CN101836602B - Artificial domestication and broodstock culture method of platypharodon extremus - Google Patents
Artificial domestication and broodstock culture method of platypharodon extremus Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention discloses an artificial domestication, feeding and broodstock culture method of platypharodon extremus. The method comprises the following steps: carrying out immersion cleaning and disinfection on wild caught adult fish of the platypharodon extremus; then putting into a pond with running water, wherein the pond artificially simulates the natural environment, the water depth is 0.3-0.5cm, the water flow velocity is 0.1-0.2m/s, the pH of a water body is 7.5-8.0, the dissolved oxygen is above 5mg/l, a water source is surface fresh water or underground spring water which is clear and pollution-free, the total alkalinity is not less than 3me/l, and the total salinity is not less than 300mg/l; and dosing natural food into the pond daily in the first 3 months for domestication, dosing hard granular feeds with the particle size of 3-5mm daily in fixed points after 3 months, preventing the increase of water level during the domestication period, further avoiding the fish from escaping and strictly preventing other fish entering into the fish pond.
Description
Technical field
The domestication who the present invention relates to a kind of wild fish feeds, reaches the parent fish rearing method, is the domestication and the parent fish rearing method of platypharodon extremus exactly.
Background technology
Platypharodon extremus (Platypharodon extremus) is the distinctive monotypic genus kind of China, classification position: Cypriniformes (Cypriniformes), Cyprinidae (Cyprinidae), Schizothoracinae (Schizothoracinae), the kind that belongs to the severe cold areas life, only be distributed in the broad valley section on plateau, the upper reaches of the Yellow River, its stock number was once occupied larger proportion in the original inhabitants' economic fish of the upper reaches of the Yellow River, but owing to the upper reaches of the Yellow River Ecological environment worsening with to the platypharodon extremus overfishing, it is little to add its population quantity, distributed areas are narrow, vegetative period is short, growth rate is slow, factors such as age at sexual maturity is slow, the area has narrowed down to meagrely-populated grassy marshland depths, plateau gradually.Because the rapid minimizing of platypharodon extremus stock number is put in " Chinese animals on the brink of extinction Red Data Book-fish ", grade in imminent danger is easily to endanger (V), and it is very urgent to carry out the platypharodon extremus protection of resources.
Platypharodon extremus domestication and parent fish rearing are to carry out the basis of platypharodon extremus artificial propagation and prerequisite.Domestication's key issue is it is progressively adapted to propagate environment artificially and the artificial feed of ingesting, and can grow by normal growth.Up to now, do not see report relevant for platypharodon extremus domestication and parent fish rearing related fields.
Summary of the invention
The invention provides platypharodon extremus domestication and parent fish rearing method.
Platypharodon extremus artificial acclimation method of the present invention is that the adult fish of wild platypharodon extremus of catching is embathed sterilization earlier, be invested in then the flowing water pond of manual simulation's natural environment half congealed in, the depth of water 0.3～0.5m, water velocity is 0.1-0.2m/s, water body PH7.5-8.0, more than the dissolved oxygen 5mg/l, the water source is face of land fresh water or underground spring, limpid pollution-free, total alkalinity 〉=3me/l, total salinity 〉=300mg/l threw in the pond is half congealed preceding 3 months that natural bait is raised and train every day, allowed fish ingest the natural bait in the man-made pond(pool) or the natural bait of input, after three months, every day at least twice in the morning 9:00 and afternoon the throw something and feed hard pellet diet of particle diameter 3-5mm of 3:00 fixed point, prevent during raising and train that water level from rising and cause and escape fish, and be strictly on guard against that other fish enter the fishpond.
In the artificial acclimation method of the present invention, the pond of being adopted is the sandstone substrate pond of excavating on the river shoal, dig several sand pits at the bottom of the pond at random, places ratchel or piles up with ratchel, is used for fish and shelters.Perhaps build out in the pond every the ridge with stone in the pond is half congealed, every twice make current become " it " font to flow in the pond about the ridge is apart from 1.5-2m, form the manual simulation river course, to improve the availability in pond again.
Platypharodon extremus artificial acclimation method of the present invention, the natural bait of input are Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, oppossum shrimp.
Platypharodon extremus artificial acclimation method of the present invention, at the natural bait that it is characterized in that dropping into is oligochaetes annelids or shellfish, the pellet prescription is: fish meal 50%, big dregs of beans 20%, amylum adhesive 15%, plant fat 10%, vitamin premix 2%, mineral salt premix 3%; The protein content 40% of feed, fat content 15%, all ratios all are weight percentage.The hardness of pellet is between 8-10kg, and the injected volume of pellet is the 1.5-2% of fish body weight.
Limit of the present invention flat pharynx tooth fish parent fish domesticating method be from the colony of domestication, select individual big, grow that fish is as the object of parent fish rearing preferably, its feed formula is the extra VE that adds 120mg/kg on the basis of aforementioned formula.
Test through the several years, the present invention has successfully carried out the platypharodon extremus domestication, the artificial propagation that parent population through acclimatization culture has successfully been carried out, the present invention can recover the upper reaches of the Yellow River platypharodon extremus resource effectively, is a kind of the most effective approach the most efficiently to reparation of platypharodon extremus resource and sustainable development.
Embodiment
Below be embodiments of the invention
1, materials and methods
1.1 test fish source
The test fish is picked up from Heihe, the Yellow River mouth (N33 ° 57.805 ', E102 ° 07.126 ', height above sea level 3417m) to the master stream of your river mouth section.Collecting method is with wooden boat gill net under the korneforos, selects more than the individual 500g in catches, near the Maqu fishing ground of injured lighter fish being transported to live fish carrier be foster temporarily after 7 days, is transported to raise and train the place and carry out the domestication again.
1.2 raise and train the place
Linxia County, Gansu (N35 ° 57.412 ', E103 ° 02.487 ', height above sea level 1972m), with collecting location at a distance of 330km.This ground is subordinate to Huanghe valley Daxiahe River water system.
1.3 raise and train the pond
1.3.1 manual simulation river course
The sandstone substrate pond of pond on the river shoal, excavating, area 450m
2Build out in the pond every the ridge with stone, every twice make current become " it " font to flow in the pond about the ridge is apart from 1.5-2m, become the manual simulation river course, depth of water 50cm.At the bottom of the pond, dig sand pit 5-6 at random, be used for fish and shelter.Place ratchel or pile up, be used for fish and shelter with ratchel.Water velocity is 0.1m/s.
1.3.2 cement pit flowing water pond
The long 20m in cement pond, wide 4m, dark 0.9m, depth of water 0.7-0.8m.Build with the C250 plain concrete in the cement pond, at the bottom of the pond and pool wall all use the fine sand concrete coating, there are water filling port and discharge outlet in top and the bottom, the pond is a circular arc for four jiaos, the drop of 4-5 ‰ is arranged up and down at pond bottom.
The water source is a cold spring water, rises in the crown prince mountain range, and water quality is limpid, not disturbed by flood.PH value 8.39, dissolved oxygen 12.1mg/L, 6-18 ℃ of all annual variation of water temperature.
1.4 artificial acclimation method
1.4.1 raise and train the stage
This test platypharodon extremus artificial domestication divides two stages to carry out.
Phase I: from year May in April calendar year 2001-2005, the manual simulation raises and train in the river course, throws in platypharodon extremus 168 tails of manual capture altogether, specification 500-1000g.Before going into the pond, embathe sterilization with 3% saline solution.This stage is for raising and train separately.
Second stage: from year July in June, 2005-2009, raise and train in cement pit flowing water pond, and 93 tails alive that will coexist the phase I are rendered to the flowing water pond, and thick lip skin-carp meat 116 tails that will in the past raise and train and platypharodon extremus merge and raise together with.
1.4.2 artificial feed domestication
Just begin, the wild nature of platypharodon extremus is very big, and the people is had very strong avoidant property, and the pellet of throwing something and feeding is not also ingested, the natural bait in the pond of mainly ingesting.After 3 months, adopt and fix a point to throw something and feed hard pellet diet, particle diameter 3mm, throw in 2 time at AM9:00 and PM3:00 every day, the pellet prescription is: fish meal 50WS%, big dregs of beans 20WS%, amylum adhesive 15WS%, plant fat 10WS%, vitamin premix 2WS%, mineral salt premix 3WS%; The protein content 40WS% of feed, fat content 15WS%, hardness is between 8-10kg, and the injected volume of pellet is the 1.5-2% of fish body weight.。
To in June, 2005, through raising and train more than 4 years, platypharodon extremus has progressively adapted to propagates environment artificially, not strong to people's avoidant property, moves into the flowing water pond and carries out the parent population reinforced cultivating.
1.4.3 daily management
Observe the fish movement situation every day, check the feed situation of ingesting, in time drag for, prevent to stop up water level and rise and escape fish except that the weeds dirt on the entery and delivery port fence.Be strictly on guard against that rainbow trout enters the fishpond, in case find in time to pull out.
2, result
2.1 the domestication of platypharodon extremus
The wild fish artificial domestication mainly comprises two aspects, the one, and make its adaptation propagate environment artificially as early as possible, the 2nd, agreeable to the taste artificial feed be arranged.In this test, fish are placed in the pool, miniflow pond (manual simulation river course) of simulating nature environment, early stage platypharodon extremus sessile algae, aquatic insect and the detritus etc. in the pond of mainly ingesting, the artificial pellet of seldom ingesting.As time passes, platypharodon extremus increases gradually to the pellet food ration of manually throwing something and feeding, and final the realization regularly fixes a point to throw something and feed.But because what raise and train is big specification fish, its intrinsic wild nature is difficult to eliminate, and does not have to eliminate the avlidance behavior to the people from start to finish, do not have can the formation condition reflection the food behavior of robbing, just eat up feed behind the 2h that generally throws something and feeds.
Through the continuous 8 years cultivation of raising and train, coexistence platypharodon extremus 93 tails alive, survival rate is 55.4%, average weight 1400g, individual weight average specific has increased about 1 times when throwing in.
2.2 platypharodon extremus parent fish rearing
The platypharodon extremus nurturing period, the annual 4-5 month is checked the fish mature condition.
In the inspection in May, 2005, find that the part platypharodon extremus reaches sexual maturity, mainly be that the milter secondary sexual character is fairly obvious, star-pursuing is arranged on the tail fin, near the fin ray specialization of anus, the raun belly expands, more than the ripe whose body weight 750g.Because condition restriction is not carried out artificial insemination.
Check that raun is overdone, does not also do artificial insemination in mid-June, 2006.
On April 23rd, 2007, carry out artificial insemination first and hatch fry succeeing, but because do not have suitable openings bait seed not cultivate success.Can determine thus, platypharodon extremus can reach sexual maturity under low altitude area artificial feeding condition, the breeding time is 4-6 month, the basically identical of platypharodon extremus under initial egg-laying time and the wild condition, it is lasting long just to propagate the following egg-laying period of condition artificially, generally can continue until early June.
Find in the invention process process that because gill net is fished for and transported for long-distance, all fishes all have damage in various degree when putting in a suitable place to breed, cause in the process of raising and train, the saprolegniasis incidence reaches more than 80%, and secondary bacillary enteritis, hemorrhage of muscle disease such as rot.Sick fish is slow in action, and peels off, and becomes thin, and finally rots etc. former thereby dead because of the internal organ oedema.The firm grade of xuwei (2002) is caught wild Yunnan schizothoracin (Schizothorax yunnanensis) 88 tails (average total length 14cm, average weight 28.5g) in the Eryuan County, Yunnan Province with gill net; With natural then fry 360 tails (the long 3.9cm of average body) that draw rake (local name, similar dustpan shape diddle-net) to catch in the Mi Ju korneforos, through 1 year raise and train, survival rate was respectively 87% and 6.11%, and studying carefully its cause of death also is to infect water mold.(average body is long to be 7.01cm to the firm grade of xuwei (2003) when raising and train short hairs schizothoracin (Schizothorax wangchiachii), weight average 10.7g), malachite green solution immersion fish body with 10ppm before putting in a suitable place to breed carries out disinfection, lethality just reached 38.3% in second day, after raising and train 11 months, survival rate is 35.46%.In general, individual bigger fish artificial domestication is more difficult than small fish, and in this test, we adopt the sterilization of 3% salt solution body surface to throw something and feed in conjunction with pharmaceutical chemistry (feed interpolation orfloxacin), make the platypharodon extremus survival rate reach 55.4%.As seen, the health status of fish body self and pharmacotherapy mode are the key factors that the platypharodon extremus survival rate is raised and train in influence; And the present invention can have higher survival rate.
The next, transverse fissure of platypharodon extremus mouth, lower jaw leading edge have flourishing cutin, and the edge is sharper keen, are mainly used to scrape food sessile algae and detritus, and a spot of aquatic insect and zooplankton also ingest.The pass nodular structure of its mandibular then more helps the food activity of scraping of lower jaw.
In propagating process artificially, though to its sufficient feed of throwing something and feeding, platypharodon extremus is still scraped the algae of set at the bottom of the food pond, and this may be relevant with the inherent habit of fish, is difficult to change, and perhaps will could change through a plurality of generations domestications.Because it is very competent that fishes such as rainbow trout or golden trout are robbed food, and very greedy, often hyperphagia.If raise and train the fish that are mixed with other in the pond at platypharodon extremus, will influence normally ingesting of platypharodon extremus, therefore in a single day find, just must in time pull out, for platypharodon extremus provides a growing environment that comparatively is fit to.
Under the natural environment, fish are relevant with being easy to get property to the hobby of food organisms with fish to the selectivity of food.In this test, though simulated natural environment, because life density (0.37 tail/m of fish
2) being higher than wild state, the very fast quilt of the food of its hobby is ingested totally, and have no alternative but change anthropophagy worker's pellet this moment, replenishes the energy consumption of self, and the artificial feed of throwing something and feeding have clear superiority aspect being easy to get property.Platypharodon extremus adapts to the artificial feed of ingesting gradually, is the key link that breaks through artificial domestication.
Raise and train the artificial pellet prescription of platypharodon extremus, take into full account the demand of growing under feeding habits original and the artificial condition with it, pellet is in earlier stage with reference to the rainbow trout feed formula, suitably increase contents of starch, the one, improve the stability of feed in water, two provide the carbohydrate energy, and three provide more relatively protein, add Chinese herring body functional recovery.Later stage is primarily aimed at platypharodon extremus parent population gonad development, directly adopt the expanded pellet feed of rainbow trout parent population special use, the time that keeps in water is longer, prolonged effective ingest time of platypharodon extremus, and parent populations such as special swelling particle rich in proteins, fat, vitamin grow necessary nutriment.Although the hardness of swelling granular is greater than the pellet that oneself is processed, the dens pharyngeala of platypharodon extremus and flourishing cutin pad are enough to grind feed.
2.3 the coefficient of condition difference under the varying environment condition
Coefficient of condition is used to weigh the nutrition condition of fish.Table 1 is to contrast with the platypharodon extremus coefficient of condition coefficient of propagating artificially (K) in the natural environment.
K=(W/L
3(W: fish body ghost is heavy, the g of unit in) * 100; L: fish length, the cm of unit.)
Platypharodon extremus richness under the table 1 varying environment condition
| Living environment | The sample place of production | Body long (cm) | Ghost heavy (g) | The K value | Sex | Remarks |
By table 1 as seen, the platypharodon extremus in propagating environment artificially, male female its coefficient of condition is all more approaching, and wild platypharodon extremus, and the coefficient of condition of milter generally will be higher than raun.The coefficient of condition mean value of the platypharodon extremus in two kinds of different living environments, wild (1.223) are significantly higher than (1.039) propagated artificially.Wild platypharodon extremus digestive tract degree of filling great majority are 5 grades, minority is the 3-4 level, do not have jejunum, show that under wild state, platypharodon extremus is in the state of ingesting continuously.Propagate artificially under the condition, the feed of only throwing something and feeding every day 2 times, there is not too much algae detritus at the bottom of the pond as a supplement yet, platypharodon extremus is in the interruption feeding state, dissect and find that digestive tract food degree of filling is lower, have only the 1-2 level, cause the difference of nutriment supply thus, on the difference of the present coefficient of condition of final body.
Visceral mass weight comprises the weight of digestive tract (gland) and includes the weight of food, and from the proportionate relationship (seeing Table 2) of visceral mass weight and fish body weight as seen, the ratio of wild platypharodon extremus visceral mass weight and body weight is significantly higher than propagates platypharodon extremus artificially.Its mean value relatively, wild platypharodon extremus is to propagate 2.51 times of platypharodon extremus artificially; Its extremum relatively; the 1.5-4.53 that the former is about the latter doubly; be enough to show the greatest differences of platypharodon extremus aspect food ration of two kinds of varying environment lives; also show the platypharodon extremus feeding volume deficiency of propagating artificially at present, the vestige of being scraped food strongly by fish at the bottom of the pond perhaps can prove this point.Can consider suitably to increase the feeding amount.
Platypharodon extremus visceral mass weight and weight ratio are under the table 2 varying environment condition
2.4 influence the factor of platypharodon extremus gonad development
The factor that influences the fish gonad development mainly contains food, water temperature, illumination, salinity, current etc.Propagate artificially under the condition, above factor all can have change in various degree.
2.4.1 food
According to the analysis of last joint, under the artificial condition platypharodon extremus food ration than lacking under the wild condition, but do not have influence on gonad development, by shifting the energy supply gonad development of body, so wilder low of the coefficient of condition of fish.The 4-10 month was the three quil fish ovaries seasons of growth, and at this moment continuous 21d is feeding not, though liver and body growth rate descend, does not change the growth of ovary, and the body energy has been subsidized ovarian growth.
The platypharodon extremus parent fish rearing stage, the one, from the colony of domestication, select individuality bigger, more than female body weight 500 grams, more than male body weight 400 grams, the male and female ratio is 1: 1; Requirement to feed is the VE that adds 120mg/kg (feed) in aforementioned feed again, to promote its gonad development.
2.4.2 water temperature
Concerning most of fish, in the comfort zone scope, when water temperature rose, the body temperature of fish raise thereupon, and the physiology course in the body is just accelerated, thereby water temperature has influence on the intensity of the every physiological activity of fish.The for example intensity of feeding of fish, digestibility, growth rate, embryonic development and arrive sexually matured time etc. and all be subjected to directly influencing of water temperature to food.Water temperature has decisive significance to the arrival in fish egg-laying period, for example four large Chinese carps spring water temperature just begin more than 18 ℃ to lay eggs, the water temperature of laying eggs of chum salmon is then below 12 ℃.This shows that it is a kind of stimulation that certain water temperature is laid eggs for fish, and the fish that lay eggs spring require to heat up, and the fish that the autumn and winter lay eggs then require cooling.
The section of platypharodon extremus life, anniversary water temperature excursion is at 0-13.6 ℃, and May, platypharodon extremus water temperature mating season was 6-11 ℃.The artificial domestication pond water temperature anniversary changes 5-18 ℃, and May, water temperature was 8-14 ℃.In mating season, the two is more approaching.Therefore, domestication's platypharodon extremus sexual maturity time (breeding period is egg-laying time the earliest) and wild environment platypharodon extremus is basic identical.
2.4.3 illumination
The growth of most of fish sexual gland needs illumination, and as living in dark surrounds for a long time, the secretion function of hypophysis is suppressed, and gonad development is obstructed, and sexual maturity is delayed.This experimental labor raises and train Linxia County, platypharodon extremus place apart from its former habitat 330km, and longitude only differs from about 1 °, and sunshine, cycle variation law was close, and height above sea level and intensity of illumination are also near former habitat.Therefore, at area, Linxia artificial domestication platypharodon extremus, illumination can not impact its gonadal maturation time.
Changing periodicity of illumination can do sth. in advance or step back the fish gonad maturity time usually.The longday type fish is prolonged light application time in advance than nature, short-day type fish is shortened light application time in advance than nature, the fish ripen in advance is laid eggs.What application was more in the production is to shorten rainbow trout to cultivate light application time, can shift to an earlier date egg-laying time 2 months, and the long illumination type of platypharodon extremus genus fish, whether the prolongation light application time can do sth. in advance its breeding time, needs to continue to study from now on.
2.4.4 salinity
Salinity has significant impact for the sexual maturity of migration fishes and degree of saltiness water fish, and for example common eel is stagnated at fresh water life stage gonad development, just can reach sexual maturity in salinity is environment more than 18%; Also essential stage of the sexual maturity of grey mullet, mullet through the seawater transition.The former habitat of platypharodon extremus water body salinity is 244.6mg/l, and raising and train ground water body salinity is 392.2mg/l, all belongs to the fresh water water body, and the salinity variation does not exert an influence to the platypharodon extremus gonadal maturation.
2.4.5 current
Current are very important to the last maturation of many fish sexual glands (from IV intermediary and later stages → V phase).In rivers, sexual gland is near four ripe large Chinese carps, when Freshets roar down from the mountains, water level soars, when causing rapid current, through after a few hours to tens hour, sexual gland is finished from IV → V phase and is grown, needs artificial current stimulation under the artificial condition.The upper reaches of the Yellow River of platypharodon extremus life, the water flows gently, and ripe fish is generally at backwater gulf or the pool place mate and oviposit that the water flows gently, and in April, the upper reaches of the Yellow River also do not enter rainy season, and water level is steady, and the platypharodon extremus gonad maturity does not need torrent to stimulate.So water velocity is under the Huanghe water flow rate conditions in the domestication pond, platypharodon extremus still can reach sexual maturity.
Claims (3)
1. platypharodon extremus artificial acclimation method, the adult fish of wild platypharodon extremus of catching is embathed sterilization earlier, be invested in then the flowing water pond of manual simulation's natural environment half congealed in, the depth of water 0.3～0.5m, water velocity is 0.1-0.2m/s, water body PH7.5-8.0, more than the dissolved oxygen 5mg/l, the water source is face of land fresh water or underground spring, limpid pollution-free, total alkalinity 〉=3me/l, total salinity 〉=300mg/l, the sandstone substrate pond of pond on the river shoal, excavating, at the bottom of the pond, place ratchel at random or pile up with ratchel, being used for fish shelters, in the pond is half congealed, in the pond, build out every the ridge with stone, every twice are every ridge distance 1.5～2m, make current in the pond, become " it " font to flow, form the manual simulation river course, in the pond is half congealed, throw in natural bait every day, raise and train preceding 3 months, allow fish ingest the natural bait in the man-made pond(pool) or the natural bait of input, after three months, every day at least twice in the morning 9:00 and afternoon the throw something and feed hard pellet diet of particle diameter 3-5mm of 3:00 fixed point, prevent during raising and train that water level from rising and cause and escape fish, and be strictly on guard against that other fish enter the fishpond, it is characterized in that the natural bait that drops into is oligochaetes annelids or shellfish, the pellet prescription is: fish meal 50%, big dregs of beans 20%, amylum adhesive 15%, plant fat 10%, vitamin premix 2%, mineral salt premix 3%; The protein content 40% of feed, fat content 15%, all proportions all is weight percentage, and hardness is between 8-10kg, and the injected volume of pellet is 1.5～2% of a fish body weight.
2. platypharodon extremus artificial acclimation method according to claim 1 is characterized in that the natural bait that drops into is Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, oppossum shrimp.
3. the flat pharynx tooth in limit fish parent fish domesticating method, it is characterized in that from the colony of domestication, selecting individual big, grow that fish is as the object of parent fish rearing preferably, its feed formula is the extra VE that adds 120mg/kg on the basis of claim 1.
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