CN101697018A - Device and method for simulating hydrate decomposition to cause layered fracture of stratum - Google Patents
Device and method for simulating hydrate decomposition to cause layered fracture of stratum Download PDFInfo
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- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 230000032798 delamination Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000013517 stratification Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- NMJORVOYSJLJGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane clathrate Chemical compound C.C.C.C.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O NMJORVOYSJLJGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- BSCHIACBONPEOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxolane;hydrate Chemical group O.C1CCOC1 BSCHIACBONPEOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007405 data analysis Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000013480 data collection Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 21
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 15
- 150000004677 hydrates Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002528 anti-freeze Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012780 transparent material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009530 blood pressure measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009529 body temperature measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种水合物分解致地层分层破坏的模拟装置，包括模型筒，该模型筒的底面上设置有隔热板，隔热板上设置有热源，热源的上方用于堆积水合物沉积层，模型筒内沿其高度方向设置有多个压力测试点，与每个压力测试点相同的高度位置上还设置有温度测试点；所述温度测试点上预埋有温度传感器，所述压力测试点上设置有压力传感器。本发明能模拟最大水深3000米下的地层破坏、同时采用微型孔隙压力测量孔隙压力分布而不对地层产生明显影响、能方便地制备有层理的地层。采用底部加热的方法，能很好地模拟地层中热从下往上的传播过程。
The invention discloses a simulating device for formation delamination damage caused by hydrate decomposition, comprising a model cylinder, a heat insulation board is arranged on the bottom surface of the model cylinder, a heat source is arranged on the heat insulation board, and the upper part of the heat source is used for accumulating hydrate In the deposition layer, a plurality of pressure test points are arranged in the model cylinder along its height direction, and a temperature test point is also arranged at the same height position as each pressure test point; a temperature sensor is pre-embedded on the temperature test point, and the A pressure sensor is arranged on the pressure test point. The invention can simulate formation damage at a maximum water depth of 3,000 meters, simultaneously use micro-pore pressure to measure pore pressure distribution without significantly affecting the formation, and can conveniently prepare a formation with bedding. The method of bottom heating can well simulate the heat propagation process from bottom to top in the formation.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及水合物分解领域，尤其是一种水合物分解致地层分层破坏的模拟装置和方法。The invention relates to the field of hydrate decomposition, in particular to a simulating device and method for stratum delamination damage caused by hydrate decomposition.
背景技术Background technique
天然气水合物是在适当高的压力和适当低的温度条件下，由水和天然气组成的类冰的笼形结晶化合物。天然气水合物广泛分布在大陆、海洋和一些内陆湖的深水环境，是一种重要的潜在资源。Natural gas hydrate is an ice-like clathrate crystalline compound composed of water and natural gas under moderately high pressure and moderately low temperature conditions. Gas hydrate is widely distributed in the deep water environment of continents, oceans and some inland lakes, and is an important potential resource.
随着世界油气可开采量的减少和消耗量的增加，深海水合物开采的迫切性日益显著。美国、日本、加拿大等国开展了大量的相平衡条件、勘探方法等方面的工作，并进行了试采。With the reduction of recoverable oil and gas and the increase of consumption in the world, the urgency of deep sea hydrate exploitation is becoming more and more obvious. The United States, Japan, Canada and other countries have carried out a lot of work on phase equilibrium conditions and exploration methods, and carried out test mining.
油气开采、水合物开采或自然条件变化会导致水合物沉积物地层(简称水合物沉积物)中水合物分解。水合物分解一方面使沉积层中的岩土介质失去胶接，另一方面会改变沉积层的结构，生成的气体又会增大孔隙压力，从而使该沉积物的强度降低，出现较为明显的软弱带。水合物沉积层强度的降低是地层灾害发生的前兆，是多种地质灾害诱因，可引起多种严重的灾害，如由于水合物分解导致的井口周围土体大变形引起的海上或海床中结构物的破坏，如平台倾覆、油气井毁坏等。这种灾害对海床中结构物将产生严重危害，但是对其控制参数和演化过程等方面的研究还非常缺乏。据文献记载，挪威大陆架边缘由于水合物分解发生的海底滑坡(Stofegga滑坡)共滑走2500～3200立方公里沉积物，是目前为止发现的最大的海底滑坡。大量的地质调查和分析表明产生该滑坡的原因是由于当时水温增加，水合物发生了分解。水合物迅速分解将导致大面积滑坡等多种破坏形式，并可能引起海啸。Oil and gas exploitation, hydrate exploitation or changes in natural conditions will lead to the decomposition of hydrates in hydrate deposit formations (referred to as hydrate deposits). On the one hand, the decomposition of hydrates will cause the rock-soil medium in the sedimentary layer to lose the bond, on the other hand, it will change the structure of the sedimentary layer, and the gas generated will increase the pore pressure, thereby reducing the strength of the sediment and appearing more obvious. Belt of weakness. The reduction of the strength of the hydrate deposit layer is a precursor to the occurrence of formation disasters, and it is the cause of various geological disasters, which can cause a variety of serious disasters, such as the large deformation of the soil around the wellhead caused by the decomposition of hydrates. damage to objects, such as platform overturning, oil and gas well damage, etc. This kind of disaster will cause serious damage to the structures in the seabed, but the research on its control parameters and evolution process is still very lacking. According to literature records, the submarine landslide (Stofegga landslide) at the edge of the Norwegian continental shelf due to hydrate decomposition has slid away a total of 2500-3200 cubic kilometers of sediment, which is the largest submarine landslide discovered so far. A large number of geological surveys and analyzes have shown that the cause of the landslide was the decomposition of hydrates due to the increase in water temperature at that time. The rapid decomposition of hydrates will lead to multiple forms of damage such as large-scale landslides, and may cause tsunamis.
发明内容Contents of the invention
针对现有技术存在的问题，本发明的目的在于提供一种水合物分解致地层分层破坏的模拟装置和方法，该装置和方法能方便的制备有层理和密度分层变化的地层，并采用底部加热的方法，能很好地模拟地层中热从下往上的传播过程。Aiming at the problems existing in the prior art, the object of the present invention is to provide a simulation device and method for stratum stratification damage caused by hydrate decomposition. The device and method can conveniently prepare strata with changes in bedding and density stratification, and The method of bottom heating can well simulate the heat propagation process from bottom to top in the formation.
为实现上述目的，本发明一种水合物分解致地层分层破坏的模拟装置，包括模型筒，该模型筒的底面上设置有隔热板，隔热板上设置有热源，热源的上方用于堆积水合物沉积层，模型筒内沿其高度方向设置有多个孔隙压力测试点，与每个孔隙压力测试点相同的高度位置上还设置有温度测试点；所述温度测试点上预埋有温度传感器，所述孔隙压力测试点上设置有孔隙压力传感器。In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a simulating device for formation delamination damage caused by hydrate decomposition, comprising a model cylinder, a heat insulation board is arranged on the bottom surface of the model cylinder, a heat source is arranged on the heat insulation board, and a heat source is used above the heat source For the accumulation of hydrate deposits, multiple pore pressure test points are set in the model cylinder along its height direction, and a temperature test point is also set at the same height position as each pore pressure test point; the temperature test point is embedded with A temperature sensor, a pore pressure sensor is arranged on the pore pressure test point.
进一步，模型筒的上部设置有顶盖。Further, a top cover is provided on the upper part of the model cylinder.
进一步，所述模型筒为细长圆柱状结构，所述热源为圆片状结构。Further, the model cylinder is a long and thin cylindrical structure, and the heat source is a disc-shaped structure.
进一步，所述模型筒上沿其高度方向设置有标尺。Further, a scale is set on the model cylinder along its height direction.
进一步，所述模型筒的下部设置有注液管路和注气管路。Further, the lower part of the mold cylinder is provided with a liquid injection pipeline and an air injection pipeline.
进一步，所述温度传感器和压力传感器均由监控设备来控制，由数据处理系统进行数据的采集分析。Further, both the temperature sensor and the pressure sensor are controlled by the monitoring equipment, and the data collection and analysis are performed by the data processing system.
一种利用上述装置进行的模拟方法，具体为：A kind of simulation method that utilizes above-mentioned device to carry out, specifically:
1)在模型筒中填入实验土，分几个层砸实使其具备一定的干密度，形成不含水合物的沉积层，并在实验设定位置摆放布置热源、温度传感器和孔隙压力传感器；1) Fill the model cylinder with experimental soil, compact it in several layers to make it have a certain dry density, and form a hydrate-free sedimentary layer, and arrange heat sources, temperature sensors and pore pressure sensors at the set positions of the experiment ;
2)根据实验需求的不同，沉积层上部封盖不同强度的覆盖层；2) According to different experimental requirements, the upper part of the deposition layer is covered with covering layers of different strengths;
3)在制备过程中，设定一个或几个有密度和强度差异的地层界面，供观察分层破坏现象的形成；3) During the preparation process, set one or several stratum boundaries with differences in density and strength for observing the formation of delamination failure phenomena;
4)将设定量的待加溶液或待充气体填充到沉积层中，以制备相应的水合物沉积物；4) filling a set amount of the solution to be added or the gas to be inflated into the deposition layer to prepare the corresponding hydrate deposit;
5)将模拟系统放入恒温箱内进行恒低温处理；5) Put the simulation system into a constant temperature box for constant low temperature treatment;
6)水合物沉积物形成后，关闭气源，并将内部残余气体排放，由外力通过顶盖施加压力到水层和地层中提供分解实验时所需要的压力条件；6) After the formation of hydrate deposits, close the gas source, discharge the internal residual gas, and apply pressure to the water layer and formation by external force through the top cover to provide the pressure conditions required for the decomposition experiment;
7)开启测量设备，设定热源条件，进行沉积物中水合物分解试验，并实时记录温度、空隙压力场的变化，同时观测分层现象；7) Turn on the measuring equipment, set the heat source conditions, conduct the hydrate decomposition test in the sediment, and record the changes of temperature and pore pressure field in real time, and observe the stratification phenomenon at the same time;
8)记录分层的层数、各个层发生的先后时间、位置、两个层之间的厚度、孔隙压力、温度参数。8) Record the number of stratified layers, the occurrence time and position of each layer, the thickness between two layers, pore pressure, and temperature parameters.
进一步，所述步骤4)中的待加溶液为四氢呋喃水溶液，其形成的水合物沉积物为四氢呋喃水合物沉积物。Further, the solution to be added in step 4) is tetrahydrofuran aqueous solution, and the hydrate deposit formed by it is tetrahydrofuran hydrate deposit.
进一步，所述步骤4)中的待充气体为甲烷，在填充甲烷气体时，需要在所述模型筒的盖板顶部施加与气压相等的垂直载荷，以提供甲烷水合物沉积物形成时需要的压力。Further, the gas to be inflated in the step 4) is methane, and when filling methane gas, it is necessary to apply a vertical load equal to the air pressure on the top of the cover plate of the model cylinder to provide the required pressure for the formation of methane hydrate deposits. pressure.
进一步，所述步骤5)中的处理时间为2～3天。Further, the treatment time in step 5) is 2-3 days.
本发明能模拟最大水深3000米下的地层破坏、同时采用微型孔隙压力测量孔隙压力分布而不对地层产生明显影响、能方便地制备有节理的地层。采用底部加热的方法，能很好地模拟地层中热从下往上的传播过程。The invention can simulate formation damage at a maximum water depth of 3,000 meters, simultaneously use micro-pore pressure to measure pore pressure distribution without significantly affecting the formation, and can conveniently prepare jointed formations. The method of bottom heating can well simulate the heat propagation process from bottom to top in the formation.
附图说明Description of drawings
附图1为发明结构示意图。Accompanying drawing 1 is the schematic diagram of the structure of the invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
如图1所示，本发明一种水合物分解致地层分层破坏的模拟装置，包括细长圆柱状结构的模型筒1，其便于水合物分解引起的含相变的热传导过程、沉积层或覆盖层破坏的观察和结果分析。模型筒1的底面上设置有隔热板2，隔热板2上设置有热源3，隔热板2用于本装置与工作台之间的隔热，使得热源3可以较好的保持恒温或者恒定功率加热，为了与模型筒1的形状相适配，热源3为圆片状结构，其内部设置有控温器，以防止温度过高。As shown in Figure 1, the present invention is a simulating device for formation stratification damage caused by hydrate decomposition, which includes a model cylinder 1 with a slender cylindrical structure, which facilitates the heat conduction process, sedimentary layer or covering caused by hydrate decomposition with phase change Observation and result analysis of layer damage. The bottom surface of the model tube 1 is provided with a heat insulation board 2, and a heat source 3 is arranged on the heat insulation board 2. The heat insulation board 2 is used for heat insulation between the device and the workbench, so that the heat source 3 can preferably maintain a constant temperature or Constant power heating, in order to adapt to the shape of the model cylinder 1, the heat source 3 is a disc-shaped structure, and a temperature controller is arranged inside it to prevent the temperature from being too high.
热源3的上方用于堆积水合物沉积层4，水合物沉积层4上方为盖层5，在制样时在水合物沉积层4和盖层5中人为地设置一个和多个地层界面(或层理)，作为水合物分解后分层破坏实验的薄弱位置；盖层5上方设置有模拟海水层的防冻液体层6，防冻液体层6上方设置有可活动的模型箱顶盖7，对顶盖7施加垂直外力时，以提供地层和水合物形成所需要的压力条件。The top of the heat source 3 is used to accumulate the hydrate deposition layer 4, and the top of the hydrate deposition layer 4 is a cover layer 5. During sample preparation, one or more formation interfaces (or Bedding) is used as the weak position for delamination failure experiments after hydrate decomposition; an antifreeze liquid layer 6 simulating a seawater layer is arranged above the cover layer 5, and a movable model box top cover 7 is arranged above the antifreeze liquid layer 6. When the vertical external force is applied by the cover 7, the pressure conditions required for formation and hydrate formation are provided.
模型筒1上沿其高度方向设置有标尺8，标尺8用于记录不同区域的分界面以及出现分层区域的位置和分层厚度等参数，模型筒1采用透明材质制成时，可在筒壁上直接标识标尺8；当模型筒1采用非透明材质制成时，可在标尺处做成可视窗口，标定刻度；Model tube 1 is provided with scale 8 along its height direction, and scale 8 is used for recording the interface of different regions and parameters such as the position and layer thickness of layered area. When model tube 1 is made of transparent material, it can be The scale 8 is directly marked on the wall; when the model cylinder 1 is made of non-transparent material, a visible window can be made at the scale to calibrate the scale;
模型筒的下部设置有注液管路9和注气管路10，注液管路9和注气管路10上均设置有流量计17。模型筒1内沿其高度方向设置有多个孔隙压力测试点11，与每个孔隙压力测试点11相同的高度位置上还设置有温度测试点12；温度测试点12上预埋有温度传感器13，孔隙压力测试点11上设置有孔隙压力传感器14。孔隙压力传感器14用于测量孔隙压力场的分布，并记录气化区域；温度传感器13用于测量温度场的分布，并记录不同分解区域；温度传感器13和孔隙压力传感器14均由监控设备15来控制，监控设备15用于实时监测分层现象以及分解面的位置，并对照标尺记录对应位置；同时实时监测实验中合成水合物沉积物、不同厚度和强度的覆盖层以分析覆盖层对分层的影响。实验中所得的数据均由数据处理系统16进行数据的采集分析。The lower part of the mold cylinder is provided with a liquid injection pipeline 9 and an air injection pipeline 10 , and a flow meter 17 is arranged on the liquid injection pipeline 9 and the gas injection pipeline 10 . A plurality of pore pressure test points 11 are set in the model cylinder 1 along its height direction, and a temperature test point 12 is also set at the same height position as each pore pressure test point 11; a temperature sensor 13 is pre-embedded on the temperature test point 12 , A pore pressure sensor 14 is arranged on the pore pressure test point 11 . The pore pressure sensor 14 is used to measure the distribution of the pore pressure field and record the gasification area; the temperature sensor 13 is used to measure the distribution of the temperature field and record the different decomposition areas; the temperature sensor 13 and the pore pressure sensor 14 are monitored by the monitoring equipment 15 Control and monitoring equipment 15 is used to monitor the stratification phenomenon and the position of the decomposition surface in real time, and record the corresponding position against the scale; at the same time, it monitors the synthetic hydrate deposits and the covering layers of different thickness and strength in the experiment in real time to analyze the effect of the covering layer on the stratification Impact. The data obtained in the experiment are collected and analyzed by the data processing system 16 .
利用上述装置进行的模拟方法，具体为：The simulation method carried out by using the above-mentioned device is specifically:
1)在模型筒中填入实验土，分几个层砸实使其具备一定的干密度，形成不含水合物的沉积物，并在实验设定位置摆放布置热源、温度传感器和压力传感器；1) Fill the model cylinder with experimental soil, compact it in several layers to make it have a certain dry density, and form a hydrate-free sediment, and arrange the heat source, temperature sensor and pressure sensor at the set position of the experiment;
2)根据实验需求的不同，沉积物上部封盖不同强度的覆盖层；2) According to different experimental requirements, the upper part of the sediment is covered with covering layers of different strengths;
3)在制备过程中，设定一个或几个有密度和强度差异的地层界面，供观察分层破坏现象的形成；3) During the preparation process, set one or several stratum boundaries with differences in density and strength for observing the formation of delamination failure phenomena;
4)如果制备四氢呋喃水合物沉积物，则预先将四氢呋喃与水配比成溶液，将设定量的四氢呋喃水溶液通过进液口填充到沉积层中。如果制备甲烷水合物沉积物，则将甲烷气源接通，在盖板顶部施加与气压相等的垂直载荷提供水合物形成时需要的压力；4) If tetrahydrofuran hydrate deposits are prepared, tetrahydrofuran and water are pre-proportioned to form a solution, and a set amount of tetrahydrofuran aqueous solution is filled into the deposition layer through the liquid inlet. If methane hydrate deposits are produced, connect the methane gas source and apply a vertical load equal to the air pressure on the top of the cover plate to provide the pressure required for hydrate formation;
5)将模拟系统放入恒温箱内进行恒低温处理，在恒温箱提供的低温和气源提供的压力条件下经过2～3天的时间形成具有设定的饱和度的水合物沉积物；5) Put the simulated system in a constant temperature box for constant low temperature treatment, and form hydrate deposits with a set saturation degree after 2 to 3 days under the low temperature provided by the constant temperature box and the pressure provided by the gas source;
6)水合物沉积物形成后，关闭液源和气源，并将内部残余气体排放，由外力通过顶盖施加压力到水层和地层中提供分解实验时所需要的压力条件；6) After the formation of hydrate deposits, close the liquid source and gas source, and discharge the internal residual gas, and apply pressure to the water layer and formation by external force through the top cover to provide the pressure conditions required for the decomposition experiment;
7)开启测量设备，设定热源条件，进行沉积物中水合物分解试验，并实时记录温度压力场的变化，同时观测分层现象；7) Turn on the measuring equipment, set the heat source conditions, conduct the hydrate decomposition test in the sediment, and record the changes of the temperature and pressure field in real time, and observe the stratification phenomenon at the same time;
8)记录分层的层数、各个层发生的先后时间、位置、两个层之间的厚度、压力、温度参数。8) Record the number of stratified layers, the occurrence time and position of each layer, the thickness between two layers, pressure and temperature parameters.
试验结果分析方法：Test result analysis method:
通过温度、压力测量数据确定水合物各个分解区域：根据水汽化、水合物分解液化和气化温度，由测到的温度分布确定水合物分解区、水汽化区、液化区等的位置和形状。Determining each decomposition area of hydrate through temperature and pressure measurement data: According to water vaporization, hydrate decomposition liquefaction and gasification temperature, the position and shape of hydrate decomposition area, water vaporization area, liquefaction area, etc. are determined from the measured temperature distribution.
通过分层的先后顺序以及位置确定分层发生的最主要原因：由水合物分解区、水汽化区、液化区等的位置、以及制样时人为设置的地层层理位置，结合压力分布、水和气体的渗透性参数，地层与筒壁的摩擦等，分析出分层破坏的最主要原因和条件。The main reason for stratification is determined by the order and position of stratification: the position of hydrate decomposition zone, water vaporization zone, liquefaction zone, etc., and the artificially set stratum bedding position during sample preparation, combined with pressure distribution, water And the gas permeability parameters, the friction between the formation and the cylinder wall, etc., analyze the main reason and condition of delamination failure.
通过实验确定下式中的临界值A：The critical value A in the following formula is determined experimentally:
，A是发生破坏的临界值，P是最大孔隙压力，τ是侧壁摩擦阻力，S是层理处的强度。, A is the critical value of failure, P is the maximum pore pressure, τ is the side wall friction resistance, and S is the strength of the bedding.
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