CN101804551A - Method for preparing micro-nano composite texturing cutting tool by using femtosecond laser - Google Patents
Method for preparing micro-nano composite texturing cutting tool by using femtosecond laser Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of micro-structural surface preparation and laser micro-processing, and in particular provides a method for preparing a micro-nano composite texturing cutting tool by using femtosecond laser. In the method, micro-nano texturing and micro/nano composite texturing preparation is performed on the cutting tool surface by utilizing the unique interaction property between femtosecond laser and materials, the operation is simple, and the accuracy can be controlled. The preparation of micro/nano composite texture can be performed on a coated cutting tool by adopting a coated surface direct texturing method or a two-step composite texturing method. The method overcomes the defect of singleness of texturing only in micron scale in the conventional cutting tool texturing technology, and can further improve the abrasion resistance of the cutting tool, and prolong the service life of the cutting tool.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the micro-fabrication technology field, be specifically related to a kind of femtosecond laser preparation method of micro-nano composite texturing cutting tool by using.
Background technology
In recent years, in order to alleviate the weight of aircraft, auto parts and components, the use amount of aluminium alloy increases year by year, and it is more and more important that the processing of aluminum alloy spare part also becomes.Because the aluminium alloy fusing point is on the low side and ductility is high, sticking cutter phenomenon very easily takes place in the cutter blade during cutting, not only have influence on the surface roughness of workpiece to be machined, and cutter early damage phenomenon is serious, can not reach the service life of expection far away.The early stage sharp wear of of this sort cutter, not rarely seen in the high-speed machining process of the difficult-to-machine materials such as high temperature aluminium alloys parts that use in fields such as Aero-Space, the energy, having become influence the major issue that equipment manufacture develops.
One of effective ways that tool wear and smear metal adhere in the solution aluminium alloy working angles are that cutter is supplied with enough cutting fluids; yet use cutting fluid but to bring the serious environmental pollution problem in a large number; many countries classify cutting fluid as dangerous waste material, and the bleed strategy of also having adjusted cutting fluid is organized in international environmental protection.In fact, the cutting fluid discharging not only brings environmental problem, has also consumed a large amount of manufacturing costs.Discover, in recent years the cost of lubricating fluid by the cutting totle drilling cost 3% rise to 16.9%, far above the cost of charp tool (account for totle drilling cost 7.5%).Therefore, the notion of micro lubricating cutting recent years is advocated gradually.The wearing and tearing how to eliminate or to alleviate cutter under the situation of micro lubricating, this is a major issue that faces in the present machining.
The tool surface paint-on technique has brought revolutionary variation for the cutting field, and 50% high-speed steel tool, 85% hard alloy cutter, 40% superhard cutter have all adopted the stratification technology that is coated with in the industrial production at present.The development of cutter coat technology has reduced the degree of dependence of working angles to cutting fluid, at present, the category that in the world research work of coated cutting tool is mostly belonged to material mainly concentrates on the chemical constituent of coating and the preparation aspect of binding ability and related coatings material.In fact, the surface characteristic of coating (as frictional behavior) can also realize by the surface physics structure or the pattern that change coating.If can on the basis of existing advanced coating technology, realize the three-dimensional structureization of tool surface, then be expected to further improve the tribological property of tool surface.
Surface texture technology is exactly to improve the method for material surface characteristic by the physical arrangement that changes material surface.The tool surface texturing is the micro structure array that processes various figures on the ad-hoc location on tool surface or cutter coat surface, the service life of improving cutter by the tribological property that changes tool surface.Micron dimension texture can be caught smear metal and be reduced wear, and nanometer scale texture in the blocking-up smear metal to more effective aspect the shearing of tool surface, the combination of two kinds of size magnitude texture then may be comprehensive the two advantage, further improve the cutter anti-wear performance.Limit by micro-processing technology, in the existing tool surface texture technology, formed micro-structural mostly in the micron-sized size range of submillimeter level to tens, is difficult to obtain the structure of micron and nanoscale yardstick.In addition, because existing most of cutter material removal method all exists serious heat effect and bigger heat affected area, therefore can cause large-scale coating shedding and inefficacy when these technology are used for the coating surface texturing, limit combining of coating technology and surface-texturing technology.Because existing surface-texturing technology is difficult to form micro-nano and strides yardstick texture, and can cause coming off and losing efficacy of cutter coat, if can stride the texturing that range scale does not have the heat affected area to tool surface and cutter coat surface, to help significantly to promote the lubricating of cutting tool, resistance to wear, anti-adhesion ability, prolong cutter life.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to overcome the shortcoming of above-mentioned prior art, a kind of femtosecond laser preparation method of micro-nano composite texturing cutting tool by using is provided, adopt femtosecond laser that micron is carried out on the coated cutting tool surface and stride the yardstick texturing to nanoscale, improve the wear resistance of cutter, improve its service life, improve the new approach of cutter serviceability developing, be expected to realize the little lubricated cutting of high-speed, high precision, and the difficult problem of the machining that solves aluminium alloy, improve manufacturing integral level.
To achieve these goals, the present invention takes following technical solution:
Utilize femtosecond laser can process the characteristic that any materials, micro/nano-scale are accurately processed and do not had heat affecting, the texture of processing the texture of required area or utilizing femtosecond laser directly to process required area in tool surface position to be processed in position to be processed, coated cutting tool surface, the tool surface evaporation coating of crossing in texture then, this texture is made up of following three kinds of structure groups: size at the micrometer structure of 1 μ m~200 μ m, size at the nanostructured of 50nm~1 μ m or micron composite construction with nanometer.
The said concrete steps of femtosecond laser processes required area in position to be processed, coated cutting tool surface texture of utilizing are as follows:
1) at first, carries out the coating evaporation on the tool matrix surface;
2) secondly, cross the tool surface of coating, with the femtosecond laser method removed processes micrometer structure, nanostructured or micron with the nano composite structure of required area in position to be processed, coated cutting tool surface the groove structure group of ablating at evaporation;
3) last, adopt large spot size, low energy densities femtosecond laser method for scanning, on the surface of established groove structure group, scan uniform texture.
In the direct textured process in cutter coat surface, when the required texture degree of depth surpasses coating layer thickness, femtosecond laser will be processed coating material and base material simultaneously, and the physical characteristics of materials of base material and coating differs bigger, make the femtosecond laser ablation of double layer material remove the difficulty increasing, precision is wayward.Simultaneously, texture is crossed tool surface and the discontinuous of coating can be occurred.For these reasons, the present invention proposes the compound texture method of two step micro-nanos, its procedure of processing is as follows:
1) at first, the method for ablate removing with femtosecond laser is processed the groove structure group of micrometer structure, nanostructured or micron with the nano composite structure of required area in the position to be processed, tool matrix surface of coating not;
2) secondly, be processed with the tool matrix surface evaporation coating of groove structure group;
3) last, adopt large spot size, low energy densities femtosecond laser method for scanning at coating surface, on the surface of established groove structure group, scan uniform texture.
Among the present invention, the texture of tool surface has following feature: distributing position is at rake face or back knife face; Orientation is along the chip flow direction or perpendicular to the chip flow direction; The size of micro-structural at the hundreds of micron in the hundreds of nanometer range; Shape is divided hole texture, parallel slot texture and orthogonal slot texture.
The present invention utilizes interactional peculiar property between femtosecond laser and the material, carries out the compound texture preparation of micro-nano texture and little/receive at tool surface, and simple to operate, precision is controlled.For coated cutting tool, can to adopt direct texture method of coating surface or compound texture method of two steps to carry out little/receive the preparation of compound texture.The present invention has overcome in the past cutter texture technology can further improve the wear resistance of cutter only in the textured unicity of micro-meter scale, improves its service life.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a tool surface texture schematic diagram.
Fig. 2 is a tool surface texture characteristic schematic diagram, and wherein Fig. 2 a is the micron order texture structure, and Fig. 2 b is the nanoscale texture structure, and Fig. 2 c is the compound texture structure of micro-nano.
The Electronic Speculum picture of the micro-nano compound structure that Fig. 3 processes for femtosecond laser.
Fig. 4 is the inner enlarged drawing of micrometer structure among Fig. 3, promptly is a mass of nanostructured in micron grooves.
Fig. 5 is the direct micro-nano texture method of coating surface, and wherein a is the coating evaporation, and b is the femtosecond laser texturing, comprising big degree of depth texture of c and the little degree of depth texture of d.
Fig. 6 is the compound texture method of two step micro-nanos, and wherein a is the texturing of cutter base material micron, and b is the cutter coat evaporation, and c is the texturing of coated cutting tool nanometer.
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing the present invention is done further to describe in detail.
The specific embodiment
Referring to accompanying drawing.Tool surface texture be exactly on the rake face of cutter or back knife face a certain position to be processed micro structure array that depicts various figures be the texture zone, its orientation is along the chip flow direction or perpendicular to the chip flow direction; Shape is divided hole texture, parallel slot texture and orthogonal slot texture, as shown in Figure 1.Wherein micron dimension texture can be caught smear metal, and nanometer scale texture helps to block the shearing of smear metal to tool surface, and the compound texture of micro-nano combines two kinds of effects, can increase substantially the wear resistance and the service life of cutter.Referring to Fig. 2 a, the characteristic size of micron order texture is at 1 μ m~200 μ m, and referring to Fig. 2 b, the characteristic size of nanoscale texture is in 50nm~1 mu m range, referring to Fig. 2 c, the compound texture of micro-nano then is in the inside of micron texture and the nanometer texture of near zone distribution rule.
Femtosecond laser has processed the compound texture of micro-nano among Fig. 3 on the cutter base material, one of them micron grooves is amplified back observation find the nanometer groove that is distributing neat on the groove inner surface, about 300nm of cycle (Fig. 4).Femtosecond laser carries out the compound textured method of micro-nano to coated cutting tool two kinds: the one, and the direct texture of coating surface (Fig. 5) the steps include:
1) at first, carries out the coating evaporation on the tool matrix surface;
2) secondly, cross the tool surface of coating, with the femtosecond laser method removed processes micrometer structure, nanostructured or micron with the nano composite structure of required area in position to be processed, coated cutting tool surface the groove structure group of ablating at evaporation;
3) last, adopt large spot size, low energy densities femtosecond laser method for scanning, on the surface of established groove structure group, scan uniform texture.
As can be seen from Figure 5,, there is the coating non-continuous event after the texturing, causes the spalling failure of coating easily when the degree of depth of micron texture during greater than coating layer thickness.Second method is the two step compound texture of micro-nano (Fig. 6), the steps include:
1) at first, the method for ablate removing with femtosecond laser is processed the groove structure group of micrometer structure, nanostructured or micron with the nano composite structure of required area in the position to be processed, tool matrix surface of coating not;
2) secondly, be processed with the tool matrix surface evaporation coating of groove structure group;
3) last, adopt large spot size, low energy densities femtosecond laser method for scanning at coating surface, on the surface of established groove structure group, scan uniform texture.
Process when this method has been avoided double layer material, and guaranteed the continuity of coated film.
Claims (3)
1. the femtosecond laser preparation method of micro-nano composite texturing cutting tool by using, it is characterized in that: the texture of utilizing femtosecond laser to process the texture of required area or utilize femtosecond laser directly to process required area in tool surface position to be processed in position to be processed, coated cutting tool surface, the tool surface evaporation coating of crossing in texture then, this texture is made up of following three kinds of structure groups: size at the micrometer structure of 1 μ m~200 μ m, size at the nanostructured of 50nm~1 μ m or micron composite construction with nanometer.
2. the femtosecond laser preparation method of micro-nano composite texturing cutting tool by using according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the said concrete steps of femtosecond laser processes required area in position to be processed, coated cutting tool surface texture of utilizing are as follows:
1) at first, carries out the coating evaporation on the tool matrix surface;
2) secondly, cross the tool surface of coating, with the femtosecond laser method removed processes micrometer structure, nanostructured or micron with the nano composite structure of required area in position to be processed, coated cutting tool surface the groove structure group of ablating at evaporation;
3) last, adopt large spot size, low energy densities femtosecond laser method for scanning, on the surface of established groove structure group, scan uniform texture.
3. the femtosecond laser preparation method of micro-nano composite texturing cutting tool by using according to claim 1 is characterized in that: directly the concrete steps of the texture of the required area of processing are as follows in tool surface position to be processed to utilize femtosecond laser:
1) at first, the method for ablate removing with femtosecond laser is processed the groove structure group of micrometer structure, nanostructured or micron with the nano composite structure of required area in the position to be processed, tool matrix surface of coating not;
2) secondly, be processed with the tool matrix surface evaporation coating of groove structure group;
3) last, adopt large spot size, low energy densities femtosecond laser method for scanning at coating surface, on the surface of established groove structure group, scan uniform texture.
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