CN101770051B - 低弯曲损耗光纤 - Google Patents

低弯曲损耗光纤 Download PDF

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CN101770051B
CN101770051B CN2009102624210A CN200910262421A CN101770051B CN 101770051 B CN101770051 B CN 101770051B CN 2009102624210 A CN2009102624210 A CN 2009102624210A CN 200910262421 A CN200910262421 A CN 200910262421A CN 101770051 B CN101770051 B CN 101770051B
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refractive index
optical fiber
core
layer
bend loss
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CN101770051A (zh
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尹暎植
李永燮
金镇汉
韩元泽
朱晟敏
吴大焕
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Samsung Electronics Co Ltd
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Samsung Optical Communications Co ltd
Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/028Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
    • G02B6/0283Graded index region external to the central core segment, e.g. sloping layer or triangular or trapezoidal layer
    • G02B6/0285Graded index layer adjacent to the central core segment and ending at the outer cladding index
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/028Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
    • G02B6/0283Graded index region external to the central core segment, e.g. sloping layer or triangular or trapezoidal layer
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G02B6/03616Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
    • G02B6/03622Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only
    • G02B6/03627Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only arranged - +
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G02B6/03616Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
    • G02B6/03638Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 3 layers only
    • G02B6/0365Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 3 layers only arranged - - +

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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Manufacture, Treatment Of Glass Fibers (AREA)
  • Optical Fibers, Optical Fiber Cores, And Optical Fiber Bundles (AREA)
  • Surface Treatment Of Glass Fibres Or Filaments (AREA)

Abstract

所公开的是一种低弯曲损耗光纤,其包括:芯;内层,其布置在芯的外面,具有比芯的折射率低的折射率,且该内层的折射率随着离芯越来越远而逐渐减小;以及槽层,其布置在内层的外面,且具有最低的折射率。

Description

低弯曲损耗光纤
优先权
本申请要求2008年12月19日在韩国知识产权局提交的名称为“Low Bend Loss Optical Fiber”且指定序列号为No.10-2008-0130295的申请以及2009年11月18日在韩国知识产权局提交的名称为“Low BendLoss Optical Fiber”且指定序列号为No.10-2009-0111472的申请的优先权,两者的内容通过引用被包含于此。
技术领域
本发明涉及光纤,尤其涉及低弯曲损耗光纤。
背景技术
目前,随着100Mbps或更高速率的FTTH(光纤到户)用户传输业务网络的建立以及相关业务产业的兴起,对用于宽带传输的增强型抗弯性光纤的需求迅速增长。
用于构建FTTH的普通的无源光网络(PON)包括位于中心局(CO)侧的光线路终端(OLT)、位于用户家庭设备或该设备附近的光网络单元(ONU)或光网络终端(ONT)以及配置有分束器或波分复用器(WDM)的用于以树状拓扑连接这些元件的远程节点(RN)。CO与RN以及RN与多个ONU通常通过低水峰光纤(LWPF;宽带传输光纤)互相连接。另外,通过采用引入光缆将馈线点(比如电极)连接到家庭引入孔。这里,主要使用适于室内/室外安装的具有增强的抗弯性的弯曲不敏感光纤作为引入光缆。实际上,与一般的光学特性(诸如损耗和色散)相比,安装以及由使用光纤的场地中的物理外力引起的弯曲损耗是在很大程度上限制家庭网络建设的主要因素。当这样的弯曲损耗特性变差时,可引发光损耗和数据传输中的问题。
如上所述,使用光纤的通信网络具有在很短的时间内以很高的速度传输大量数据的优势。但同时,通信网络存在光纤因外部物理力而损坏和光损耗的问题,并且因光纤的损坏可能发生数据传输的问题。
在现有技术中已知这样的光纤:其包括芯和包层,包层具有与芯的折射率明显不同的折射率并布置在芯的周围从而使得由于物理力(比如弯曲等)而引起的光损耗被最小化。已公开了上述类型的光纤,包括由比如Sumitomo、NTT等公司制造的多孔光纤,或由Corning公司制造的具有细小气泡纳米结构的光纤,或具有环形槽包层折射率分布且由例如OFS制造的光纤。
多孔光纤从弯曲损耗上看非常出色。但是它们存在因复杂的制造过程而需要很高的制造成本的问题。另外,难以将多孔光纤与G.652标准的典型光纤相连接,并且多孔光纤具有很大的光损耗。再者,由Corning公司制造的光纤具有关于机械强度、接合损耗以及很难的接合方法的问题,它们可能是由细小气泡纳米结构导致的。
然而,具有环形槽包层结构的传统光纤具有稳定的结构和相对优良的性能,诸如与上述光纤相比的接合损耗、机械强度等。
然而,问题在于传统光纤在由于弯曲引起的光损耗方面具有相对较差的光学特性。
发明内容
本发明提供了光纤及用于制造所述光纤的方法,其能够使由外部物理力(诸如弯曲等)导致的损坏所引起的光损耗最小化。
根据本发明的一个方面,提供了一种低弯曲损耗光纤,其包括:芯;内层,其布置在芯的外面,且具有比芯的折射率低的折射率,其中所述内层的折射率随着离芯越来越远而逐渐减小;以及槽层,其布置在内层的外面且具有最低的折射率。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了一种低弯曲损耗光纤,其包括:芯;内层,其布置在芯的外面且具有比芯的折射率低的折射率;以及槽层,其布置在内层的外面且具有最低的折射率,并且具有这样的部分:在该部分中折射率随着离芯越来越远而逐渐增大。
根据本发明的光纤包括具有分级折射率分布的包层和槽层,从而使得该光纤能够使由于折射率变化和弯曲而导致的光损耗量最小化。
本发明的槽结构通过最小化单模光纤的折射率的变化来最小化包层中的模式传输。另外,由于该光纤是以槽层的折射率逐渐增大或逐渐减小的方式而构建的,因此可以使宽带弯曲损耗最小化。
另外,通过具有分级折射率分布的槽结构可以实现大直径的槽层。此外,可以最小化由这种大直径结构所引起的应力,并且槽层可具有比传统的圆环结构小的整体体积。
另外,根据本发明的光纤甚至能够最小化由弯曲导致的泄漏模式色散。此外,通过短的截止波长可获得宽带低弯曲损耗光纤,在C波段和L波段的很宽的波长范围内该光纤的弯曲损耗的差别不大。
附图说明
根据下面结合附图所作的详细描述,本发明的以上以及其他示例性特征、方面和优点将变得更明显,在附图中:
图1是示出根据本发明的优选的第一实施方式的光纤及其折射率分布的视图;
图2是示出根据本发明的优选的第二实施方式的光纤及其折射率分布的视图;以及
图3是示出根据本发明的优选的第三实施方式的光纤及其折射率分布的视图。
具体实施方式
将参考附图对本发明的示例性实施方式进行描述。另外,在本发明的以下描述中,对被包含于此的已知的功能和结构的详细描述在其会使本发明的主题很不清楚时被省略。
图1(A)是根据本发明的第一实施方式的光纤的截面图,而图1(B)是示出根据图1(A)所示的光纤截面的折射率分布的图。参考图1,光纤100包括芯110和包层120。芯110位于光纤的中央,具有相对高的折射率,且用于通过全内反射进行光信号传输。包层120布置在芯110的外面,具有相对低的折射率。换言之,包层120以沿芯110的圆周能够完全包围芯110的方式而布置。芯110呈圆柱棒形,包层120呈圆管形。芯110和包层120以同心的方式布置。
芯110具有在从0.0040到0.0065的范围内的折射率差(Δn)。但进一步优选地,该折射率差在从0.0045到0.0060的范围内。而且,芯110的直径2a可在从6.0μm到9.5μm(微米)的范围内。而进一步优选地,该直径在从8.0μm到9.0μm的范围内。例如,芯110的折射率差定义为芯110的折射率与外层123的折射率之差。
包层120包括:内层121,其具有随着离芯110越来越远而逐渐减小的折射率;外层123,其具有与内层121的最低的折射率相等的折射率;以及槽层122,其位于内层121和外层123之间,且具有光纤100中所包括的层的各个折射率中最低的折射率。换言之,内层121、槽层122以及外层123直接依次沉积在芯110的外圆周上,分别呈圆管形,并且以同心的方式与芯110一起布置。
内层121具有分级折射率分布结构,并具有从内层的与芯110相接触的内圆周向其外圆周逐渐减小的折射率。如所示例的,内层121具有折射率从内圆周到外圆周线性减小的折射率分布。内层121的折射率差可在从-0.001到0.003的范围内。优选地,最小化由于弯曲导致的光损耗所需要的内层121的内圆周和外圆周之间的折射率差在从0.0000到0.0015的范围内。
基于与芯相接触的位置内层121的厚度(b)可为16μm、8.4μm或1.78×a(a是芯的半径)或更小。更优选地,厚度“b”被设为5.8μm或1.2×a或更小。
槽层122围绕内层121,且具有光纤100中所包括的层的各个折射率中最低的折射率。也就是说,优选地,槽层122的折射率差为-0.003或更小。另外,槽层122的厚度c可为14μm、9.6μm或2×a或更小。而优选地,该厚度为7.2μm或1.5×a或更小。
通常,多模光纤具有抛物线形状的折射率分布,以减小模式色散量。另外,折射率的分布是随着形状变化的,其中折射率从中央向外周逐渐减小。因此,长模式的光比短模式的光快,从而可最小化模式分布。同时,在单模光纤的情况下,可通过控制该光纤的芯直径和折射率以将模式的数目减为1来消除模式色散。因此,理论上,模式色散可具有0值,并且仅存在波导色散。
如果在光纤100内发生弯曲,由于包层区域的折射率的变化会存在泄漏模式,并且,由此光损耗增加,使得不可能进行长距离传输。为了通过最小化弯曲损耗来实现单模光纤的长距离传输,需要根据弯曲最小化包层区域的折射率的变化。
光纤100具有包层120,包层120包括:内层121,其具有分级折射率分布,并且折射率从与芯110相接触的内圆周向其外圆周逐渐减小;以及槽层122,其具有最低的折射率,使得光纤可以使可能由弯曲等导致的光损耗和泄漏模式的色散最小化。
外层123围绕槽层122,并具有高于槽层122的折射率而低于芯110的折射率的折射率。
图2(A)是根据本发明的第二实施方式的光纤200的截面图,而图2(B)是示出根据图2(A)中所示的光纤的截面的折射率分布的图。除了在内层220和槽层230方面第一实施方式与第二实施方式之间存在差别外,第二实施方式中的光纤200具有与第一实施方式中的光纤100相似的结构。因此,省略了对其的重复性描述。
参考图2,光纤200包括芯210和包层215。芯210布置在光纤200的中央,具有相对高的固定的(亦即恒定的)折射率,并且用于通过全内反射进行光信号传输。包层215布置在芯210的外面,并具有相对低的折射率。换言之,包层215以沿芯210的圆周能够完全包围芯210的方式布置。芯210呈圆柱棒形,而包层215呈圆管形。芯210和包层215以同心的方式布置。
包层215包括:内层220,其具有随着离邻近芯210的位置越来越远而逐渐减小的折射率;外层240,其具有与内层220的最低的折射率相等的折射率;以及槽层230,其位于内层220和外层240之间,且具有光纤200中所包括的层的各个折射率中最小的折射率。换言之,内层220、槽层230以及外层240直接依次沉积在芯210的外圆周上,分别呈圆管形,且与芯210一起同心地布置。
内层220包括第一内子层221和第二内子层222,并且第一内子层221和第二内子层222直接依次在芯210的外圆周上成层,分别呈圆管形,并且与芯210一起同心地布置。
第一内子层221具有分级折射率分布结构,在该结构中,折射率从与芯210的外圆周相接触的内圆周向外圆周逐渐减小。第一内子层221的内圆周折射率小于芯210的折射率而大于外层240的折射率。第一内子层221的外圆周折射率与外层240的折射率相同。如所示例的,第一内子层221具有折射率从内圆周到外圆周线性减小的折射率分布。另外,第二内子层222具有与第一内子层221的外圆周折射率相同的固定的折射率。
槽层230包括第一槽子层231和第二槽子层232,第一槽子层231和第二槽子层232直接依次在内层220的外圆周上成层,分别呈圆管形,并且与芯210以及内层220一起同心地布置。槽层230具有分级折射率分布,在该分布中,折射率从内圆周向外圆周先逐渐减小然后逐渐增大。
第一槽子层231具有分级折射率分布,在该分布中,折射率从与第二内子层222的外圆周相接触的内圆周向外圆周逐渐减小。第一槽子层231的内圆周折射率与第二内子层222的折射率相同,第一槽子层231的外圆周折射率小于外层240的折射率。如所示例的,第一槽子层231具有折射率从内圆周到外圆周线性减小的折射率分布。
第二槽子层232具有分级折射率分布,在该分布中,折射率从与第一槽子层231的外圆周相接触的内圆周向外圆周逐渐增大。第二槽子层232的内圆周折射率与第一槽子层231的外圆周折射率相同,并且第二槽子层232的外圆周折射率与外层240的折射率相同。如所示例的,第二槽子层232具有折射率从内圆周到外圆周线性增大的折射率分布。这里,第二槽子层232上的折射率曲线的斜度小于第一槽子层231上的折射率曲线的斜度。换言之,在第一槽子层231中,折射率相对急剧地变化,而在第二槽子层232中,折射率相对缓和地变化。
外层240围绕槽层230,且具有与传统石英玻璃相同的折射率(例如,1.456)。
在第二实施方式的光纤200中,由于具有逐渐增大的折射率分布的第二槽子层232布置在槽层230内,因此可最小化由于折射率变化和弯曲而引起的光损耗量。
在第一实施方式中,随着槽层122的厚度的增加,光纤100的折射率差增大,并且抗弯性增强。然而,大直径的槽结构导致LP11或更高的高阶模式,由此增大了光纤100的截止波长。这里,截止波长是指作为单模与多模的分界线的波长。另外,当槽层122的厚度大于预定值时,截止波长超出依照G.652标准的范围(1260nm)。
对应于截止波长的归一化频率V的计算方程如下:
[公式1]
V = 2 πa λ n 1 2 Δ
在公式1中,λ表示所使用的波长,a表示芯的直径,n1表示芯的折射率,以及Δ表示芯和包层之间的折射率差。
例如,考虑到含氟光纤结构区域的有效折射率具有不随所使用的波长而变的恒定值,由方程1可知,V值在短波长处高。
然而,如上所述,在第二实施方式中,为内层220和槽层230之间的分界区域(亦即第一槽子层231)提供急剧的折射率变化,而为从最低折射率点到外层240的边界的区域(第二槽子层232)提供缓和的折射率变化,以便提高抗弯性。因此,槽层230可具有比传统圆环结构小的整体厚度或体积,而折射率差却可被增大。
具有这种分级折射率分布的槽层230提供了与第一实施方式的槽层122相比较短的截止波长,并且因此获得弯曲损耗差在C波段和L波段的宽波长范围内不高的宽带低弯曲损耗光纤200是可能的。
如图所示,光纤200的折射率分布在最小化加给光纤200的应力的同时可优化该宽带弯曲损耗特性。
图3(A)是根据本发明的第三实施方式的光纤200’的截面图,而图3(B)是示出根据图3(A)所示的光纤的截面的折射率分布的图。除了在槽层230’方面第二实施方式和第三实施方式之间存在差别外,第三实施方式中的光纤200’具有与第二实施方式中的光纤200的结构相似的结构。因此,省略了对其的重复性描述,而仅对槽层230’进行描述。
槽层230’直接沉积在内层220的外圆周上,呈圆管形,并且与芯210和内层220一起同心地布置。槽层230’具有分级折射率分布,在该分布中,折射率从内圆周向外圆周非线性地增大。这里,从内圆周向外圆周,折射率曲线的倾斜角从0到90度变化。槽层230’的内圆周折射率小于外层240的折射率,而槽层230’的外圆周折射率与外层240的折射率相同。
下面的表1至表3示出制造用于制造根据本发明的光纤的芯基础材料的过程的实施方式。
下面的表1示出采用四氟化碳(CF4)制造芯基础材料的过程的实施方式。
表1
  过程   小时   SiCl4(slpm)   GeCl4(slpm)   POCl3(slpm)   CF4(slpm)   He(slpm)   O2(slpm)   Cl2(slpm)
  抛光   2   0   0   0   20   3000   2000   0
  外层   5   860   220   28   10   3000   350   0
  槽   12   860   0   28   110+2.5/p   3000   350   0
  烧结   1   0   0   0   0   3000   500   400
  内层   8   860-15/p   120+4.3/p   28   0   3000   350   0
  芯   14   210-15/p   450-8.9/p   0   0   1000   500   0
  烧结   5   0   0   0   0   3000   500   400
  折叠   10   0   0   0   0   0   420   350
  封闭   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   200
下面的表2示出采用CF4和四氯化锗GeCl4制造芯基础材料的过程的实施方式。
表2
  过程   小时   SiCl4   GeCl4   POCl3   CF4   He   O2   Cl2
  抛光   2   0   0   0   20   3000   2000   0
  外层   5   860   220   28   10   3000   350   0
  槽   12   860   0   28   100+2.5/p   3000   350   0
  烧结   1   0   0   0   0   3000   500   400
  内层   8   860-15/p   180+4.3/p   28   25   3000   350   0
  芯   14   210-5/p   450-8.9/p   0   0   1000   500   0
  烧结   5   0   0   0   0   3000   500   400
  折叠   10   0   0   0   0   0   420   350
  封闭   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   200
下面的表3示出采用BCl3制造芯基础材料的过程的实施方式。
表3
  过程   小时   SiCl4   GeCl4   POCl3   CF4   BCl3   He   O2   Cl2
  抛光   2   0   0   0   20   0   3000   2000   0
  外层   5   860   220   28   10   0   3000   350   0
  槽   12   860   0   28   180+2.5/p   45   3000   350   0
  烧结   1   0   0   0   0   0   3000   500   400
  内层   8   860-15/p   180+4.3/p   28   0   0   3000   350   0
  芯   14   210-5/p   450-8.9/p   0   0   0   1000   500   0
  烧结   5   0   0   0   0   0   3000   500   400
  折叠   10   0   0   0   0   0   0   420   350
  封闭   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   200
上面的表1至表3示出制造用于根据本发明的光纤的芯基础材料的过程的条件。上面示出的芯基础材料制造过程是基于尺寸为Φ31×Φ36×11200(mm)的衬底管。
通过使用供应有燃料和燃气的沉积炬(deposition torch)在通过如上表1至表3所示的制造过程而制造的芯材料的外圆周上沉积碳黑。当碳黑以预定的外直径和重量被沉积在芯材料上时,沉积完成。然后,使芯材料慢慢冷却,并使其经受烧结和玻璃化。
然后,将作为外包层的多孔层的碳黑通过烧结和玻璃化而变成玻璃状。花费300分钟量级的时间来在0.375slpm的Cl2和15slpm的He的大气下以及1500度的温度下进行玻璃化过程。可在1550到1650度的温度下以及1×10-2托的真空态下进行烧结过程。优选地,在烧结过程期间,注入0到大约15slpm的He。制作完成的光纤基础材料可具有80mm的外直径及1200mm的长度。
沉积在上述芯材料外面的经烧结和玻璃化的外包层可用外护套(over jacketing)来代替。
通过上述玻璃化过程而制造完成的光纤基础材料被从拉制塔中拉制成光纤,并且通过该工序制造的光纤具有8.9μm的MFD(在1310nm处)和1320nm的零色散波长。
当光纤以10mm的直径被弯曲时,光纤在波长1310nm处具有0.01dB/匝的光弯曲损耗;在波长1320nm处具有0.02dB/匝的光弯曲损耗;在波长1550nm处具有0.05dB/匝的光弯曲损耗;以及在波长1625nm处具有0.14dB/匝的光弯曲损耗。
尽管参考本发明的特定示例性实施方式对本发明进行了说明和描述,但本领域技术人员将理解,在不背离本发明的由所附权利要求所限定的精神和范围的情况下,可在形式及细节上对其作出各种变化。

Claims (9)

1.一种低弯曲损耗光纤,包括:
芯;
内层,其布置在所述芯的外面,且具有比所述芯的折射率低的折射率,所述内层的折射率随着离所述芯越来越远而逐渐减小;以及
槽层,其布置在所述内层的外面,且具有最低的折射率,
其中所述槽层包括:
第一槽子层,其折射率从第一槽子层的内圆周到其外圆周线性地减小;以及
第二槽子层,其折射率从第二槽子层的内圆周到其外圆周线性地增大,以及
其中第二槽子层上的折射率曲线的斜度小于第一槽子层上的折射率曲线的斜度。
2.如权利要求1所述的低弯曲损耗光纤,还包括:
外层,其布置在所述槽层的外面,其中所述外层的折射率高于所述槽层的最低折射率而低于所述芯的折射率。
3.如权利要求1所述的低弯曲损耗光纤,其中,所述内层包括:
第一内子层,其折射率随着离所述芯越来越远而逐渐减小;以及
第二内子层,其折射率是固定的。
4.如权利要求1所述的低弯曲损耗光纤,其中,所述芯和所述内层之间的折射率差在从0.0040到0.0065的范围内。
5.如权利要求1所述的低弯曲损耗光纤,其中,所述芯的直径在从6.0μm到9.5μm的范围内。
6.如权利要求1所述的低弯曲损耗光纤,其中,所述内层和所述槽层之间的折射率差在从-0.001到0.003的范围内。
7.如权利要求1所述的低弯曲损耗光纤,其中所述内层的厚度为16μm或更小。
8.如权利要求1所述的低弯曲损耗光纤,其中所述槽层的厚度为14μm或更小。
9.如权利要求1所述的低弯曲损耗光纤,其中,所述低弯曲损耗光纤在以5mm的半径被弯曲时,在波长1550nm和1625nm处具有1.0dB/匝或更小的弯曲损耗。
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