CN101819126B - Super-hydrophobic surface fluid slip length self-comparison measurement method based on state transition - Google Patents
Super-hydrophobic surface fluid slip length self-comparison measurement method based on state transition Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a super-hydrophobic surface fluid slip length self-comparison measurement method based on state transition, which comprises the steps of: firstly, measuring apparent viscosity of fluid when the fluid is in a Cassie contact state on the surface; enabling the contact state between the fluid and a super-hydrophobic surface to be changed, enabling the fluid to be in a Wenzel contact state on the super-hydrophobic surface, measuring the current apparent viscosity of the fluid and working out a slip length difference of the two contact states; treating the super-hydrophobic surface and enabling the contact angle of the fluid on the super-hydrophobic surface to be same with the contact angle of the fluid on a smooth surface; and carrying out rheological tests on a hydrophobic surface and the treated super-hydrophobic surface to measuring out the slip length of the fluid on the super-hydrophobic surface under the Wenzel state, wherein the slip length is equal to the slip length of the fluid on the super-hydrophobic surface when the fluid is in the Wenzel contact state, and working out the slip length of the fluid on the super-hydrophobic surface under the Cassie state. The invention has improved measurement precision and eliminates the influence caused by uneven distribution of the cross sections of the fluid inside the gas between the super-hydrophobic surface and the hydrophobic surface on a test result.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to super hydrophobic surface fluid slippage drag reduction technology field; Refer in particular to a kind of super-hydrophobic surface fluid slip length self-comparison measurement technology based on super-hydrophobic state exchange phenomenon, it is applicable in the fluid measuring sliding length and research under the controlled situation of the contact condition of fluid on super hydrophobic surface.
Background technology
The surfactant fluid slippage is meant rate of flow of fluid and the inconsistent phenomenon of superficial velocity, is a kind of new phenomenon that recent two decades is found in the hydrophobic surface fluid flows.The surfactant fluid slippage is portrayed with the fluid slip length usually; It is Navier at first definition in 1823; As shown in Figure 1, it is defined as: it is the distance between zero the point that smooth surface 2 extends in solid interior to fluid 1 with respect to the flow velocity on surface, and the v among the figure (z) is the flowing velocity of fluid; B is the surfactant fluid slip length, v
sBe fluid sliding velocity from the teeth outwards, refer to lip-deep fluid and surperficial relative velocity.Then slip length is formulated as:
b＝v
s/(dv/dz) (1)
Wherein dv/dz is the shear rate of fluid.The generation of slippage makes the fluid on-way resistance reduce relatively, in engineering, can be used to the drag-reduction energy-saving of the system that realizes, therefore, common concern at present is to the enhancement techniques of surfactant fluid slippage.
The employing of super hydrophobic surface is a kind of realization slippage technique for enhancing, and it has potential using value in engineering.Philip analyzed the fluid on the micro-structure surface is mobile in 1972, had found the big slippage effect on the micro-structure surface; 2003, Lauga etc. and Charlaix seminar adopted the method for theoretical analysis and numerical simulation to obtain the big slippage effect of super hydrophobic surface respectively.These results provide theoretical foundation for super hydrophobic surface fluid slippage research.In these researchs; Because the fluid velocity skewness on the microstructure; The convection cell slippage adopts the effective slip length of fluid to portray, and promptly sliding velocity in the formula (1) and shear rate adopt their mean value to represent, effectively the computing formula of slip length is:
B wherein
EffBe effective slip length,
Be the average slip speed of fluid, η is the viscosity of fluid, and τ is the shear stress that fluid bears.
Because the shortcoming of its measuring technology is carried out less to the experimental study work of super hydrophobic surface fluid slippage at present.That conduct a research the earliest is the Ou etc. of University of Massachusetts, and they adopted micro-structure surface to construct pipeline at 2004 and 2005, and through flow-pressure decline method the drag-reduction effect on surface were weighed.The method that they adopt need be constructed super-hydrophobic pipeline, has increased the research difficulty of super hydrophobic surface fluid slippage; And fluid need bear bigger pressure in the method for testing, and this causes the state exchange of fluid on super hydrophobic surface easily, loses the meaning of measurement.2006; The Truesdell of Choi of University of California in Los Angeles etc. and U.S. University of New Mexico etc. adopts the different anchor clamps of flow graph that the slippage and the drag-reduction effect of fluid on the super hydrophobic surface are tested respectively, has realized comparatively considerable surfactant fluid slippage and drag-reduction effect.Yet owing to adopt cup-shaped anchor clamps, it is but not very convenient that the method for Truesdell implements; And the Choi test time receives the influence that liquid is sprawled the border.The Bocquet of Lyons, France first university in 2006 etc. once made query to the method for Choi; They think the generation of the big slip length that the unevenness of horizontal sectional area will lead to errors when the fluid 1 in the gap that microstructure super hydrophobic surface as shown in Figure 24 and anchor clamps 3 constitute is sprawled; Further; They adopt μ-PIV method that the fluid slippage on the micro-structure surface of CNT formation is accurately measured, and the slip length that obtains is about 2 μ m, far below the test result of Choi.Though the result of Bocquet and notional result are coincide better, yet the method for testing that they adopted is not general, up to the present also do not see through their method the test result of fluid slippage on the micron order body structure surface.Two kinds of methods that the fluid slippage was measured on Zhou Ming etc. once proposed about super hydrophobic surface in 2009; They are based on respectively and change anchor clamps and surface gap and liquid is sprawled that the border controls on super hydrophobic surface, need handle the surface in the method for testing.
For realizing the research of super hydrophobic surface fluid slip length, this patent has proposed a kind of super-hydrophobic surface fluid slip length self-comparison measurement method based on super-hydrophobic state exchange phenomenon.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to propose based on flat flow graph the measuring method of fluid slip length on the super hydrophobic surface, the big problem of test deviation realizes the accurate test of super hydrophobic surface fluid slip length in the method for testing of solution Choi.
The technical scheme of invention is following:
A kind of super-hydrophobic surface fluid slip length self-comparison measurement technology based on super-hydrophobic state exchange phenomenon is characterized in that this method carries out as follows:
1) super hydrophobic surface with the super-hydrophobic state exchange of may command is positioned on the rheometer test platform; (diameter is a normal diameter to select anchor clamps for use; Φ 20mm is arranged; Three kinds of Φ 40mm and Φ 60mm, the anchor clamps type has two kinds of plate jig and cone-plate anchor clamps) and carry out chucking position and demarcate with anchor clamps and rotate map operation.
2) in the rheometer test process, the AV when at first test fluid flow is in the Cassie contact condition from the teeth outwards; Then the method through external force changes the contact condition of fluid and super hydrophobic surface, makes fluid on super hydrophobic surface, be in the Wenzel contact condition, needs in this process to guarantee that the border condition of fluid is consistent with the fluid boundary in the last test process; Measure the AV of fluid this moment again.AV and the clearance meter between anchor clamps and test surfaces according to twice measurement are calculated two kinds of slip length gaps under the contact condition.
3) super hydrophobic surface is handled; Make it become general hydrophobic surface; Get branch for convenient with handling preceding super hydrophobic surface, the surface after handling is called micro-structure surface, require the contact angle of liquid on micro-structure surface identical after the processing with the smooth surface contact angle; Adopt the flow graph system that smooth surface and micro-structure surface are carried out rheometer test; Measure that fluid is in the slip length under the Wenzel state on the micro-structure surface; This slip length equals fluid is in the Wenzel contact condition on super hydrophobic surface slip length;, calculate fluid and be in the slip length under the Cassie state being in the Cassie pattern on the super hydrophobic surface and being in the slip length gap that measures under the Wenzel pattern in conjunction with this slip length and the liquid that measures at super hydrophobic surface.(if the slip length of fluid is known under the Wenzel state, this step can be omitted)
In the said method, super-hydrophobic state exchange can be through changing liquid internal pressure, adopting electric humidity method, adopt the shear-induced conversion method or or adopt method such as magnetic fluid control method to realize that existing at present report can be with reference to these reported method both at home and abroad.
In the said method, need guarantee that super hydrophobic surface is parallel with the chucking surface strictness when placing super hydrophobic surface, location position and map operation that the flow graph anchor clamps are carried out are undertaken by the guidance of flow graph handbook.
In the said method; Fluid is the fluid that can on test surfaces, be in super-hydrophobic state; The AV of fluid is directly to read from the rheometer test instrument; It is to be calculated by the moment of torsion and the shear rate of fluid that are applied on the flow graph anchor clamps, this AV when the fluid slippage exists and the true viscosity of fluid difference is arranged.
In the said method, the definition of slip length is (2) formula, and the slip length gap under two kinds of contact conditions is:
b
eff-b
W＝(η
aW/η
aC-1)D (3)
B wherein
EffFor fluid is in the slip length of Cassie state, b on super hydrophobic surface
WFor fluid at the slip length that is on the super hydrophobic surface under the Wenzel state, η
AWAnd η
ACBe respectively liquid in the fluid AV that is on the super hydrophobic surface under Wenzel state and the Cassie state, D is the gap that super hydrophobic surface and anchor clamps constitute.
In the said method, fluid is at the slip length b that is on the super hydrophobic surface under the Wenzel state
WObtain through comparative method for measuring, at first micro-structure surface is carried out modification and handle, making liquid contact angle from the teeth outwards is 100 °, and this processing procedure can realize through the suitable material film of sputter (like material with carbon element, thickness is less than 20nm); The fluid viscosity that obtains on the micro-structure surface after measuring a smooth surface and handle through flow graph again, and pass through following formula and calculate slip length:
b
W＝(η
asmooth/η
aW-1)D (4)
η wherein
AsmoothBe the fluid AV that measures on the smooth surface.
The present invention has following technical advantage:
Measuring accuracy improves, and compares with the method for Choi, has removed liquid in the inhomogeneous influence that test result is caused of the cross-sectional distribution of super hydrophobic surface and hydrophobic surface gap.
Measuring process is convenient, compares with the structure tube method, and method of the present invention need not handled the pipe interior surface, realize easily, and the measuring process simple possible that becomes.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 surfactant fluid slip length definition figure
The rheometer test synoptic diagram that Fig. 2 measures the fluid slippage on the super hydrophobic surface
Fig. 3 self-comparison method test philosophy (fluid is in the AV and the comparison that is in the AV under the Wenzel state that are on the super hydrophobic surface under the Cassie state)
Measuring sliding length when Fig. 4 fluid is in the Wenzel state on super hydrophobic surface
Fluid measuring sliding length on the surface, Fig. 5 CNT lawn
1 fluid, 2 surfaces, 3 flow graph anchor clamps, 4 microstructure super hydrophobic surfaces, 5Cassie state, 6Wenzel state, surface, 7 CNT lawns, the drop image on 8 carbon nano tube surface.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 concrete implementation of processes details and the working condition that the present invention proposes is described.
During measurement, flow graph anchor clamps 3 diameters are chosen as Φ 20mm, Φ 40mm, Φ 60mm; Flow graph anchor clamps type is chosen as plate jig and cone-plate anchor clamps.The cross-sectional area of fluid 1 in the gap of microstructure super hydrophobic surface 4 and flow graph anchor clamps 3 formations is with different the changing of height, and be minimum with the cross-sectional area of microstructure super hydrophobic surface 4 contact positions.The fluid 1 of this moment sprawl with the standard testing situation sprawl difference (profile of sprawling fluid 1 of standard is a cydariform, and the contact area of fluid 1 and flow graph anchor clamps 3 and test surfaces 2 is identical, referring to Fig. 4 and rheometer test handbook).
Fig. 3 is two kinds of comparable situation of the present invention, and Fig. 3 (a) and Fig. 3 (b) are respectively the situation that on microstructure super hydrophobic surface 4, is in Cassie state 5 and Wenzel state 6 with fluid 1 in once measuring.Under two kinds of situation; The borderline phase of fluid 1 together; Fluid 1 is consistent with slip length between the flow graph anchor clamps 3 under two kinds of situation; Therefore, the difference of the fluid AV that obtains under two kinds of test case only is in the slip length difference decision that different contact conditions cause by fluid 1 on microstructure super hydrophobic surface 4, promptly can draw the slip length difference (calculating by computing formula (3)) between the fluid and surface under two kinds of test case by the difference of AV.
In the test implementation process; In the test starting stage, fluid 1 on microstructure super hydrophobic surface 4, be in Cassie state 5 (interface and the compound interface of the formation of fluid and super hydrophobic surface, top, interface fluid contacts with gas; Part contacts with solid); Measure after the fluid AV of this moment, make the contact condition of fluid 1 on microstructure super hydrophobic surface 4 convert Wenzel state 6 into through the external force effect, the Wenzel state after the conversion is shown in Fig. 3 (b).The cross-sectional area distribution of the fluid 1 of this moment is consistent with the Cassie state, but fluid 1 penetrates into microstructure inside.At this moment, adopt flow graph to measure the fluid AV.The AV that obtains of test under above two kinds of situation is updated to asks for fluid 1 in the formula (3) in the slip length difference that is on the microstructure super hydrophobic surface 4 under the different conditions.
Generally speaking, the slip length when fluid 1 is in Wenzel state 6 on microstructure super hydrophobic surface 4 is very little, can ignore.Under situation about can not ignore, the fluid slip length of this moment is measured through method of testing shown in Figure 4.Fig. 4 (a) is in the test case of Wenzel state 6 for fluid 1 at microstructure super hydrophobic surface 4, and Fig. 4 (b) is convection cell 1 is tested on smooth surface 2 situation.Be updated to the fluid AV that measures under two kinds of test case and with them and can obtain fluid 1 in the formula (4) at the slip length that is on the microstructure super hydrophobic surface under the Wenzel state 6.
The detailed process of test is: at first microstructure super hydrophobic surface 4 is carried out coating film treatment, generally adopt carbon film, the contact angle of water droplet on carbon film is 84 °, and therefore, fluid 1 is sprawled close with smooth hydrophobic surface 2 on the microstructure super hydrophobic surface 4 after the processing.The fluid of the gap that is made up of microstructure super hydrophobic surface 4 and flow graph anchor clamps 3 is sprawled with normal conditions consistent, can adopt this moment smooth surface 2 to compare test and obtain fluid 1 is in Wenzel state 6 on microstructure super hydrophobic surface 4 slip length.
Embodiment (Fig. 5, surface, CNT lawn):
Fig. 5 is in the slip length of Cassie state on surface, CNT lawn for surface, CNT lawn and ultra-hydrophobicity thereof and fluid.Fig. 5 (a) is surface, CNT lawn and ultra-hydrophobicity thereof, and drop 8 shapes from surface, CNT lawn 7 can find out that this moment, surface, CNT lawn had ultra-hydrophobicity preferably.
Adopt the surface, 3 pairs of CNT lawns of plate jig 7 of Φ 20mm to measure.By general measuring process, surface, CNT lawn 7 is positioned on the test platform, demarcating and shine upon in the position of plate jig 3.When shear rate is low, measure the fluid AV, this moment, fluid was in Cassie state 5 on surface, CNT lawn 7.The shear rate of fluid 1 constantly increases in the test process; Shear action between fluid 1 and CNT increases; CNT generation microdeformation; Fluid 1 is immersed in the microstructure of CNT formation when being deformed to a certain degree, and lip-deep contact condition is transformed to Wenzel state 6 to fluid 1 on the CNT lawn.Measure in 6 times convection cell Aies of Wenzel state.
According to people's such as Bocquet measurement result, the slip length when fluid is in Wenzel state 6 on surface, CNT lawn 7 is very little, can ignore, i.e. b
W=0.
Fig. 5 (b) fluid is in the slip length of Cassie state on surface, CNT lawn, wherein slip length calculates through formula (3).When shear rate was low, fluid had bigger slippage from the teeth outwards, and slip length is about 6 μ m, and when shear rate was higher, the slippage of fluid was zero.The result (20～50 μ m) that the slip length that test obtains obtains much smaller than the Choi test; Result that this method test obtains and the analysis result of Bocquet are at the same order of magnitude (2 μ m); Therefore, removed the influence that gap fluid 1 cross-sectional area skewness that microstructure super hydrophobic surface 4 and flow graph anchor clamps 3 form is brought in the method for testing of this patent.
Fluid slippage method of testing in conjunction with other state exchange control methods can be carried out according to above method.
Claims (2)
1. super-hydrophobic surface fluid slip length self-comparison measurement method based on state exchange, it is characterized in that: this method is carried out as follows:
1) be positioned over the super hydrophobic surface of the super-hydrophobic state exchange of may command on the rheometer test platform and select anchor clamps for use and carry out chucking position demarcate rotate map operation with anchor clamps after; To carrying out the rheometer test operation on the super hydrophobic surface, process is following: the AV when at first test fluid flow is in the Cassie contact condition from the teeth outwards; Then the method through external force changes the contact condition of fluid and super hydrophobic surface; Make fluid on super hydrophobic surface, be in the Wenzel contact condition; Measure the AV of fluid this moment again; AV and the clearance meter between anchor clamps and test surfaces according to twice measurement are calculated two kinds of slip length gaps under the contact condition, and the slip length gap computing formula under two kinds of contact conditions is:
b
Eff-b
W=(η
AW/ η
AC-1) D, wherein b
EffFor fluid is in the slip length of Cassie state, b on super hydrophobic surface
WFor fluid at the slip length that is on the super hydrophobic surface under the Wenzel state, η
AWAnd η
ACBe respectively liquid in the fluid AV that is on the super hydrophobic surface under Wenzel state and the Cassie state, D is the gap that super hydrophobic surface and anchor clamps constitute;
2) super hydrophobic surface is handled; Make it become general hydrophobic surface; Distinguish with handling preceding super hydrophobic surface for convenient, the surface after handling is called micro-structure surface, require the contact angle of fluid on micro-structure surface identical after the processing with the smooth surface contact angle; The fluid AV that obtains on the micro-structure surface after measuring smooth surface and handle through flow graph again, and calculate through following formula that fluid is in the slip length under the Wenzel state on the micro-structure surface:
b
W=(η
Asmooth/ η
AW-1) D, wherein η
AsmoothBe the fluid AV that measures on the smooth surface, η
AWFor liquid on micro-structure surface, measure the fluid AV; D is the gap that super hydrophobic surface and anchor clamps constitute; This slip length equals fluid is in the Wenzel contact condition on super hydrophobic surface slip length;, calculate fluid and be in the slip length under the Cassie state being in the Cassie pattern on the super hydrophobic surface and being in the slip length gap that measures under the Wenzel pattern in conjunction with this slip length and the fluid that measures at super hydrophobic surface.
2. a kind of super-hydrophobic surface fluid slip length self-comparison measurement method based on state exchange according to claim 1 is characterized in that: anchor clamps are cone-plate anchor clamps or plate jig, and the diameter of anchor clamps is Φ 20mm, Φ 40mm or Φ 60mm.
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| CN108982299A (en) * | 2018-05-25 | 2018-12-11 | 北京理工大学 | A kind of micro-structure surface wetting state judgment method based on total reflection principle |
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| CN107102163B (en) * | 2017-04-26 | 2019-08-27 | 江苏大学 | A kind of pump endoparticle sliding velocity calculation method based on stream calculation in clear water |
| CN108645757B (en) * | 2018-05-03 | 2019-12-24 | 华中科技大学 | Device and method for measuring effective sliding length of super-hydrophobic surface |
| CN111458267B (en) * | 2019-01-22 | 2023-03-28 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Testing device and testing method for resistance reduction performance of super-hydrophobic surface |
| CN112833798B (en) * | 2020-12-31 | 2021-11-05 | 北京航空航天大学 | Device and method for measuring thickness of super-hydrophobic gas film layer based on water-MTLF method |
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