CN101842018A - 酪蛋白的生产方法 - Google Patents
酪蛋白的生产方法 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
- A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
- A23C9/14—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations in which the chemical composition of the milk is modified by non-chemical treatment
- A23C9/142—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations in which the chemical composition of the milk is modified by non-chemical treatment by dialysis, reverse osmosis or ultrafiltration
- A23C9/1422—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations in which the chemical composition of the milk is modified by non-chemical treatment by dialysis, reverse osmosis or ultrafiltration by ultrafiltration, microfiltration or diafiltration of milk, e.g. for separating protein and lactose; Treatment of the UF permeate
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
- A23C19/00—Cheese; Cheese preparations; Making thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J1/00—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites
- A23J1/20—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from milk, e.g. casein; from whey
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
- A23J3/04—Animal proteins
- A23J3/08—Dairy proteins
- A23J3/10—Casein
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
- A23C2210/00—Physical treatment of dairy products
- A23C2210/20—Treatment using membranes, including sterile filtration
- A23C2210/202—Treatment of milk with a membrane before or after fermentation of the milk, e.g. UF of diafiltration
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Dairy Products (AREA)
- Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
- Coloring Foods And Improving Nutritive Qualities (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及酪蛋白的生产方法。本发明的实施方案涉及一种方法,其包括乳的微量过滤,提供了用作酪蛋白来源的一种产品和用作乳清蛋白来源的另一种产品。本发明的另一个实施方案涉及由微量过滤保留物制备乳产品,如酪蛋白、乳品饮料、乳蛋白浓缩物和干酪。
Description
与相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2007年11月2日提交的美国临时申请US 60/985,135的权利。
技术领域
本发明的一个实施方案涉及包括乳微量过滤的方法,提供了用作酪蛋白来源的一种产品,和用作乳清蛋白来源的另一种产品。本发明的另一个实施方案涉及从微量过滤保留物(retentate)制备乳产品,如酪蛋白、乳品饮料、乳蛋白浓缩物和干酪。本发明进一步的实施方案涉及由脱脂乳获得的组合物,其用作乳清蛋白的来源。本发明的一个实施方案提供了高分子膜在微量过滤步骤中的应用。
背景技术
在传统的干酪加工方法中,凝固后得到的稀释乳清副产品可进行超滤,以浓缩乳清蛋白(也称为血清蛋白),以制备乳清蛋白浓缩物或乳清蛋白分离物。这产生在成分和功能性上都高度可变的乳清蛋白产物,从而导致食品制造者使用其它的蛋白来源。在传统的干酪制作过程中,乳清蛋白的特性也发生了改变。
现有技术的方法涉及从乳制备酪蛋白和乳清蛋白沉淀的方法,包括加热步骤以使乳清蛋白变性,然后通过冷却和酸化以沉淀出酪蛋白。酸化步骤改变所回收的蛋白质的天然状态。
发明概述
得出本发明的研究的目的旨在提供从脱脂乳获得酪蛋白,同时也从脱脂乳获得高百分比的天然状态乳清蛋白的经济可行的方法。这一目标在此已经通过下述实现,将脱脂乳进行微量过滤以提供具有富含酪蛋白的蛋白质生产物的保留物,因此保留物用于制备酪蛋白、酪蛋白酸盐、乳蛋白浓缩物或是干酪制作,以及其他应用如婴儿代乳品(formula)、肠胃外食物、营养产品和适用于胃旁路患者的医疗食物。存在于MF保留物中的酪蛋白是微团酪蛋白,因为在MF过程中酪蛋白的微团完整性并未丧失。此外,产生了渗透物(permeate),其是具有非常高营养含量的天然或原始乳清蛋白的良好来源。相比之下,在传统的酪蛋白生产过程中,由于酸性酪蛋白的酸化作用,或是衍酪蛋白(rennet casein)的粗制凝乳酶作用(renneting)(添加蛋白水解酶),酪蛋白的天然微团稳定性丧失。
一方面,本发明涉及从脱脂乳获得富含酪蛋白的浓缩乳产品,和作为乳清蛋白来源的另一种产品的方法,所述方法包括使脱脂乳进行微量过滤,以提供保留物和渗透物,所述保留物是富含酪蛋白的浓缩乳产品,且所述渗透物是作为乳清蛋白来源的产品。
通常情况下,微量过滤在温度为5-55℃和pH为6.0-6.8,浓缩系数为3-6倍下进行1-18小时的时间段。
微量过滤保留物(MF保留物)缺乏乳清蛋白,而和加工的脱脂乳的30%总固体相比而言,含有较高重量百分比的酪蛋白(70-75%)。微量过滤渗透物(MF渗透物)含有加工的脱脂乳的90-98%的乳清蛋白,且一般不含或含有少量酪蛋白。优选的,微量过滤使用孔径大小为20,000-200,000道尔顿的膜在10-40磅/英寸2(psi)的压力下进行。非常优选的,进行微量过滤以提供保留物,所述保留物相对于加工的脱脂乳而言,浓缩至浓缩系数为5-6倍,且pH值保持在与初始乳材料相同的pH值,即6.5-6.8。
本发明的实施方案提供了微量过滤方法,其使用的膜的分子量截断值(cutoff)为200,000道尔顿,且最大操作压力为20磅/英寸2。
本发明的可选实施方案涉及制备干酪的方法,包括以下步骤:(a)制备上述保留物和乳脂(milkfat)的混合物,以获得在最终干酪的那种的15%之内的蛋白质:脂肪比;(b)从所述混合物形成均质的干酪乳;(c)添加酸化剂和/或起子培养物,以实现制备的最终干酪中合适且典型的酸度;(d)添加粗制凝乳酶以形成凝块;(e)切割凝块,且加热乳清并使其排水,如果存在可排水的乳清的话,以生产水分含量为44-56%的干酪凝乳;和(f)使干酪凝乳形成最终干酪。所得的乳清和传统干酪乳清相比含有很少或不含乳清蛋白。
在这里术语“微量过滤”用于指一类过滤,其通常使用孔径大小为0.05-0.2微米的膜,且膜上游侧的压力范围为10-40磅/英寸2。
在这里术语“保留物”用于指对于微量过滤过程,脱脂乳微量过滤的液体产物,其是浓缩的脱脂乳进料,且其含有脱脂乳中一般发现的所有组分,但是酪蛋白、脂肪和矿物质(灰分)主要是钙、磷和镁的固体质量百分比增加(和最初的脱脂乳相比而言)。
在这里术语“渗透物”用于指对于微量过滤过程,脱脂乳微量过滤的液体产物,它仅包括能够通过微量过滤膜的那些脱脂乳组分。脱脂乳微量过滤得到的渗透物一般由水、乳糖、乳清蛋白和矿物质(灰分)主要是钙、磷、镁、钠和钾组成。
在这里术语“浓缩系数”用于指从脱脂乳的原始体积到特定体积的体积中的减少,且其计算方法为用于微量过滤的乳原始体积除以保留物的体积。
例证性实施方案详述
本发明的实施方案涉及一种从脱脂乳获得浓缩乳产品和作为乳清蛋白来源的另一种产品的方法,所述方法包括使脱脂乳进行微量过滤,以提供保留物和渗透物,所述保留物是浓缩的乳产品,且所述渗透物是作为乳清蛋白来源的产品,其中一般地,进行微量过滤以提供保留物,所述保留物与加工的脱脂乳相比浓缩至浓缩系数为3-6倍,且缺乏乳清蛋白,并且与加工的脱脂乳相比,其含有较高重量百分比的酪蛋白,并且提供渗透物,其含有加工的脱脂乳的90-98%的乳清蛋白,且不含或含有少量酪蛋白。
脱脂乳微量过滤是蛋白质选择性过程,其正常在保留物中保留了所有的酪蛋白,而使大部分的乳清蛋白进入渗透物中。
微量过滤优选利用均匀的跨膜压力环进行,使保留物在含有微量过滤膜的环内循环,而渗透物作为一种产物通过微量过滤膜离去,且一旦回收所有渗透物,保留物就作为另一种产物而获得。
微量过滤膜的孔径大小可以是诸如0.05-0.2微米,且优选0.1微米-0.2微米,且非常优选0.2微米。
均匀的跨膜压力可以是如10-40磅/英寸2。
系统的进料为脱脂乳,且优选是经过高温短时巴氏灭菌的脱脂乳,其为进行巴氏灭菌已加热至约73℃进行至少15秒,加热至约72℃进行至少16秒,或是任何其他类似的时间和温度组合。
系统优选保持在5℃-15℃,以保持最佳的流动,但不在酪蛋白和乳清蛋白之间产生显著和有害的热诱导的反应。对于系统操作的优选温度范围为10℃-15℃。
如上所述,进行微量过滤,以提供保留物,所述保留物与加工的脱脂乳相比,浓缩至浓缩系数(CF)为3-6倍。如上所述,这意味着保留物的体积从脱脂乳的原始体积(OV)减小至体积为(1/CF)(OV),因此体积的减少为约67%(3倍)-约84%(6倍)。
在本发明的实施方案中,MF保留物和最初的脱脂乳相比含有较高固体质量百分比的酪蛋白,且缺乏乳清蛋白,且可以被视为富含酪蛋白的。
通过下述容易地将保留物产品加工成干酪,混合乳脂(如乳脂油或奶油,包括可塑的,即高脂肪含量的,奶油),以接近在制备的干酪中所需的蛋白质:脂肪比,形成均质的干酪乳,添加酸化剂(如葡糖酸-δ-内酯)和/或起子培养物,以实现最终干酪合适的酸度,添加粗制凝乳酶以形成凝块,切割凝乳,加热可排水的乳清并使其排水,且然后形成最终干酪。
同样的保留物用于生产多种营养组合物,其适合婴儿、老年人以及其他有胃肠问题的个体。
保留物产品允许生产与充足浓度超滤干酪相比具有更高钙水平的干酪和具有显著更低乳清蛋白的干酪乳清,且因此比超滤保留物更适于制备半固体干酪。在所有成熟干酪品种中,干酪乳清中的乳清蛋白通常丧失;但是在某些热凝固的干酪中,由于高温热处理使乳清蛋白附着在酪蛋白上。
在从标准乳生产的干酪中,乳清中的可溶性蛋白丧失,并且在干酪生产过程中变性。当MF保留物乳用于干酪生产时,乳中天然形式的可溶性蛋白在干酪生产之前被分离。MF保留物的使用有助于干酪制造商降低处理乳清蛋白的问题,且也有助于他们通过提高每缸于酪的得率来提高其工厂的能力。
MF渗透物的特点是无微生物,有恒定的组成(不随由保留物制备的各种干酪而改变,因为同样的保留物组成适于制备几种干酪),并具有可商业提取量的高功能性(无变性,天然状态,因此保持了天然的生物化学活性)乳清(血清)蛋白。这和传统干酪制备的乳清在乳糖、总蛋白和灰分的含量上相似,但又不像正常的干酪乳清那样,它不含可测量的脂肪或是酪蛋白,且不含糖巨肽(glycomacropeptide)、粗制凝乳酶或起子培养物。缺乏脂肪是积极的,尤其是对于增强乳清蛋白浓缩物或由其获得的乳清蛋白分离物的功能特性。无菌和纯度特性使得其没有通常与商业干酪生产易获得的乳清相伴的一般的“乳清风味”。它含有免疫球蛋白、乳铁蛋白、乳过氧化物酶、α-乳清蛋白和β-乳球蛋白,这些都可以由其获得。
渗透物容易地转化成碳酸和非碳酸营养软饮料,例如,通过配制包含所需的按重量计算6-10%的渗透物固体、5-15%的糖、1-2%的树胶/稳定剂和食用香料、着色剂和柠檬酸/抗坏血酸的组合物。关于饮料的配制,渗透物可以和果汁配制,如橙汁、苹果汁和葡萄汁。渗透物可以利用酶处理以水解乳糖,以防止乳糖耐受不良的个体中与乳糖消耗相关的并发症。可以将渗透物喷雾干燥或是冷冻干燥以提供乳清蛋白的干燥来源。
乳清(血清)蛋白可以从渗透物中获得。如,β-乳球蛋白可以通过亲和吸附从渗透物纯化,其中利用优先吸附β-乳球蛋白的壳聚糖(粉末化海螺壳)作为吸附介质,且结合交替的酸性和碱性条件;用这样的方法,β-乳球蛋白已经以最高达85%的纯度回收。
纯化的乳清蛋白的用途包括用于老人或无免疫应答的个体的营养流体、婴儿代乳品(α-乳清蛋白)、分子生物学(细胞生长因子)、营养药(nutraceuticals)和高功能性食物成分(尤其是β-乳球蛋白)。
可溶的乳蛋白(α-乳清蛋白)和β-乳球蛋白可以通过在50℃下加热MF渗透物然后超滤被相互分离。β-乳球蛋白被保留在UF膜上,而α-乳清蛋白则通过到渗透物中。以它们的功能形式来回收这两种蛋白质,并且其都具备不同的保健益处。
可选择的实施方案涉及水果饮料,其包括按重量计算10-30%的果汁浓缩物,5-8%的糖,和62-85%的微量过滤渗透物。
果汁浓缩物可以是诸如橙汁浓缩物、葡萄汁浓缩物、苹果汁浓缩物、柚子汁浓缩物、橘子汁浓缩物、蔓越橘汁浓缩物、芒果汁浓缩物、猕猴桃汁浓缩物、石榴汁浓缩物或其他类似的果汁浓缩物,和这些果汁浓缩物的混合物。
以橙汁浓缩物为基础的水果饮料含有按重量计算10-25%的橙汁浓缩物,5-8%的糖,和67-85%的微量过滤渗透物。
本发明通过以下工作实施例来说明。
实施例I
微量过滤脱脂乳以提供浓缩至浓缩系数为3-6倍的保留物和渗透物。
分离脱脂乳以制备微团酪蛋白。使脱脂乳进行微量过滤(MF)处理。在MF过程中,脱脂乳的酪蛋白组分浓缩了6倍。发现大部分的乳糖、矿物质和血清(乳清)蛋白存在于MF渗透物中。MF保留物含有大部分的酪蛋白。脱脂乳中酪蛋白和乳清蛋白的比例为80∶20,但是经过MF,酪蛋白和乳清蛋白的比例变为90∶10。存在于MF保留物中的酪蛋白为微团酪蛋白,因为在MF过程中酪蛋白的微团完整性并未丧失。此外,通过本发明的方法,对于微团酪蛋白的分离不使用或不需要酸化步骤。MF保留物的酪蛋白为与在天然乳中相同的形态。在下面给出了例示由本发明的方法得到的微团酪蛋白的营养组成的表。
产品 | 钙mg/100g | %总矿物质 | %酪蛋白 | %固体 |
脱脂乳 | 130-140 | 0.69-0.71 | 2.42-2.45 | 9.79-8.92 |
液体微团酪蛋白 | 390-410 | 1.40-1.60 | 10-12 | 17-20 |
实施例II
由MF保留物制备营养组合物,其具有下列任意一种组合:
脂肪=0.6-1%;蛋白质=10-11%;乳糖-0.5-1%;或
脂肪=0.1-0.3%;蛋白质=4-8%;乳糖=0.1-0.5%
实施例III
通过MF渗透物制备的营养饮料组成如下:
脂肪=0%;可溶性蛋白或具有最高生物学值的蛋白质=2-4%;和乳糖2-6%
Claims (2)
1.一种生产酪蛋白的方法,其包括以下步骤:
(i)过滤初始产品,其包括经微量过滤的脱脂乳,其中初始产品的pH为6.5-6.8;
(ii)将初始产品分离为含乳清蛋白的渗透物级分和含有微团酪蛋白的保留物级分。
2.一种生产干酪产品的方法,其包括以下步骤:
(a)制备微量过滤保留物级分和乳脂的混合物;
(b)从混合物形成均质的干酪-乳;;
(c)添加酸化剂以实现适宜的酸度;
(d)添加起子培养物;
(e)添加粗制凝乳酶以形成凝块;
(e)切割凝块;和
(f)将乳清加热并使其排水,以制备干酪凝乳;和
(g)使干酪凝乳形成干酪产品。
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- 2008-11-02 CN CN200880114311.3A patent/CN101842018B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN103763943A (zh) * | 2011-07-13 | 2014-04-30 | 弗里斯兰品牌有限公司 | 具有改良的蛋白消化率的组合物 |
CN108402178A (zh) * | 2012-03-12 | 2018-08-17 | N·V·努特里奇亚 | 动物脱脂乳的人乳化的方法以及由此获得的产品 |
CN105848486A (zh) * | 2013-09-19 | 2016-08-10 | N·V·努特里奇亚 | 动物脱脂乳的人乳化的改进方法 |
CN109007050A (zh) * | 2018-08-21 | 2018-12-18 | 甘肃农业大学 | 一种干酪品质改良剂及其制备方法和应用 |
CN113747802A (zh) * | 2018-12-28 | 2021-12-03 | 澳优乳业公司 | 包含胶束酪蛋白浓缩物的液体组合物 |
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CA2704439C (en) | 2017-06-13 |
CN101842018B (zh) | 2015-07-29 |
HUE044473T2 (hu) | 2019-10-28 |
NZ585594A (en) | 2012-09-28 |
DK2217079T3 (en) | 2018-11-26 |
PT2217079T (pt) | 2018-11-07 |
ES2693063T5 (es) | 2021-12-07 |
US20100303958A1 (en) | 2010-12-02 |
CA2704439A1 (en) | 2009-05-07 |
UA101340C2 (ru) | 2013-03-25 |
BRPI0819238A2 (pt) | 2014-10-07 |
AU2008318411B2 (en) | 2014-06-26 |
DK2217079T4 (en) | 2021-08-23 |
US11219225B2 (en) | 2022-01-11 |
EP2217079B2 (en) | 2021-06-02 |
WO2009059266A1 (en) | 2009-05-07 |
EP2217079A4 (en) | 2011-08-10 |
PL2217079T3 (pl) | 2019-02-28 |
AU2008318411A1 (en) | 2009-05-07 |
NZ594785A (en) | 2012-12-21 |
MX2010004616A (es) | 2010-07-01 |
ES2693063T3 (es) | 2018-12-07 |
PL2217079T5 (pl) | 2021-09-27 |
EP2217079A1 (en) | 2010-08-18 |
EP2217079B1 (en) | 2018-09-12 |
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