CN101809249A - 提高水力压裂井的支撑剂传导性的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种延缓水力压裂中支撑剂沉降的方法，以便更好地悬浮支撑剂和确保更均匀的填充，通过向压裂浆液中与标准的高密度支撑剂一起混入预定体积百分比的低密度添加剂，例如玻璃珠或其它合适材料，例如聚乳酸颗粒，在裂缝中可产生预期的密度梯度。由于低密度添加剂的密度小于载液的密度，添加剂的向上运动阻碍了高密度支撑剂的向下运动，反之亦然。限定在狭窄裂缝中的这两种支撑剂的互相干涉极大地阻碍了高密度支撑剂的沉降/分离。低密度材料的比重大约是0.3，颗粒尺寸分布与标准支撑剂的分布类似，并且具有承受裂缝闭合应力的足够机械强度。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
在美国，这是美国专利申请序列号11/782151的部分延续申请，申请日是2007年7月24日，通过参考合并于此，并且因此要求优先权。
在此要求美国专利申请序列号11/782151的优先权，其申请日是2007年7月24日，通过参考合并于此。
关于联邦政府赞助科研或发展的声明
不适用
参考“缩微胶片附录”
不适用
技术领域
本发明的方法涉及通过向包含压裂液和支撑剂的压裂浆液中添加低密度材料来阻碍在垂直裂缝中支撑剂的沉降的方法。
背景技术
水力压裂包括在储层中产生裂缝以增加烃的产量。高粘流体混合支撑剂或砂子注入裂缝。当裂缝闭合时，支撑剂留在裂缝中产生较大的流动面积和高传导通道以使烃流进井眼。支撑剂或砂子用来保持张开的裂缝。粘性流体用来传输、悬浮并最终允许支撑剂填进裂缝中。在水力压裂处理中，这些流体一般遵循距离或剪切变化率(range or shear rates)的幂律特性。
在支撑剂压裂处理中一般流体用量的范围从几千加仑到几百万加仑。支撑剂用量大约几千立方英尺。目标是获得均匀的支撑剂分布；且因此获得沿着井眼高度和裂缝半长的均匀传导裂缝。然而，非牛顿流体中支撑剂沉降的复杂性经常造成较高浓度的支撑剂在裂缝的下半部分沉下来。这经常导致裂缝和井眼的上半部分缺乏充足的支撑剂覆盖。支撑剂的聚集，包覆，桥接和嵌入是降低支撑剂填充的潜在传导性的几种现象。
产生裂缝时，水力裂缝内支撑剂的运移包括两个分量。水平分量由流体速度和相关流线决定，有助于携带支撑剂到裂缝的顶部。垂直分量由颗粒的最终颗粒沉降速度决定，是支撑剂直径和密度、流体速度和密度的函数。最终沉降速度因前述不同现象而更显复杂。
在裂缝产生过程中的某些时刻，支撑剂覆盖达到一平衡几何构型，平衡几何构型上面的所有注入的支撑剂可被携带更远进入裂缝。这潜在地限制了有效支撑裂缝的高度也大大增加了处理期间的桥堵风险。
当泵送停止时，裂缝最终关闭了支撑剂的填充。流体中包含降粘剂，其可以降低流体的表观粘度，有助于因更快的漏失而加速裂缝闭合。静态流体的流体粘度的降低导致更高的沉降速度，造成更多支撑剂沉降到裂缝底部。潜在的孔洞和不均匀的填充造成了低效的支撑面积并因此在出现闭合时大大减小了有效井眼半径。
其它的旨在阻止垂直裂缝中支撑剂沉降的发明着力于设计密度与载液密度相等的支撑剂。因此液体中的支撑剂将中性地浮在裂缝中并保持在垂直进入闭合裂缝的位置。设计中性浮力支撑剂的方法包括多孔陶瓷颗粒的表面密封以在颗粒内部的孔洞进行空气填充，设计强复合材料和中空的陶瓷球，和设计具有足够的壁强度能承受闭合应力的中空球。
从支撑剂耐久性和制造成本角度来看，这些方法都具有内在缺陷。
发明内容
本发明在此公开了一种减轻上述影响的方法，以更好地悬浮支撑剂并保证更均匀的填充。通过加入比流体介质密度低的添加剂，预期可引起裂缝内部的密度梯度。添加剂可以是相对于沉下去而言在流体团中浮起的任何材料。低密度添加剂的向上运动干涉高密度支撑剂的向下运动，反之亦然。这种限定在狭窄裂缝中的支撑剂和添加剂间的相互干涉极大地阻碍了高密度支撑剂的沉降/隔离。低密度材料具有小于载液介质的比重，颗粒尺寸分布类似于标准支撑剂的分布，并且可具有或不具有足够承受裂缝闭合应力的机械强度。所以，除了具有浮力外，这种材料也可作为支撑剂。
建议通过混合一定百分比的具有类似于支撑剂机械性能的低密度添加剂至压裂浆液中，能够实现更有效的支撑剂覆盖和压裂半长。
地面、管子和射孔孔眼(perforations)上的高剪切变化率将确保压裂浆液中的支撑剂和低密度添加剂的相对均匀混合。随着浆液混合物进入裂缝，剪切变化率的迅速下降使支撑剂和低密度添加剂在流体中运移。一旦泵送停止，支撑剂和添加剂之间的密度梯度导致支撑剂向裂缝底部运移，而与此同时低密度添加剂向裂缝顶部运移。这引起支撑剂的双向受阻沉降，因此极大降低了支撑剂的沉降速率。当裂缝关闭填充时，更多的支撑剂材料保留在了上部裂缝中。
压裂液中低密度添加剂的比例被认为是裂缝闭合时间的函数。对于低渗地层，压裂后裂缝闭合需要几个小时，因此需要加入更多数量的低密度添加剂。
这种工艺确保支撑剂沿着裂缝高度充填得更均匀，因此也有助于提高处理的总体效率。由于低密度添加剂具有相似的尺寸分布和闭合应力特征，充填的传导性不会受到影响。实际上，由于低密度添加剂具有更好的球度和圆度，预计压裂的整体传导性将比仅仅包含支撑剂的一般压裂浆液的整体传导性要更高。
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具体实施方式
压裂浆液中加入低密度添加剂将涉及添加剂的精确计量。大多数用于计量压裂液中的固态破乳剂(solid breakers)的现场使用的设备(field scaleequipment)可被升级以用于低密度添加剂的加入。为了确保裂缝内的最小嵌入和压碎，低密度颗粒可以满足、或不满足、或超过强度需求。
如上述提及的，裂缝闭合时间决定了处理期间使用的添加剂的重量百分比。低渗透率岩石的典型的较长的闭合时间将需要更高的体积含量(volumefractions)。另外，较高强度的支撑剂具有较高的沉降速率。这也将需要更大的低密度添加剂的含量以引起对沉降的更大阻碍。图表作为设计的辅助用于各种地层、压裂液和支撑剂性质。
下面的实验数据证实了本发明中方法的实用性和新颖性。
实验1：交联凝胶支撑剂沉降试验
静态的支撑剂沉降试验在1英寸直径、5英尺长的玻璃管中进行。管子被垂直支撑并在底端封堵。在整个管子的长度上以1英寸的增量做了参考标记。试验采用了25lb/Mgal(0.00299grams/mL)交联压裂液。该压裂液是基于硼酸盐交联剂的瓜尔胶。基线液中流体(PPA)20/40目支撑剂的浓度为每加仑4磅(0.4793grams/mL)。在混合后它被导进管子里和计时开始。该试验在室内温度下保持静态。当支撑剂沉降时，监测支撑剂/凝胶界面从顶部降到底部。另外两个试验在上述提及条件下进行。低密度(SG＝0.9)、球形添加剂以一定浓度混合进入交联凝胶/支撑剂浆液中或者以支撑剂重量的1％和2％被混合进交联凝胶/支撑剂浆液中。另外，随着时间监测支撑剂界面。三个试验的所有结果都总结在下面的表3中。
表3：实验1数据总结
| 试验序号 | ％(BWOP)低密度添加剂 | 18英寸或45.7cm的沉降时间(hr:min) | 23英寸或58.4cm的沉降时间(hr:min) | 25.5英寸或64.8cm的沉降时间(hr:min) |
| 1 | 0 | 2:30 | 4:00 | 5:50 |
| 2 | 1 | 3:30 | 6:50 | 8+ |
| 3 | 2 | 22:00 | 22:00+ | 22:00+ |
上面的试验结果表明低密度添加剂成功地阻碍了支撑剂的沉降，结果产生了更长的支撑剂沉降时间。
实验2：大型、线性凝胶(linear gel)支撑剂沉降试验
支撑剂沉降试验在8英尺高、2英尺宽(243.8cm高、61cm宽)有机玻璃窗口内进行，有机玻璃板之间具有1/2英寸(1.27cm)的间隙。窗口具有钢强化木框架，框架具有四个7/16英寸(1.11cm)的入口孔眼和出口孔眼，装设有球阀。金属支撑件用1英尺(30.48cm)的间距增量固定在窗口上并用作试验参考。共进行了4个试验。
试验1和2用15lb/Mgal瓜尔胶基线性凝胶进行。凝胶的表观粘度在511S-1下是8cP。用于试验的线性凝胶包含2PPA支撑剂浓度，30/50目。试验1没有采用低密度添加剂和试验2采用了5％重量百分比的低密度添加剂。添加剂用30/50目筛选且具有0.8的比重。制备线性凝胶并加入支撑剂，以实现2PPA的最终浓度。试验2中加入了低密度添加剂，浆液被混合至均匀。然后通过1英寸隔膜泵的试验设备来泵送浆液直至充满。关闭泵，所有阀都关闭。随时间观察和监测支撑剂界面以确定沉降速率。试验数据总结在下面表4中。
表4：实验2，试验1和2数据总结
| 沉降时间 | 0％低密度添加剂 | 5％低密度添加剂 | 增加的沉降时间％ |
| 1ft(30.5cm) | 8sec | 11sec | 38 |
| 2ft(61cm) | 22sec | 42sec | 91 |
| 3ft(91.4cm) | 47sec | 61sec | 30 |
| 4ft(122.9cm) | 56sec | 77sec | 38 |
上述试验结果表明低密度添加剂成功地阻碍了支撑剂沉降，结果产生了更长的支撑剂沉降时间。
试验3和4用25lb/Mgal(0.00299gram/mL)瓜尔胶基线性凝胶进行。凝胶的表观粘度在511S-1下是16CP。用于试验的线性凝胶包含2PPA支撑剂浓度，30/50目。试验3没有采用低密度添加剂，试验4采用了5％重量百分比的低密度添加剂。添加剂用30/50目筛选且具有0.8的比重。制备线性凝胶并加入支撑剂。以实现2PPA的最终浓度。试验4中加入了低密度添加剂，浆液被混合至均匀。然后通过1英寸隔膜泵的试验设备来泵送浆液直至充满。关闭泵，所有阀都关闭。随时间观察和监测支撑剂界面以确定沉降速率。试验数据总结在下面表5中。
表5：实验2，试验3和4数据总结
| 沉降时间 | 0％低密度添加剂 | 5％低密度添加剂 | 增加的沉降时间％ |
| 1ft(30.5cm) | 15sec | 24sec | 60 |
| 2ft(61cm) | 28sec | 44sec | 57 |
| 3ft(91.4cm) | 48sec | 67sec | 40 |
| 4ft(122.9cm) | 65sec | 79sec | 22 |
上述试验结果表明低密度添加剂成功地阻碍了支撑剂沉降，结果产生了更长的支撑剂沉降时间。
美国临时专利申请序列号60/832994，申请日2006年7月25日，通过参考合并于此。
这里公开的所有测量都是标准温度和压力，在地球的海平面上，除非另有指明。
前面的实施例仅通过示例描述；本发明的范围仅由下面的权利要求来限制。
Claims (8)
1.一种延迟在水力压裂中支撑剂沉降的方法，该方法包括下述步骤：
a.提供支撑剂载液浆液；
b.提供比重大于载液的比重的支撑剂；
c.基于相对支撑剂载液浆液的支撑剂量，加入小百分比的低密度颗粒材料，颗粒添加剂的比重小于载液的比重；
d.由于低密度颗粒、载液和支撑剂间的比重梯度，使得在支撑剂颗粒在载液中下降时添加剂颗粒在载液中上升；和
e.通过向上运动的添加剂颗粒和向下运动的支撑剂颗粒间的碰撞的干涉，减慢了支撑剂沉降速率，导致在闭合时裂缝中支撑剂的更加均匀的垂直分布。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中颗粒材料添加剂不需要有足够的强度以用作支撑剂。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中添加剂可以在裂缝闭合时破碎。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中添加剂设计为随着时间溶解，由此消除了支撑剂填充损害。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中颗粒材料包括聚酯，例如聚乳酸颗粒，所述聚酯将水解并随着时间从支撑剂层中清除。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中通过加入低比重固体颗粒添加剂至支撑剂载液浆液中，该方法减缓水力压裂中支撑剂的沉降，产生均匀分布的支撑剂填充。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中低密度颗粒材料包括聚乳酸颗粒。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中低密度颗粒材料包括玻璃珠。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/782,151 US7708069B2 (en) | 2006-07-25 | 2007-07-24 | Method to enhance proppant conductivity from hydraulically fractured wells |
| US11/782,151 | 2007-07-24 | ||
| PCT/US2008/061989 WO2009014786A1 (en) | 2007-07-24 | 2008-04-30 | A method to enhance proppant conductivity from hydraulically fractured wells |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN101809249A true CN101809249A (zh) | 2010-08-18 |
| CN101809249B CN101809249B (zh) | 2014-02-12 |
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| CN200880108476.XA Expired - Fee Related CN101809249B (zh) | 2007-07-24 | 2008-04-30 | 提高水力压裂井的支撑剂传导性的方法 |
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| Country | Link |
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| US (1) | US7708069B2 (zh) |
| EP (1) | EP2179132A4 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN101809249B (zh) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0814316A2 (zh) |
| CA (1) | CA2694099C (zh) |
| RU (1) | RU2481469C2 (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO2009014786A1 (zh) |
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| CN104727801A (zh) * | 2015-03-17 | 2015-06-24 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司胜利油田分公司石油工程技术研究院 | 一种应用支撑剂密度差异实现大通道的压裂工艺 |
| CN106837286A (zh) * | 2017-03-23 | 2017-06-13 | 中国石油集团川庆钻探工程有限公司工程技术研究院 | 一种针对厚砂体充分压裂改造的顶部油气层压裂工艺 |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104653165A (zh) * | 2013-11-25 | 2015-05-27 | 普拉德研究及开发股份有限公司 | 受控的不均匀支撑剂团聚体形成 |
| CN104727801A (zh) * | 2015-03-17 | 2015-06-24 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司胜利油田分公司石油工程技术研究院 | 一种应用支撑剂密度差异实现大通道的压裂工艺 |
| CN104727801B (zh) * | 2015-03-17 | 2017-12-26 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司胜利油田分公司石油工程技术研究院 | 一种应用支撑剂密度差异实现大通道的压裂工艺 |
| CN106837286A (zh) * | 2017-03-23 | 2017-06-13 | 中国石油集团川庆钻探工程有限公司工程技术研究院 | 一种针对厚砂体充分压裂改造的顶部油气层压裂工艺 |
| CN106837286B (zh) * | 2017-03-23 | 2020-08-25 | 中国石油集团川庆钻探工程有限公司工程技术研究院 | 一种针对厚砂体充分压裂改造的顶部油气层压裂工艺 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2179132A1 (en) | 2010-04-28 |
| BRPI0814316A2 (pt) | 2015-01-06 |
| RU2481469C2 (ru) | 2013-05-10 |
| CA2694099A1 (en) | 2009-01-29 |
| RU2010106077A (ru) | 2011-08-27 |
| US20080196895A1 (en) | 2008-08-21 |
| CN101809249B (zh) | 2014-02-12 |
| CA2694099C (en) | 2015-10-06 |
| WO2009014786A1 (en) | 2009-01-29 |
| US7708069B2 (en) | 2010-05-04 |
| EP2179132A4 (en) | 2014-10-08 |
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