soil Water Content Rate Determination method, a kind of convenient, fast, accurate and non-destructive soil basis determining method that is applicable to farmland and small watershed is provided, and this method is particularly useful for the measurement of water-content coefficient of sandy soil.
Technical scheme: based on the method for the mensuration sandy soil moisture content of low-frequency ground penetrating radar ground method, determination step is: gather Coherent Noise in GPR Record by being total to mid-point method, when walking with definite air wave and earthwave: emitting antenna and receiving antenna are pressed fixed step size and are moved symmetrically round about along survey line, keep a common midpoint, relation when its radar record is walking of antenna distance and radar wave is obtained t when can the clear air wave of isolating the different antennae spacing x correspondence of air wave and earthwave walking
AWT when walking with earthwave
GW, return and obtain t
AW～x and t
GW～x relational expression; Gather the radar wave information of soil profile with the constant spacing method: keep the spacing of ground penetrating radar emitting antenna and receiving antenna constant, the assay method that obtains radar image that moves simultaneously along line direction by fixed step size, relation when walking that its radar image is recorded as survey line and radar wave is according to t
AW～x and t
GWT when～x relational expression calculates constant spacing optimal antenna spacing
AWAnd t
GWThe calculating of soil dielectric constant: the specific inductive capacity that parameter substitution formula is got soil
Wherein wave speed v, t when earthwave is walked
GW, t when air wave is walked
AW, antenna distance x, c be electromagnetic wave speed 0.3mns in a vacuum
-1The calculating of soil moisture content: with soil dielectric constant ε substitution θ=-5.3 * 10 that calculate
-2+ 2.92 * 10
-2ε-5.5 * 10
-4ε
2+ 4.3 * 10
-6ε
3, get soil moisture content.
Concrete steps when altogether mid-point method determines that air wave and earthwave are walked are: the long 15m to 20m of selection of survey line, the reference position that transmits and receives antenna is at each 10cm place, survey line mid point north and south, initial spacing 20cm gathers step-length 20cm, and promptly two antennas are each respectively along the outside mobile 10cm of survey line.
Beneficial effect: characteristics such as adopting relative low-frequency electromagnetic wave to have penetration capacity than frequency electromagnetic waves in the method increases, and investigation depth is big, research level the water cut dark and soil profile that humidity is high has advantage.This method will be total to mid-point method and combine with the constant spacing method and measure soil moisture content, and will be time saving and energy saving; Be applicable to the convenient, fast, accurate and non-destructive soil basis determining of farmland and small watershed, and measure by many surveys line and can obtain soil profile continuous aqueous quantitative change situation, being the distributed in three dimensions situation of soil moisture content, is replenishing and expansion the fixed point determining instrument.In addition, prove that by experiment under different water content levels, this method can obtain measurement result comparatively accurately.
Four, description of drawings
Figure when Fig. 1 antenna distance-electromagnetic wave is walked;
Fig. 2 measures image (x=1m) for the constant spacing method of the sandy soil initial (A) and the processing (B) of pouring water; Wherein Fig. 2-A is the soil moisture content basically identical of initial (not pouring water) state of test, and its ground penetrating radar image is a horizontal linear; Fig. 2-B is for after pouring water, and from survey line 5m, the zone of pouring water causes specific inductive capacity to increase because water cut increases, thus t when causing the walking of earthwave
GWIncrease, the ground penetrating radar image is recessed gradually.
Five, embodiment
Embodiment 1:
1, test apparatus
Through overtesting, the antenna of 50MHz can not detect radar earthwave signal because frequency is too low, is 100MHz so this method adopts antenna frequencies.The RAMAC/GPR CUII universal host machine system acquisition data that test adopts Sweden Mala GeoScience company to produce, critical piece comprises: the two pairs of frequencies are respectively screened shielded antanna, main frame, computer, optical cable and other accessories of the non-shielding reception of 100MHz and emitting antenna (being connected to main frame by optical cable), 100MHz.Acquisition software is RAMACGroundvision, and image filtering is handled and adopted REFLEXW software.
2, test procedure
(1) gathers Coherent Noise in GPR Record by being total to mid-point method, when walking with definite air wave and earthwave.Be that emitting antenna and receiving antenna move along survey line round about symmetrically by fixed step size, keep a common midpoint, relation when its radar record is walking of antenna distance and radar wave.The long 15m to 20m that selects of survey line, the reference position that transmits and receives antenna is at each 10cm place, survey line mid point north and south, and initial spacing 20cm gathers step-length 20cm, and promptly two antennas are each respectively along the outside mobile 10cm of survey line.
(2) gather the radar wave information of soil profile with the constant spacing method.The constant spacing method promptly keeps the spacing of ground penetrating radar emitting antenna and receiving antenna constant, and by the assay method that obtains radar image that fixed step size moves simultaneously along line direction, its radar image is recorded as when survey line is walked with radar wave and concerns.We can adopt the screened shielded antanna (emitting antenna and receiving antenna spacing are 1m) of MALA company herein, can obtain the radar information at survey line place easily.Adopt the constant spacing method to survey the whole piece survey line with the 20cm step-length.
(3) ground penetrating radar Flame Image Process and decipher.
Original radar image need be discerned through handling interpretation, decipher and the objective body that just can carry out image, thereby obtains more accurate target information.Adopt Reflexw4.0 software to carry out pre-service, basic step is: 1. remove dc shift; 2. static correction; 3. gain; 4. extract mean-trace; 5. Butterworth bandpass filtering; 6. running mean.
(4) calculating of soil moisture content
The velocity of propagation of radar wave in soil mainly determined by the relative permeability and the specific inductive capacity of soil, because the relative permeability in most of soils (less salt) is approximately 1, the ground wave speed is controlled by the specific inductive capacity of soil mainly, can calculate the speed v of earthwave by the travel-time difference of air wave and earthwave, thereby obtain the specific inductive capacity of soil:
In the formula (1), c is an electromagnetic wave speed (0.3mns-1) in a vacuum.T when earthwave is walked
GW, t when air wave is walked
AW, antenna distance x can read by REFLEXW4.0 software.
Adopt at first in this research altogether that mid-point method obtains the ground penetrating radar image, (t when obtaining the corresponding air wave of different antennae spacing (x) that clearly to isolate air wave and earthwave and walking
AW) and earthwave (t when walking
GW), return and obtain t
AW～x and t
GW～x relational expression.Again according to t
AW～x and t
GWT when～x relational expression calculates the screened shielded antanna optimal spacing
AWAnd t
GW, then, the anti-specific inductive capacity that draws soil that pushes away.The specific inductive capacity and the water cut of soil are closely related, and confirmation can utilize θ～ε relational expression accurately to calculate the soil volumetric(al) moisture content by measuring soil dielectric constant again.And following rule-of-thumb relation proposed:
θ＝-5.3×10
-2+2.92×10
-2ε-5.5×10
-4ε
2+4.3×10
-6ε
3 (2)
By formula (1), (2), can get soil moisture content.
3, this method is measured the soil water-containing accuracy of measurement
For the checking ground penetrating radar to the predicting the outcome of soil moisture content, verify that in area, Yu Bei Fengqiu, the Yellow River and Huai He River sea plain this area's soil mostly is the moisture soil of growing on the sediment of the Yellow River.More than the examination sandy soil bed thickness 1.5m, clay content 4.59%, silt content 1.69%, sand grain content 93.72%, the face of land does not have vegetation and covers.More than the sandy loam bed thickness 1m, clay content 12.96%, silt content 10.17%, sand grain content 75.75%, 1-2cm place in the face of land has a small amount of vegetation to cover.Excavate the section of long 1.5m, dark 1.5m in the test at survey line one side 1m place, select on section apart from face of land 10cm, 40cm, 70cm, a 100cm and 130cm5 degree of depth, 5 points of picked at random are measured soil moisture content with TDR100 portable soil moisture teller on each degree of depth.
Mid-point method-constant spacing method is measured sandy soil moisture content altogether
Adopt at first altogether that mid-point method obtains the ground penetrating radar image, when obtaining the earthwave of the clear different antennae spacing correspondence of isolating air wave and earthwave of several energy and air wave and walking, as shown in Figure 3.The linear relationship of t returned and obtains t when earthwave and air wave were antenna distance x and walk in the mid-point method mensuration radar image altogether
AW～x and t
GW～x relational expression.
t
AW＝3.71*x+0.60，R
2＝0.997 (3)
t
GW＝6.97*x+1.70，R
2＝0.996 (4)
According to (3) formula, when antenna distance x=1m, t when air wave is walked
AW=4.31ns.
After survey line 5-9m place arranges the zone of pouring water, adopt the constant spacing method to survey the whole piece survey line, antenna distance is set to 1m.The soil moisture content basically identical of initial (not pouring water) state of test, its ground penetrating radar image is a horizontal linear, the ground penetrating radar image is shown in Fig. 4 (left side).After pouring water, from survey line 5m, the zone of pouring water causes specific inductive capacity to increase because water cut increases, thus t when causing earthwave to be walked
GWIncrease, the ground penetrating radar image is recessed gradually, and as Fig. 4 (right side), along with emitting antenna and receiving antenna all enter the zone of pouring water, two way travel time is stable gradually.Because t when air wave is walked
AWBe not subjected to the influence that soil moisture content changes and remain unchanged, t when therefore walking according to fixing antenna distance x and air wave
AW, and t when adopting REFLEXW software to read to pour water the corresponding earthwave in zone to walk
GW, calculate soil moisture content by formula (1), (2).
Table 1 mid point-constant spacing method is altogether measured the soil after irrigation sandy soil moisture content
Table 1 is for being total to the soil after irrigation sandy soil moisture content that mid-point method-constant spacing method is measured.As can be seen from Table 1, under the irrigation condition, it is not 6.5% when antenna distance 1m that common mid-point method-constant spacing method records sandy soil section average moisture content, and it is 6.3% that TDR records 0-50cm degree of depth place sandy soil section average moisture content.Therefore under irrigation condition not, the measured value of mid-point method-constant spacing method is compared with the TDR measured value altogether, and absolute error is respectively 0.2%.Under the irrigation condition, it is 20.2% when antenna distance 1m that common mid-point method-constant spacing method records sandy soil section average moisture content, and the sandy soil section average moisture content that TDR records 0-50cm degree of depth place is 19.7%.Therefore under irrigation condition, the measured value of mid-point method-constant spacing method is compared with the TDR measured value altogether, and absolute error is respectively 0.5%.
The result shows that under different water cut conditions, it is all comparatively accurate that mid-point method-the constant spacing method records the water cut result altogether, can be used for the water cut monitoring of sandy soil.
Can the clear t that isolates the different antennae spacing correspondence of air wave and earthwave in the common mid-point method image by obtaining
AWAnd t
GW, return and obtain t
AW～x and t
GW～x relational expression, the t when calculating screened shielded antanna spacing 1m again
AWAnd t
GW, taken into account the optimal antenna spacing of constant spacing method with common mid-point method method, compare with the constant spacing method measurement of directly being undertaken by common mid-point method optimal antenna spacing 3m, the result is more accurate.What deserves to be mentioned is, at present for the ground penetrating radar investigation depth accurately determine remain a difficult problem, also need to launch a large amount of basic research work.
4, the application of this method
1, this method is suitable for measuring sandy soil moisture content, and for other quality soil because radar wave decay is serious, the measurement result improvement of still needing;
2, be suitable for the soil of quality than homogeneous;
3, can be used for the soil moisture content monitoring of soil profile;
4, can be used to study the spatial variability situation of soil moisture content.
Embodiment 2:
Method based on the mensuration sandy soil moisture content of low-frequency ground penetrating radar ground method, determination step is: gather Coherent Noise in GPR Record by being total to mid-point method, when walking with definite air wave and earthwave: emitting antenna and receiving antenna are pressed fixed step size and are moved symmetrically round about along survey line, keep a common midpoint, relation when its radar record is walking of antenna distance and radar wave is obtained t when can the clear air wave of isolating the different antennae spacing x correspondence of air wave and earthwave walking
AWT when walking with earthwave
GW, return and obtain t
AW～x and t
GW～x relational expression; Gather the radar wave information of soil profile with the constant spacing method: keep the spacing of ground penetrating radar emitting antenna and receiving antenna constant, the assay method that obtains radar image that moves simultaneously along line direction by fixed step size, relation when walking that its radar image is recorded as survey line and radar wave is according to t
AW～x and t
GWT when～x relational expression calculates constant spacing optimal antenna spacing
AWAnd t
GWThe calculating of soil dielectric constant: the specific inductive capacity that parameter substitution formula is got soil
Wherein wave speed v, t when earthwave is walked
GW, t when air wave is walked
AW, antenna distance x, c be electromagnetic wave speed 0.3mns in a vacuum
-1The calculating of soil moisture content: with soil dielectric constant ε substitution θ=-5.3 * 10 that calculate
-2+ 2.92 * 10
-2ε-5.5 * 10
-4ε
2+ 4.3 * 10
-6ε
3, get soil moisture content.Wherein, concrete steps when above-mentioned altogether mid-point method determines that air wave and earthwave are walked are: the long 15m to 20m of selection of survey line, and the reference position that transmits and receives antenna is at each 10cm place, survey line mid point north and south, initial spacing 20cm, gather step-length 20cm, promptly two antennas are each respectively along the outside mobile 10cm of survey line.
Claims (2)
1. based on the method for the mensuration sandy soil moisture content of low-frequency ground penetrating radar ground method, it is characterized in that determination step is:
A. gather Coherent Noise in GPR Record by being total to mid-point method, when walking with definite air wave and earthwave: emitting antenna and receiving antenna are pressed fixed step size and are moved symmetrically round about along survey line, keep a common midpoint, relation when its radar record is walking of antenna distance and radar wave is obtained t when can the clear air wave of isolating the different antennae spacing x correspondence of air wave and earthwave walking
AWT when walking with earthwave
GW, return and obtain t
AW～x and t
GW～x relational expression;
B. gather the radar wave information of soil profile with the constant spacing method: keep the spacing of ground penetrating radar emitting antenna and receiving antenna constant, the assay method that obtains radar image that moves simultaneously along line direction by fixed step size, relation when walking that its radar image is recorded as survey line and radar wave is according to t
AW～x and t
GWT when～x relational expression calculates constant spacing optimal antenna spacing
AWAnd t
GW
C. the calculating of soil dielectric constant: the specific inductive capacity that parameter substitution formula is got soil
Antenna distance x, c are electromagnetic wave speed 0.3mns in a vacuum
-1
D. the calculating of soil moisture content: with the soil dielectric constant ε substitution that calculates
θ=-5.3 * 10
-2+ 2.92 * 10
-2ε-5.5 * 10
-4ε
2+ 4.3 * 10
-6ε
3, get soil moisture content.
2. the method for the mensuration sandy soil moisture content based on low-frequency ground penetrating radar ground method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that the concrete steps when common mid-point method determines that air wave and earthwave are walked are: the long 15m to 20m of selection of survey line, the reference position that transmits and receives antenna is at each 10cm place, survey line mid point north and south, initial spacing 20cm, gather step-length 20cm, make two antennas each respectively along the outside mobile 10cm of survey line.
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