CN101765375B - 铁强化营养混合物 - Google Patents

铁强化营养混合物 Download PDF

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CN101765375B
CN101765375B CN2008801004464A CN200880100446A CN101765375B CN 101765375 B CN101765375 B CN 101765375B CN 2008801004464 A CN2008801004464 A CN 2008801004464A CN 200880100446 A CN200880100446 A CN 200880100446A CN 101765375 B CN101765375 B CN 101765375B
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克劳斯·可瑞蒙
乔治·斯泰格
托斯滕·维普瑞特
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Abstract

本发明提供了用于对食物加以强化的营养混合物,其含有:相对每克营养混合物而言0.5mg至10mg的以生物可利用铁源形式存在的铁以及50FTU至5000FTU的植酸酶,本发明还提供了其用途。

Description

铁强化营养混合物
本发明涉及用于用铁对食物产品加以强化的营养混合物,此外还涉及经强化的食物产品。
多种维生素和/或矿物质营养物(所谓的微量营养物)缺乏在发展中国家持续高度流行,其因此是重要的公众健康议题。铁缺乏(或“缺铁(sideropenia)”)是营养缺乏的最常见形式。铁缺乏的直接后果是缺铁性贫血。主要是儿童、青春期少女和妇女,尤其是孕期和哺乳期妇女受到影响。因为铁是多种植物和动物所必需的,因此多种食物都可提供铁。但是,这些食物被身体以不同的方式吸收和加工;例如,来自肉类的铁(血红素铁源)比谷粒中的铁(非血红素铁源)更易分解和吸收,并且,一种类型的食物中的矿物质和化学物质可能会抑制从同时进食的另一类型食物中吸收铁。
植酸(或者当其是盐的形式时,植酸盐)在很多植物组织(尤其是麸质和种子)中是磷和矿物质的主要贮存形式。在谷粒、种子和坚果的壳内发现有植酸盐。它是重要的矿物质(例如钙、镁、铁和锌)的强螯合剂,因此导致那些膳食依赖这些食物以摄入矿物质的人群矿物质缺乏。植酸盐因此成为抗营养物。
植酸酶(Phytase,即肌醇六磷酸酶)是将植酸(或植酸盐)分解为肌醇和正磷酸盐的酶,其因此增加了吸藏的矿物质的生物利用性。和植酸盐一样,在谷粒的壳中也发现了植酸酶,其被食物加工步骤,例如,浸湿、面团加工、发酵等活化:例如,大约50%的植酸盐复合物在用酵母制造全麦面包的发酵期间分解。在使用面肥(sourdough)生产全黑麦面包期间,甚至所有植酸盐复合物都被分解。除了食物加工技术本身之外,物理参数,例如,面粉的颗粒大小以及pH值也会影响植酸盐的酶促降解:经精细碾磨的谷粉、低pH和若干小时的浸湿时间能促进矿物质的自由释放。
不幸的是,在很多国家或环境,这些技术并未被使用或知晓,因此或多或少未经加工的谷粒或其它高植酸酶食物被食用。鉴于难民或处于其它紧急状态下的人群的膳食通常含有高植酸盐水平,他们尤其会遭遇矿物质缺乏。因此,通常需要补铁,并且这因此成为治疗营养不良的人的关键。
以相对低的成本将将微量营养物有效提供给营养不良的人的一种途径是富含微量营养物的粉末混合物,其由终端消费者加入到食物中。用多种产品(例如,SprinklesTM或其它)进行的成功试验证实了该手段的有效性。这些配方通常提供非常高水平的铁,以克服使用的铁的形式的低生物利用性和/或食物中高水平的吸收抑制剂(例如植酸盐)。
这些混合物的主要缺点在于必须要考虑到被补充的人的铁的状态,以避免摄入过多的铁,因为过多的铁可能是有毒的:游离二价铁与过氧化物反应,产生自由基,其具有高度反应活性并可损伤DNA、蛋白、脂类和其它细胞组分。因此,当细胞中有游离铁的时候,发生铁中毒,这通常在铁水平超过转铁蛋白结合铁的能力时发生。
如果具有高水平铁的微量营养物粉末与含有低水平抑制剂(例如植酸盐)的膳食一起给予的话,尤其是感染疟疾的非贫血个体可能受到血浆中游离铁堆积作用的影响(血浆中未被转铁蛋白结合的铁的增加的水平)。已显示,在生活于疟疾高风险地区的铁缺乏(非铁充足)个体中补铁是安全的(Sazawal S.,Black R.E.,Ramsan M.,Chwaya H.M.,Stoltzfus R.,DuttaA.,Dhingra U.,Kabole I,Deb S.,Othman M.K.,Kabole F.M.Effect of routineprophylactic supplementation with iron and folic acid on admission to hospitaland mortality in preschool children in a high malaria transmission setting:acommunity-based,randomized,placebo-controlled trial.Lancet,2006;367:133-43)。因此,在发展中国家的此类条件下大规模筛选铁的状态将是解决上述问题的一种方案,但是不幸的是,由于多种原因(适用于野外的分析方法和设备、成本、感染风险等)的存在,这并不可行。
因此,下述发明的一个目的是提供用于家庭强化的微量营养物混合物,其满足所有营养不良的人的营养需求,并可被认为是安全的,而无论该人是否有疟疾、是否贫血和/或是否进食富含植酸盐的产品。人们需要针对所有这些条件来说普适的、安全的但仍然非常高效的铁制品。
WO-02/098442-A2描述了一种组合物(特别是药物组合物、药剂或食物补充剂形式的),其中包含至少一种植酸分解化合物,优选是植酸酶,还描述了其用途,特别适用于增加必要生物元素(特别是钙、镁、锌和/或铁,优选是它们的离子形式)的生物利用性,但是该公开文本仍然没有教导本发明。
我们吃惊地发现,通过适用于对食物加以强化的下述营养混合物达成了本发明的目的,所述混合物含有:相对每份而言0.5mg至10mg的以恒久高的生物可利用铁源形式存在的铁、50FTU至5000FTU的植酸酶和至少20mg的维生素C;任选还含有一种或多种营养物。
1FTU(也称为FYI)是在pH 5.5和37℃下每分钟释放出1μmole磷酸盐的植酸酶的量。
本领域技术人员以前并不知道:根据本发明的营养混合物能解决上文提及的问题。本发明描述的解决方案允许普适性地使用营养混合物,并且因此节省了成本同时又救治了生命。
根据本发明,含有营养物和植酸酶的营养混合物优选作为干的水可分散粉末(所谓“喷洒粉末”)或液体制剂在食用之前加入到即食的含植酸盐食物(例如,已经制备并且尚温热的玉米粥)中,由此将营养混合物与食物彻底混合。这种强烈混合一方面对植酸酶的效率有益,另一方面使得加入的营养物(例如矿物质或特定维生素)对味道的负面影响最小化。因此,植酸酶立刻开始,即,在食用之前已经开始分解植酸盐,该过程在胃中持续进行。该流程增加了效率,并且允许植酸酶水平比例如专利WO-02/098442-A2中所述更低。
因此,在一种实施方式中,本发明涉及向营养不良的人(尤其是处于疟疾流行地区的人)提供微量营养物的方法,所述方法包括下述步骤:
a)恰在食用之前,将营养混合物施用到即食食物中,所述营养混合物含有:相对每份混合物而言0.5mg至10mg的以生物可利用铁源形式存在的铁、50FTU至5000FTU的植酸酶和至少20mg的维生素C,任选还含有一种或多种营养物;以及
b)将所述混合物和食物彻底混合。
术语“恰在食用之前”在本文中使用时表示大约1分钟至大约60分钟的时间段,优选大约1分钟至大约30分钟,更优选大约1分钟至大约15分钟。
术语“生物可利用铁源”在本文中使用时表示生理无害的铁化合物,例如铁盐,优选是乙二胺四乙酸铁(III)钠(NaFe3+EDTA)、硫酸亚铁和/或焦磷酸铁。NaFe3+EDTA是尤其优选的。
术语“植酸酶”在本文中使用时指将植酸分解为肌醇和正磷酸盐的磷酸酶。3-磷酸酶和6-磷酸酶的区别在于正磷酸盐从植酸上的哪个碳原子处裂解。
3-植酸酶(酶EC 3.1.3.8):
肌醇六磷酸盐+H2O=1D-肌醇1,2,4,5,6-五磷酸盐+磷酸盐
6-植酸酶(酶EC 3.1.3.26):
肌醇六磷酸盐+H2O=1D-肌醇1,2,3,4,5-五磷酸盐+磷酸盐
根据本发明,食品级3-植酸酶、6-植酸酶或其混合物是尤其优选的。本发明的植酸酶可来自植物和/或微生物来源。植酸酶的一种优选植物来源是麦芽。
本发明的营养混合物可被装进合适的单份包装(优选1g)或者装进更大的单位,例如,150g的袋(所谓的“多份包装”)。在这种情况下,需要使用量勺用于正确计量。
术语“营养物”在本文中使用时指人膳食中的生理必需组分,例如维生素,例如维生素A、维生素B1、叶酸、烟酸、维生素B12、维生素B2、维生素B6、维生素E、维生素C、生物素、泛酸盐、维生素K、维生素D以及它们的衍生物和混合物,以及其它矿物质和痕量元素,例如硒、锌和钙。
根据本发明,如果1g或一日份的预混物中营养混合物中存在的营养物的量足以提供RDA(针对成年人的推荐每日限额)的大约15至300%,那么其就是有好处的。
营养物通常以粉末形式加入,即,油性维生素,例如维生素A或维生素E优选以粉末状产品形式使用(例如,作为吸附物,喷雾干燥粉末或珠粒,其可含有其它成分,例如基质组分,例如水状胶体,抗氧化剂,增塑剂和/或乳化剂)。进一步更优选的是这些营养物的水可分散粉末产品形式。
根据本发明的营养混合物可用于生产食物组合物或饮料。
食物组合物可含有氨基酸、其它酶、蛋白、面粉(例如麦芽粉)、PUFA粉末等。适用于本发明的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)是单不饱和或多不饱和羧酸,其优选具有16至24个碳原子,特别地,具有1至6个双键,优选具有4或5或6个双键。在一种优选的实施方式中,使用商业可获得的
Figure GPA00001008999800051
‘30’n-3食物油(DSM Nutritional Products Ltd,Kaiseraugst,Switzerland)。在本发明的另一优选实施方式中,PUFA酯是
Figure GPA00001008999800052
‘75’n-3EE。ROPUFA‘75’n-3EE是乙酯形式存在的精炼鱼油,其最少含有72%n-3脂肪酸乙酯。它经混合的生育酚、棕榈酸抗坏血酸酯、柠檬酸稳定,并含有迷迭香提取物。在本发明的另一优选实施方式中,PUFA酯是
Figure GPA00001008999800053
′10′n-6油,,其是精炼的月见草油,最少含有9%的γ-亚麻酸,其是经稳定的DL-α-生育酚和棕榈酸抗坏血酸酯。
饮料可以是在使用时可以或必须加入水或其它液体饮料组合物(例如奶、果汁等)的基础组合物。基础组合物还被制备为必须向其中加入水或另外的液体饮料组合物的浓缩物,或者被制备为无须向其中加入液体的饮料。
待加入食物组合物中的根据本发明的营养混合物的量取决于所述营养混合物的效能,即,营养混合物中铁和任选其它营养物的含量。
本发明将通过下述实施例来进一步阐述。
实施例
推荐摄入:
每人每天一份,被混合进高植酸盐含量的食物(例如玉米、具有高提取率的谷物、大豆等)
实施例1
1g(=1份)家用强化混合物含有:
 营养物   每份
 维生素A   400μg RE
 维生素D3   5μg
 维生素E   5mg TE
 维生素K1   30μg
 硫胺   0.5mg
 核黄素   0.5mg
 吡哆醇   0.5mg
 叶酸盐   150μg
 烟酸   6mg
 维生素B12   0.9μg
 维生素C   50mg
 铁   2mg
 锌   4.1mg
 硒   17μg
 碘   90μg
 植酸酶   190FTU
 载剂
实施例2
1kg(1000份)含有:
 营养物   每kg
 维生素A   1733332IU
 维生素D   260000IU
 生育酚等同物(维生素E)   5500mg
 维生素K1   39mg
 硫胺(维生素B1基础)   630mg
  核黄素(维生素B2   630mg
  吡哆醇(维生素B6基础)   630mg
  维生素C   60000mg
  无水叶酸   187mg
  烟酰胺   6600mg
  维生素B12   1125μg
  铜   616mg
  碘   108mg
  铁(作为NaFe3+EDTA)   2200mg
  硒   18mg
  锌   4510mg
  柠檬酸三钠   10000mg
  二氧化硅   200mg
  植酸酶   380000FTU
  载剂(马铃薯麦芽糊精DE 11-14)   加至1kg
实施例3
1kg(1000份)含有:
 营养物   每kg
 维生素A   1733332IU
 维生素D   260000IU
 生育酚等同物(维生素E)   5500mg
 维生素K1   39000μg
 硫胺(维生素B1基础)   630mg
 核黄素(维生素B2   630mg
 吡哆醇(维生素B6基础)   630mg
 维生素C   60000mg
 无水叶酸   187mg
  烟酰胺   6600mg
  维生素B12   1125μg
  铜   616mg
  碘   108mg
  铁(作为焦磷酸铁)   4400mg
  硒   18mg
  锌   4510mg
  柠檬酸三钠   10000mg
  二氧化硅   200mg
  植酸酶   380000FTU
  载剂(马铃薯麦芽糊精DE 11-14)   加至1kg
恰在食用之前,向食物(向一部分)中加入大约1g此类混合物。
制备:
将100g玉米粉与250g水和1g盐煮沸,直到水被玉米吸收。将玉米粥冷却至大约60℃或更低。然后将营养混合物混合进温热的玉米粥。之后可食用该产品。

Claims (6)

1.适用于对食物加以强化的营养混合物,每份所述混合物含有:0.5mg至10mg的以生物可利用铁源形式存在的铁和50FTU至5000FTU的植酸酶和至少20mg的维生素C;任选还含有一种或多种营养物;其特征在于,所述生物可利用铁源是NaFe3+EDTA。
2.根据权利要求1所述的营养混合物,其特征在于,包括每份每天1.5-3mg铁。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的营养混合物,其特征在于,所述植酸酶选自食品级3-植酸酶、6-植酸酶或其混合物。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的营养混合物,其特征在于,其还包含选自维生素A、维生素B1、叶酸、烟酸、维生素B12、维生素B2、维生素B6、维生素E、生物素、泛酸盐、维生素K、维生素D以及它们混合物的一种或多种营养物。
5.根据权利要求3所述的营养混合物,其特征在于,其还包含选自维生素A、维生素B1、叶酸、烟酸、维生素B12、维生素B2、维生素B6、维生素E、生物素、泛酸盐、维生素K、维生素D以及它们混合物的一种或多种营养物。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任意一项所述的营养混合物用于生产食物、饮料或药物制剂的用途。
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