CN101852074A - Method and system for exploiting lamellar super-heavy oil deposit - Google Patents
Method and system for exploiting lamellar super-heavy oil deposit Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method and a system for exploiting lamellar super-heavy oil deposit. The method comprises the following steps of: arranging a multi-bore well, a central steam injection well and a producing well in an exploitation region; closing the central steam injection well and the producing well and performing steam stimulation by using the multi-bore well until the temperature of each oil layer reaches the temperature corresponding to a second-order inflection point of a crude oil viscosity-temperature relation curve; opening the multi-bore well and the central steam injection well and injecting steam into the oil layers; closing the multi-bore well and the central steam injection well for soaking; and opening the producing well to perform steam driving exploitation. In the method, the multi-bore well is used for performing the steam stimulation according to the characteristics of the multi-layer super-heavy oil deposit; a plurality of branch wells are drilled in a main pitshaft by a side-tracking method and are embedded into each oil layer of the oil deposit; the whole exploitation range is heated comprehensively and three-dimensionally; steam waves and regions as big as possible are formed with the cooperation of the central steam injection well; and the mobility of the super-heavy oil and the oil-water mobility ratio are improved, and the problems that the lamellar super-heavy oil has high viscosity and is difficult to drive and the steam sweeping range is small are solved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of super viscous crude (viscosity is greater than 50000mPa.s) thermal process and system, particularly about a kind of exploitation method and system that is used for lamellar super-heavy oil deposit.
Background technology
According to the viscous crude criteria for classification of China, viscosity belongs to super viscous crude greater than the crude oil of 50000mPa.s, is example with the super viscous crude in Liaohe Oil Field daybreak one district, and super viscous crude stock tank oil viscosity is up to 20 * 10
4About mPa.s, but flowing temperature is about 80 ℃, and when reservoir temperature was lower than 80 ℃, crude oil did not flow under the bottom condition, and oil well output quickly falls to zero.Because the flowability of super viscous crude is too poor, the investment that causes ultra-thick oil thermal to be adopted is higher, and the exploitation risk is bigger than common oil reservoir, therefore selects suitable mining type particularly important at different reservoir conditions.
At present the main method that ultra-thick oil thermal is adopted in the world wide comprises two kinds of SAGD (SAGD) and steam soaks.Steam assisted gravity drainage techniques is in Canada and China Liaohe Oil Field successful Application, its principle is a steam in jection in annotating the vapour well, steam forms vapor chamber in the stratum, vapor chamber upwards reaches sideways expansion, with the crude oil generation interchange of heat in the oil reservoir, crude oil after the heating and steam condensate (SC) are let out output in the following horizontal production well by action of gravity.The recovery ratio of steam assisted gravity oil recovery technique is at 40%-60%, be applicable to exploitation individual layer super-heavy oil deposit, but for the lamellar super-heavy oil deposit that has interlayer and interlayer between oil reservoir, since lamellar super-heavy oil deposit exist thickness in monolayer input-output ratio little, that return exploitation on successively low, be difficult to realize problem such as sufficient interlayer heating, therefore can't adopt the steam assisted gravity oil recovery technique.In addition, show by the SAGD field trial of carrying out at the super-heavy oil deposit of Liaohe Oil Field and Xinjiang Karamay oilfield, if use the steam assisted gravity oil recovery technique in lamellar super-heavy oil deposit, water retention capacity exceeds standard in the horizontal production well, and its control shipwreck degree is much larger than straight well.
The steam soak technology is a more successful thickened oil recovery technology, and its principle is by the crude oil in the Steam Heating oil reservoir, and its viscosity is reduced, and for the high oil reservoir of pressure, the elastic energy of oil reservoir discharges in the mode that drives energy behind the heating oil reservoir.But as a kind of buck exploitation method, along with the steam soak round increases, the near wellbore zone formation pressure descends, the super viscous crude flow difficulties in well area far away, the feasible output of handling up is successively decreased rapidly, therefore the exploitation principle of steam soak has determined its ultimate recovery not high, and the recovery ratio of the super viscous crude of steam soak exploitation is generally at 10%-20%.Because high temperature, high pressure release zone that steam soak forms near nearly pit shaft make that follow-up vapour driving oil recovery is difficult to realize.Do not have a kind of suitable steam soak rear-guard at present for technology, improve the recoverable reserves of lamellar super-heavy oil, fundamentally reverse the lamellar super-heavy oil deposit situation that production decline is fast, displacement is underproduce of handling up.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to propose a kind of mode and carry out exploitation via steam injection by multiple well type combination, enlarge the steam swept volume as far as possible, increase the recoverable reserves of lamellar super-heavy oil, also can adjust the direction that takes effect that super thick oil steam drive is adopted flexibly, thereby improve the exploitation method that is used for lamellar super-heavy oil deposit of recovery ratio, and the mining system that is used to realize above-mentioned exploitation method.
A kind of exploitation method that is used for lamellar super-heavy oil deposit of the present invention may further comprise the steps:
1) multihole well more than two mouthfuls or two mouthfuls is set in mining area, and vapour well and the producing well more than a bite are annotated in the center that is provided with in described mining area;
2) close described center and annotate vapour well and producing well, utilize described multihole well to carry out steam soak, the temperature in oil reservoir reaches till the pairing temperature of second order flex point of viscosity of crude-temperature relation curve, carries out step 3);
3) open described multihole well and center and annotate vapour well steam in jection in oil reservoir simultaneously, carry out step 4) after injection finishes;
4) described multihole well is closed boil in a covered pot over a slow fire well, close described center simultaneously and annotate the vapour well, or make described center annotate the vapour well to keep low speed to inject state;
5) open described producing well and carry out vapour driving oil recovery.
The number of described producing well is 8, and anti-9 the square well patterns of vapour well construction are annotated at described producing well and center.
In the described step 4),, then can prolong the stewing well time,, then shorten the stewing well time if core intersection is thin if oil reservoir is fully heated in the described steam soak process.
In the described step 5), when described vapour driving oil recovery starts, open earlier from described center and annotate vapour well producing well far away, after producing well far away reaches the design liquid measure, open again from described center and annotate the nearer producing well of vapour well.
In the described step 5), not up to standard if any the liquid measure of producing well, close all producing wells, repeating step 4).
In the described step 5), open described multihole well and cooperate described center to annotate the direction that takes effect of vapour well and producing well adjustment vapour driving oil recovery.
A kind ofly implement the above-mentioned mining system that is used for the exploitation method of lamellar super-heavy oil deposit, it comprises that the multihole well, the center that are arranged in the mining area annotate vapour well and flatly or the above producing well of a bite; The steam that wherein said center notes vapour well is arranged on described multihole well formation involves zone central authorities, and described producing well involves the zone at described steam forms well pattern on every side.
Described steam involves the zone can control whole mining area.
The configuration of described well pattern is wanted to catch steam and is involved all moveable oils in the zone.
Described well pattern is anti-9 square well patterns or skewed pattern.
The number of described multihole well is more than two mouthfuls or two mouthfuls.
Technique effect of the present invention is as follows:
The present invention at first carries out steam soak by multihole well, lamellar super-heavy oil deposit is carried out preheating, obtain bigger steam oil production amount, open multihole well and center after cyclic steam stimulation finishes and annotate the vapour well, inject a large amount of steam to lamellar super-heavy oil deposit simultaneously, annotate the process that the vapour well is boiled in a covered pot over a slow fire well through after a while multihole well and center again, the heat that carries by steam reduces the viscosity of super viscous crude and sets up producing pressure differential between injection-production well as early as possible, is beneficial to the realization of follow-up displacement process; After but thermometric display layer shape super-heavy oil deposit temperature has risen to super viscous crude flowing temperature between well, open distance center earlier and annotate vapour well producing well far away, when these distances well far away reaches the design liquid measure, open all the other producing wells again, enter the vapour driving oil recovery state.The present invention uses multihole well to carry out steam soak, tentatively makes the oil reservoir energy decline, for the startup of follow-up steam flooding process provides the temperature and pressure condition, also can obtain a part of crude output simultaneously.
After entering the vapour driving oil recovery state, annotate the vapour well group and close when annotating vapour when carrying out multihole well and center, because multihole well can be according to the characteristics of multilayer super-heavy oil deposit, many Multilateral Wells of sidetracking are goed deep in each oil reservoir of oil reservoir in a main hole, whole limit of mining is carried out comprehensively heating of solid, under the cooperation of center notes vapour well, form big as far as possible steam and involve the zone, improve the mobile of super viscous crude and improve the profit mobility ratio, solve lamellar super-heavy oil viscosity height, be difficult to drive, steam flooding is swept the little problem of scope.
The present invention carries out and annotates the step that vapour well and multihole well are annotated vapour, stewing well simultaneously changeing the vapour initial stage of driving, and can improve reservoir temperature and additional stratum energy fast, is beneficial to the realization as early as possible of follow-up displacement process.
The present invention aborning also can be according to the liquid measure of different producing wells situation up to standard, repeat the stewing well step of many wheels, or cooperate corresponding producing well open and close, adjust the direction that takes effect that super thick oil steam drive is adopted flexibly, thereby increase the recoverable reserves of lamellar super-heavy oil deposit as far as possible.
Carry out because recovery process of the present invention can comprise handle up heating and two steps of vapour driving oil recovery, wherein directionality is driven the design of adopting and can be solved to change behind the common super-heavy oil deposit steam soak and drive, and the problem of channelling between injection-production well easily takes place.
The present invention uses multihole well to carry out steam soak, tentatively makes the oil reservoir energy decline, for the startup of follow-up steam flooding process provides the temperature and pressure condition, also can obtain a part of crude output simultaneously.Entering vapour driving oil recovery after the stage, annotate the vapour well group and close when annotating vapour when carrying out multihole well and center, because multihole well can be according to the characteristics of multilayer super-heavy oil deposit, many Multilateral Wells of sidetracking are goed deep in each oil reservoir of oil reservoir in a main hole, whole limit of mining is carried out comprehensively heating of solid, under the cooperation of center notes vapour well, form big as far as possible steam and involve the zone, improve the mobile of super viscous crude and improve the profit mobility ratio, solve lamellar super-heavy oil viscosity height, be difficult to drive, steam flooding is swept the little problem of scope.
The present invention carries out and annotates the step that vapour well and multihole well are annotated vapour, stewing well simultaneously changeing the vapour initial stage of driving, and can improve reservoir temperature and additional stratum energy fast, is beneficial to the realization as early as possible of follow-up displacement process.
The present invention aborning also can be according to the liquid measure of different producing wells situation up to standard, repeat the stewing well step of many wheels, or cooperate corresponding producing well open and close, adjust the direction that takes effect that super thick oil steam drive is adopted flexibly, thereby increase the recoverable reserves of lamellar super-heavy oil deposit as far as possible.
Carry out because recovery process of the present invention can comprise steam soak and two steps of vapour driving oil recovery, wherein directionality is driven changes the problem of driving channelling between easy generation injection-production well after the design of adopting can solve common super-heavy oil deposit steam soak.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is super viscosity of thickened oil-temperature relation curve synoptic diagram in the experimental example 1 of the present invention
Fig. 2 is the structural representation that is used for the oil extraction system of lamellar super-heavy oil deposit of the present invention
Fig. 3 is a point for measuring temperature distribution schematic diagram of the present invention
Each label is as follows among the figure:
The 1-multihole well; The vapour well is annotated at the 2-center; The 3-producing well; The 4-point for measuring temperature;
The specific embodiment
As shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, the mobile feature of representing according to this viscosity-temperature dependency curve of super viscous crude is provided with mining system, with Xinjiang Karamay oilfield six
2+3The district is example, and degassed crude viscosity is 5～20 * 10 under the reservoir temperature
4MPa.s chooses viscosity of crude 13.0 * 10 in the present embodiment
4Indoor numerical simulation study has been carried out in the zone of mPa.s.Vapour well 2 annotated by the preferred two mouthfuls of multihole wells 1 of the mining system of present embodiment, a bite center and eight mouthfuls of producing wells 3 are formed anti-9 square well patterns.
At first carry out steam soak on two mouthfuls of multihole wells 1, after 5 rounds of handling up, vapour well 2 is annotated at the center and two mouthfuls of multihole wells 1 begin to annotate vapour, the preferred 150～200m of steam injection rate simultaneously
3/ m.ha, steam injection rate are 300 tons/day, annotate vapour 10 days.Closing center's notes vapour well 2 and two mouthfuls of multihole wells 1 are boiled in a covered pot over a slow fire well simultaneously then, open the four-hole producing well 3 that is positioned at the well pattern bight after 10 days, vapour well 2 is annotated at the center of opening after 15 days, open the four-hole producing well 3 of well pattern limit portion after 43 days, beginning based on anti-9 square well patterns, adjust the composite vapor that steam involves the interior vapor chamber leading edge direction in zone by two mouthfuls of multihole wells 1 and drive exploitation.As shown in table 1, compare with straight well steam soak mining type on earth in the present embodiment, use the recovery ratio of mining type of the present invention to increase by 21%, oil increasing effect is obvious.
Table 1 is the condition of production statistics of present embodiment
| Mining type | Annotate the vapour amount | Oil production | Gas oil ratio | Recovery ratio |
| Steam soak | ??13.8 | ??2.15 | ??0.156 | ??12.7 |
| This mining system | ??43.7 | ??5.74 | ??0.131 | ??33.9 |
As shown in Figure 2, be communicated with the high characteristics of degree according to the same set of series of strata oil reservoir of lamellar super-heavy oil deposit, with the synthetic oil extraction system of many mouthfuls of adjacent well groups, wherein oil extraction system comprises the multihole well 1 that is arranged in the mining area, be used to carry out combined type and annotate vapour and stewing well, the steam that formation can be controlled whole oil reservoir involves the zone, to reach thermal communication between well, provides the possibility of adjusting heat front for follow-up vapour driving oil recovery; A center is annotated vapour well 2 and is arranged on the central authorities that this steam involves the zone, is used for finishing the back to the oil reservoir steam in jection at cyclic steam stimulation, carries out vapour driving oil recovery; More than one producing well 3 steam involve the zone around form well pattern, be used for output crude oil, and by the corresponding producing well of switch, adjust the direction that takes effect of vapour driving oil recovery flexibly.
Multihole well 1 is the well that sidetracking goes out two or more branches pit shaft from a main hole, according to the condition of oil reservoir, selects a plurality of Multilateral Wells pit shafts are drilled in same oil reservoir or the different oil reservoir.Because branch's pit shaft of multihole well 1 gos deep into each oil reservoir in the oil reservoir, therefore the steam that injects can heat oil reservoir effectively.Vapour well 2 is annotated at the center and producing well 3 is a straight well, the type that producing well 3 forms well pattern can be selected according to the actual conditions of oil reservoir, annotate vapour well 2 and eight anti-9 square well patterns that producing well 3 is formed as traditional by a center, or the skewed pattern of the accurate reservoir description selection of foundation.
In the native system, the quantity and the position of the length of multihole well 1, quantity and position and producing well 3 can be arranged according to situations such as the oil reservoir shape of multilayer super-heavy oil deposit, sedimentary facies distribution, in the present embodiment number of multihole well 1 preferred two or more.The steam that multihole well 1 is combined to form involves the zone to be wanted to control whole mining area, therefore can calculate the steam that obtains in advance according to numerical simulation or analytical Calculation mode and involve each design parameters that multihole well 1 is determined in the zone.Producing well 3 quantity and position in the well pattern are subjected to the influence of oil reservoir shape, sedimentary facies distribution bigger, be that the configuration of the well pattern formed of whole production well 3 is wanted to catch steam and involved all moveable oils in the zone, and guarantee that steam involves the interior vapor chamber in zone and can expand smoothly in reservoir, therefore extraction-injection is a principle than being not less than 1.2 in the whole oil extraction system to satisfy in actual design.
The exploitation method that is used for lamellar super-heavy oil deposit of the present invention may further comprise the steps:
1) vapour well 2 and producing well 3 are annotated by closing center, carry out combined steam by above-mentioned multihole well 1 and handle up, and make the oil reservoir energy decline when being used to heat oil reservoir, and wherein the round of steam soak is according to reservoir condition and crude oil property decision.As shown in Figure 3, when the temperature of four points for measuring temperature 4 in the multihole well 1 reaches the temperature of second order flex point correspondence of super viscosity of thickened oil-temperature relation curve, the steam soak stage that promptly shows multihole well 1 can finish, and reaches the startup sign of vapour driving oil recovery, and this moment, the rheological characteristic of super viscous crude obviously improved.Point for measuring temperature 4 should evenly distribute and steam involves in the zone, can be observed the heating state of whole oil reservoir.
2) open multihole well 1 and center and annotate vapour well 2, adopt many wells type compound mode while steam in jection in super viscous crude oil reservoir, the steam injection rate is set by numerical simulation or analytical Calculation according to oil reservoir and fluid condition.Steam to be set carries out step 3) after injecting and finishing.
3) multihole well 1 is closed a period of time and boil in a covered pot over a slow fire well, the time of stewing well decides according to handle up early stage situation and reservoir condition.Its mid-early stage handle up situation according to early stage handling capacity and gas oil ratio determine, development effectiveness is good if handle up early stage, near the nearly well zone is fully heated, for a long time stewing well can not cause the crude oil of backflow can't advance pump, the then stewing well time can proper extension, makes the center annotate the steam that vapour well 2 injects and can feed through to the bigger scope of oil reservoir; If but core intersection is thin, the stewing well time will correspondingly shorten.During stewing well, vapour well 2 is annotated by closing center simultaneously, or makes center notes vapour well 2 still keep injecting state than low speed; If vapour well 2 is annotated at the center of opening, then its injection rate mainly according to core intersection, steam involve the zone, the injectability in stewing well stage is relevant, it is big that core intersection is big, steam involves the zone, then injection rate is big.Handling up, the back injection-boiling in a covered pot over a slow fire the injectability in well stage depends on oil reservoir energy resume speed, crosses slow or too fast injection rate and can not help the recovery of oil reservoir energy.
4) open producing well 3 and carry out vapour driving oil recovery, when vapour driving oil recovery starts, open decentre earlier and annotate vapour well 2 producing well 3 far away, after producing well far away 3 reaches the design liquid measure, open decentre again and annotate the nearer producing well of vapour well 2.
In the manufacturing process of vapour driving oil recovery, if find that the liquid measure of some producing well 3 is not up to standard, can close all producing wells 3 and repeat step 3), carrying out taking turns or taking turns more multihole well 1 and center notes vapour well 2 annotates vapour and stewing well, single multihole well 1 notes vapour simultaneously and boils in a covered pot over a slow fire well, cooperate the open and close of corresponding producing well 3, by increasing the local pressure on every side of liquid measure producing well 3 not up to standard, adjust the direction that takes effect of the vapour driving oil recovery of super-heavy oil deposit.
Claims (8)
1. exploitation method that is used for lamellar super-heavy oil deposit is characterized in that: may further comprise the steps:
1) multihole well more than two mouthfuls or two mouthfuls is set in mining area, and vapour well and the producing well more than a bite are annotated in the center that is provided with in mining area;
2) vapour well and producing well are annotated by closing center, utilize multihole well to carry out steam soak, and the temperature in oil reservoir reaches till the pairing temperature of second order flex point of viscosity of crude-temperature relation curve, carries out step 3);
3) open multihole well and center and annotate vapour well steam in jection in oil reservoir simultaneously, carry out step 4) after injection finishes;
4) multihole well is closed boil in a covered pot over a slow fire well, the vapour well is annotated by closing center simultaneously, or makes the center annotate the vapour well to keep low speed to inject state;
5) open producing well and carry out vapour driving oil recovery.
2. a kind of exploitation method that is used for lamellar super-heavy oil deposit as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: in the step 4), oil reservoir is fully heated in the steam soak process, then prolongs the stewing well time, or core intersection is thin, then shortens the stewing well time.
3. a kind of exploitation method that is used for lamellar super-heavy oil deposit as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: in the step 5), when vapour driving oil recovery starts, open decentre earlier and annotate vapour well producing well far away, after producing well far away reaches the design liquid measure, open decentre again and annotate the nearer producing well of vapour well.
4. a kind of exploitation method that is used for lamellar super-heavy oil deposit as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: in the step 5), the liquid measure of producing well is not up to standard, closes all producing wells, repeating step 4).
5. a kind of exploitation method that is used for lamellar super-heavy oil deposit as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: in the step 5), open the direction that takes effect that vapour well and producing well adjustment vapour driving oil recovery are annotated in multihole well cooperation center.
6. implement the mining system that is used for the exploitation method of lamellar super-heavy oil deposit as claimed in claim 1 for one kind, it is characterized in that: it comprises multihole well, center notes vapour well and a bite or the above producing well of a bite that is arranged in the mining area; The steam that center notes vapour well is arranged on multihole well formation involves zone central authorities, and producing well involves the zone at steam forms well pattern on every side.
7. a kind of mining system that is used for lamellar super-heavy oil deposit as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that: the number of multihole well is more than two mouthfuls or two mouthfuls; Multihole well is by a main hole, and many Multilateral Wells of going deep into each oil reservoir of oil reservoir of sidetracking constitute.
8. a kind of mining system that is used for lamellar super-heavy oil deposit as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that: the number of described producing well is 8, and anti-9 the square well patterns of vapour well construction are annotated at described producing well and center.
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| CN103541704A (en) * | 2012-07-11 | 2014-01-29 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Method of improving deep super-thick oil reservoir recovery efficiency |
| CN103541704B (en) * | 2012-07-11 | 2017-07-07 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | A kind of method for improving deep super-thick oil reservoir recovery efficiency |
| CN103321617B (en) * | 2013-06-03 | 2015-10-14 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Special thick oil and super-heavy oil deposit nanometer magnetofluid huff and puff oil recovery method and well pattern structure |
| CN103321617A (en) * | 2013-06-03 | 2013-09-25 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Nano-magnetic fluid huff-and-puff oil extraction method and well network structure for extra-heavy oil and super-heavy oil reservoirs |
| CN103590798A (en) * | 2013-10-15 | 2014-02-19 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Determining method and calculating device for ultra-thick oil steam-injection oil extracting and soaking time |
| CN103590798B (en) * | 2013-10-15 | 2016-08-31 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | A kind of super-viscous oil steam injection recovery is boiled in a covered pot over a slow fire the determination method of well time and calculates device |
| CN108019194A (en) * | 2016-11-02 | 2018-05-11 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | The method that more well linkage steam injections improve development result of heavy oil reservoirs |
| CN106761575A (en) * | 2016-12-09 | 2017-05-31 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | The recovery method and system of oil-sand |
| CN109538181B (en) * | 2017-09-22 | 2021-06-01 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Optimization method for improving thermal recovery development effect of side water heavy oil reservoir |
| CN109538181A (en) * | 2017-09-22 | 2019-03-29 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Improve the optimization method of side water heavy crude reservoir Simulation on whole pay zones effect |
| CN109267981A (en) * | 2018-09-14 | 2019-01-25 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Steam drives corner well Liquid output configuration method and device |
| CN109267981B (en) * | 2018-09-14 | 2020-10-09 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Method and device for configuring liquid production capacity of steam flooding corner well |
| CN111441756A (en) * | 2019-01-17 | 2020-07-24 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Method for oil exploitation |
| CN110454124A (en) * | 2019-08-23 | 2019-11-15 | 陈建国 | A kind of oil production method |
| CN110454124B (en) * | 2019-08-23 | 2021-07-27 | 陈建国 | Oil extraction method |
| CN112824648A (en) * | 2019-11-21 | 2021-05-21 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Steam flooding mining method |
| CN113622885A (en) * | 2020-05-08 | 2021-11-09 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Layered injection-production method for improving recovery ratio through gas injection |
| CN113622885B (en) * | 2020-05-08 | 2023-02-07 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Layered injection-production method for improving recovery ratio through gas injection |
| CN112036033A (en) * | 2020-08-31 | 2020-12-04 | 中国海洋石油集团有限公司 | Method for quantitatively determining time for converting steam huff-puff to steam flooding formation temperature |
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