CN101601677A - 一种抗异质性及多因性老年痴呆药物筛选模型的建立及应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种抗异质性及多因性老年痴呆药物筛选模型的建立,其特征是取衰老大鼠各组反复结扎双侧颈总动脉阻断血流,手术完成后,将大鼠喂养3天,取未死亡的状态良好的大鼠再脑内注射用无菌生理盐水稀释成5μg/μl的Aβ1-40(37℃孵育1W)。本发明的优点是:通过该模型为老年期AD、VD及混合性痴呆的发病机制和相关药物疗效研究提供一种学习、记忆功能减退老龄大鼠损伤模型,此模型可以反映老年痴呆病人真实的脑病理损伤状态。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种抗异质性及多因性老年痴呆药物筛选模型的建立及应用。
背景技术
老年痴呆发病机制和病变过程是复杂的,现有的每一种动物模型仅在一定程度上或某些方面模拟了老年痴呆动物的症状和病理改变。要寻找一种能够完全模拟老年痴呆全部临床和病理特征的动物模型极为困难,从经济上讲也没有必要。由于在临床痴呆人群中,混合性痴呆具有较高的流行趋势,使得人们将老年性痴呆(Alzheimer Disease,AD)与血管性痴呆(Vascular Dementia,VD)结合起来。而与之相关的AD及VD痴呆动物模型制作一直是该领域的难点及热点之一,现有的模型制备往往将两者严格区分开来,而且大多只针对疾患病理特征的某一方面(即模拟诸多病理变化中的某一个方面),而忽视了老年期痴呆的异质性及多因性。目前发现衰老及脑低灌注状态是AD及VD发病过程中不可缺少的两大主要因素,而淀粉样蛋白(amyloid β-protein,Aβ)是老年斑的主要成分,也是AD的病理特征之一。本发明拟从AD和VD发病的多因性及相似性出发,尝试将脑衰老及血管危险因子(心脏病、中风、高血压、低血压、动脉粥样硬化和短暂性脑缺血发作等)导致的脑低灌注和脑病理病变等相结合,利用腹腔注射半乳糖促老化与反复结扎双侧颈总动脉致脑低灌注及大鼠侧脑室一次性注射β淀粉样蛋白4nmol制作痴呆模型的方法,为老年期AD、VD及混合性痴呆的发病机制和相关药物疗效研究提供一种学习、记忆功能减退老龄大鼠模型,并通过Morris水迷宫对该模型大鼠的学习记忆和空间探索能力等行为学及应用脑生理、病理形态学、免疫组织化学等方法对该模型大鼠发病机理进行有效性评价,证实此模型具有涉及多层面、多途径、多靶点的整体调节作用特点,是一种符合中医药特色的、有效的、发病机理相对明确的并能够适用于抗异质性及多因性老年痴呆药物(包括中药、天然药物、有效部位及单体化合物)的筛选模型。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种抗异质性及多因性老年痴呆药物筛选模型的建立及应用,它是一种符合中医药特色的、有效的、发病机理相对明确的并能够适用于抗异质性及多因性老年痴呆药物(包括中药、天然药物、有效部位及单体化合物)的筛选模型。
本发明是这样来实现的,其特征是模型建立的方法为:选取若干只大鼠,分别给予50mg/kg·d的D-gal腹腔注射,造成亚急性衰老,4W后先进行双侧颈总动脉反复结扎,造成脑缺血性病灶,用水合氯醛360mg/kg腹腔注射麻醉大鼠,颈正中部常规消毒后切口,分离双侧颈总动脉,套丝线扣,拉紧丝扣,阻断血流10min,松开丝扣使血液灌注10min后,再次阻断血流10min,第2次再灌后观察5min,缝合皮肤,切口局部注射庆大霉素,各组反复结扎双侧颈总动脉阻断血流,手术完成后,将大鼠喂养3天,取未死亡的状态良好的大鼠再脑内注射用无菌生理盐水稀释成5μg/μl的Aβ1-4037℃孵育1W。
本发明应用在该模型适用于中药、天然药物、有效部位及单体化合物分别对老年痴呆病人认知功能的短期维持治疗的药物筛选;延缓或预防老年痴呆疾病的药物筛选;治疗老年痴呆病人的行为问题的药物筛选。
本发明的优点是:通过该模型为老年期AD、VD及混合性痴呆的发病机制和相关药物疗效研究提供一种学习、记忆功能减退老龄大鼠损伤模型,此模型可以反映老年痴呆病人真实的脑病理损伤状态。
具体实施方式
1老年痴呆模型的建立
1.1实验分组
将55只健康的Wistar大鼠随机分成3组:空白组、假损伤组、模型组。空白组15只,实验组每组20只。
1.2造模方法
空白组不予处理。模型组分别给予D-gal(50mg/kg·d)腹腔注射,造成亚急性衰老,4W后先进行双侧颈总动脉反复结扎,造成脑缺血性病灶(大鼠水合氯醛360mg/kg腹腔注射麻醉,颈正中部常规消毒后切口,分离双侧颈总动脉,套“4”号丝线扣。拉紧丝扣,阻断血流10min,松开丝扣使血液灌注10min后,再次阻断血流10min,第2次再灌后观察5min,缝合皮肤,切口局部注射庆大霉素)。实验组反复结扎双侧颈总动脉阻断血流。手术完成后,将大鼠喂养3天,取未死亡的状态良好的大鼠再脑内注射凝聚态Aβ1-40(Aβ1-40:用无菌生理盐水稀释成5μg/μl,37℃孵育1W)。假损伤组腹腔注射生理盐水4W,4W后先进行双侧颈总动脉反复结扎(分离颈总动脉,只穿线但不结扎)再脑内注射等量的生理盐水。根据《大鼠脑立体定位图谱》,确定视交叉后3mm为海马区。操作方法如下:大鼠水合氯醛360mg/kg腹腔注射麻醉,固定在脑立体定位仪上,头部备皮,常规消毒手术区皮肤,无菌下操作,沿颅中线做长2-3cm的切口,分离骨膜,暴露出“人”字缝和“十”字缝。在前囟后3.0mm,中线右侧旁开2.0mm,用7号针头钻开颅骨,暴露硬脑膜,微量注射器自脑表面垂直进针4.0mm,然后向脑组织内缓慢注射5μl Aβ1-40,垂直进针,注射5min,留针5min,注射后用牙科泥封堵颅骨。消炎粉消毒,缝合皮肤[1-3]。
2老年痴呆模型评价指标的建立
2.1观察指标及取材方法
2.1.1大鼠行为学检测(Morris水迷宫实验)
预先在水池里注入清水使水面高出平台1~2cm,水温控制在24±2℃左右。水池内壁涂有黑漆,水池共分为4个象限。将平台放在第一象限中间,在其他三个象限任选一点面向水池池壁将大鼠放入水中,试验历时5天,每天上午每个象限各测试一次,每次测试1min。若大鼠在1min之内尚未找到平台,则将大鼠拿到平台上并使它在上面站15s,若大鼠在1min之内找到平台,也让其在平台上站15s,方结束一次训练,如此训练4天。在第5天,将平台移走,每只大鼠游1min,记录每只大鼠第一次经过原平台的时间(潜伏期),每只大鼠在1min内经过平台的次数、游过的总距离以及在原平台所在象限及其它三个象限内逗留的时间,算出在第一象限游泳的时间(t1)占整个游泳时间(t总)的百分比。
2.1.2大鼠血清中生化指标的测定
在2.1.1大鼠行为学检测后,每组取8只大鼠用水合氯醛(300mg/kg)麻醉后,快速开胸,行心脏采血,3500r/min离心10min取血清,置于-70℃低温保存。按试剂盒说明书进行检测SOD、MDA和羟自由基的含量。
2.1.3大鼠脑组织的病理学形态观察和免疫组化的测定
在2.1.2心脏取血后,从心脏插管,先灌注生理盐水(200ml/只)至大鼠全身无血色为止,再灌注等量的4%多聚甲醛固定液至大鼠全身僵硬,断头取脑。将大脑置于4%多聚甲醛液中浸泡过夜,修块,标本选在注射部位后(标本厚0.6cm),再置于4%多聚甲醛液中固定1~2小时,70~100%乙醇梯度脱水,二甲苯透明,石蜡包埋,切片,处理后于光学显微镜下观察病理变化。
2.1.3.1病理学观察
(1)HE染色:光学显微镜下观察脑组织细胞核呈蓝黑色,胞浆呈淡红色。
(2)刚果红染色:光学显微镜下观察脑组织及血管中淀粉样物质沉积,淀粉样物质呈深粉红色到红色,细胞核呈蓝色。
(3)神经尼氏体染色:光学显微镜下观察脑组织细胞中的尼氏体呈蓝紫色,细胞核呈蓝色。
2.1.3.2免疫组化染色步骤(SP法)
按试剂盒说明书操作步骤进行。
·阴性对照用PBS代替一抗,其余步骤相同。
一抗bcl-2、bax、caspase-3、IKB-α、β-APP、NOS2为兔抗大鼠,Aβ1-40为小鼠抗大鼠,COX-2为山羊抗大鼠。
各一抗的稀释比例:bcl-2、bax、caspase-3、IKB-α、β-APP为1∶50;Aβ1-40、NOS2、COX-2为1∶100。
免疫组化数据统计(各指标阳性细胞数的计算):取每组大鼠脑组织切片5张,每张切片于海马区随机选取2个区域,在400倍显微镜下计算此区域内的免疫组化染色阳性细胞为棕色。由两名人员独立观察,最后取平均值,结果以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,各组间数据进行t检验。
2.2实验结果
2.2.1对大鼠空间探索能力的影响(见表2.1)
表2.1大鼠空间探索能力试验结果(x±s)
注:与空白组比较*p<0.05,**p<0.01。
结果表明,空白组与假损伤组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。与空白组比较,模型组大鼠潜伏期明显延长(P<0.01),过台次数减少(P<0.05),在第一象限逗留时间缩短(P<0.01),表明模型组大鼠空间探索能力下降。
2.2.2对老年痴呆大鼠血清中SOD、MDA和羟自由基含量的影响(见表2.2)
表2.2大鼠血清中SOD、MDA和羟自由基的含量(x±s,n=8)
注:与空白组比较**p<0.01。
结果表明,空白组与假损伤组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。与空白组比较,模型组大鼠血清SOD活力明显降低(P<0.01),MDA含量升高(P<0.01),抑制羟自由基能力降低(P<0.01)。
2.2.3对老年痴呆大鼠脑组织病理学形态观察和免疫组化的测定
2.2.3.1对AD大鼠脑组织病理学形态观察结果
HE染色的一般形态学观察:光镜下,空白组和假手术组大鼠海马区锥体细胞排列为2~4层,结构紧密,排列整齐,细胞个体大,细胞核清晰;皮质区神经细胞数量较多,胶质细胞散布于神经细胞之间,有小血管分布。模型组海马区细胞排列稀疏、杂乱、胞浆深染、有的细胞核固缩、细胞线不清晰,神经胶质细胞明显增多;皮质区神经细胞减少和胶质细胞增多,多散在分布。
刚果红染色的一般形态学观察:光镜下,空白对照组和假手术组大鼠脑组织神经细胞及血管臂刚果红染色阴性。模型组脑组织内有淀粉样物质沉着,染色阳性,血管壁刚果红染色呈阳性。
尼氏体甲苯胺蓝染色的一般形态学观察:光镜下,空白对照组和假手术组大鼠海马区锥体细胞结构紧密,排列整齐,层次丰富,尼氏小体丰富清晰。模型组海马区细胞排列稀疏、杂乱,尼氏小体着色淡。
2.2.3.2对AD大鼠脑组织免疫组化观察结果
β-APP免疫反应:免疫反应物位于胞质、细胞膜及突起,呈棕褐色。空白对照组和假手术组皮质神经元和海马神经元胞质少量阳性表达。模型组皮质及海马区神经元细胞胞质有大量的阳性表达,呈棕黄色细颗粒为戒指环状、梭形和锥体形。模型组与空白组比较差异显著(P<0.01),结果见表2.3。
Aβ1-40免疫反应:Aβ免疫反应阳性产物位于细胞膜及细胞间质,呈棕褐色。Aβ在针道周围见大量的棕褐色β淀粉样蛋白沉积,海马损伤区有显著的Aβ阳性物质沉积。空白对照组和假手术组皮质和海马区可见部分细胞出现抗Aβ抗体阳性反应,着色浅淡。模型组皮质及海马区广泛分布Aβ阳性细胞,胞质和胞膜着色,突起处着色较深,呈卵圆形、三角形或不规则形。模型组与空白组比较差异显著(P<0.01),结果见表2.3。
COX-2免疫反应:COX-2免疫反应阳性产物位于细胞膜和细胞质,呈棕褐色。空白对照组和假手术组皮质神经元和海马神经元胞质少量阳性表达。模型组皮质及海马区神经元细胞胞质有大量的阳性表达。模型组与空白组比较差异显著(P<0.01),结果见表2.4。
IKB-α免疫反应:IKB-α免疫反应阳性产物在神经元细胞及胶质细胞胞浆内显色明显,呈淡棕色。空白对照组和假手术组皮质神经元和海马神经元胞质少量阳性表达。模型组皮质及海马区神经元细胞胞质有大量的阳性表达,海马区细胞固缩较明显。模型组与空白组比较差异显著(P<0.01),结果见表2.4。
NOS2免疫反应:NOS2免疫反应阳性产物在神经元细胞浆、突起着色,阳性细胞显色为棕黄色微细颗粒状。空白对照组和假手术组皮质神经元和海马神经元胞浆少量阳性表达。模型组皮质及海马区神经元细胞显示NOS2过表达,反应颜色明显加深,皮层富含星形角质细胞。模型组与空白组比较差异显著(P<0.01),结果见表2.5。
Caspase 3免疫反应:Caspase 3蛋白主要在神经元胞膜、胞浆和突起中表达,部分神经元胞核着色,阳性细胞呈棕色或棕黄色,显示棕黄色为强阳性,淡黄色为弱阳性。空白对照组和假手术组皮质神经元和海马神经元有少量的弱阳性表达细胞。模型组皮质及海马区神经元呈强阳性表达,海马区细胞有核固缩现象。模型组与空白组比较差异显著(P<0.01),结果见表2.5。
表2.3AD大鼠脑组织β-APP、Aβ1-40阳性神经元的数量(x±s,n=10)
注:与空白组比较**p<0.01。
表2.4AD大鼠脑组织COX-2、IKB-α阳性神经元的数量(x±s,n=10)
注:与空白组比较**p<0.01。
表2.5AD大鼠脑组织NOS2、Caspase 3阳性神经元的数量(x±s,n=10)
注:与空白组比较**p<0.01。
3老年痴呆模型有效性评价结果的分析
3.1对AD大鼠血清中SOD、MDA和羟自由基三个生化指标的分析
氧化应激(Oxidative stress)是指机体活性氧的产生过多及机体抗氧化能力下降,活性氧的清除不足,导致活性氧在体内增多并引起细胞氧化损伤的病理过程。
本实验通过检测SOD、MDA和羟基自由基来了解机体受氧自由基的损伤及机体清除氧自由基的作用强弱。实验结果显示,空白组与假损伤组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。与空白组比较,模型组大鼠血清SOD活力明显降低(P<0.01),MDA含量升高(P<0.01),抑制羟自由基能力降低(P<0.01),说明此模型与氧化应激具有相关性。
3.2对AD大鼠脑组织病理学和免疫组化的结果分析
3.2.1病理学的结果分析
采用HE染色、刚果红染色和尼氏体甲苯胺蓝染色对大鼠海马区和皮质区的神经元细胞进行观察和比较。结果发现:光镜下,空白对照组和假手术组大鼠海马区锥体细胞排列为2~4层,结构紧密,排列整齐,细胞个体大,细胞核清晰;皮质区神经细胞数量较多,胶质细胞散布于神经细胞之间,有小血管分布。HE染色正常,神经细胞及血管臂刚果红染色阴性,尼氏小体丰富清晰。模型组海马区细胞排列稀疏、杂乱、胞浆深染、有的细胞核固缩、细胞线不清晰,神经胶质细胞明显增多;皮质区神经细胞减少和胶质细胞增多,多散在分布。脑组织内有淀粉样物质沉着,刚果红染色阳性,血管壁刚果红染色呈阳性,尼氏小体着色淡。以上结论说明造模成功。
3.2.2免疫组化的结果分析
β-APP免疫反应:模型组皮质及海马区神经元细胞胞质有大量的阳性表达,呈棕黄色细颗粒为戒指环状、梭形和锥体形。具有统计学意义(P<0.01),说明此模型具有AD的病理级联反应特征和造模成功。
Aβ1-40免疫反应:模型组皮质及海马区广泛分布Aβ阳性细胞,胞质和胞膜着色,且突起处着色较深,呈卵圆形、三角形或不规则形。具有统计学意义(P<0.01),说明此模型具有AD的病理特征和造模成功。
NOS2免疫反应:模型组皮质及海马区神经元细胞显示NOS2过表达,反应颜色明显加深,皮层富含星形角质细胞。具有统计学意义(P<0.01),说明NOS2参与并促进AD病理变化进行性发展。
COX-2免疫反应:模型组皮质及海马区神经元细胞胞质有大量的阳性表达。具有统计学意义(P<0.01),说明此模型与血管危险因子(心脏病、中风、高血压、低血压、动脉粥样硬化和短暂性脑缺血发作等)有关。
IKB-α免疫反应:模型组皮质及海马区神经元细胞胞质有大量的阳性表达,而且海马区细胞固缩较明显。具有统计学意义(P<0.01),说明此模型与炎症反应有关。
Caspase-3:Caspase(半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶)是特异的凋亡信号转导分子,激活后的Caspase是凋亡执行者,因此有人称之为“细胞凋亡的效应器”。
3.2.3几种免疫组化指标的相关性分析
老年斑中主要含有大量不可溶的Aβ,也是一个局部的非免疫介导的慢性炎性反应。小胶质细胞和星形细胞均可被纤维性或可溶性Aβ激活,激活的小胶质细胞可以分泌多种细胞因子和蛋白,并增加NOS表达而释放NO,导致神经细胞损伤。小胶质细胞的活化也促进了APOE的表达,而APOE对Aβ的异常沉积是必需的。COX-2的表达可以增强淀粉样斑块的形成,而且与Aβ水平升高相一致,但APP的表达和含量没有改变,说明COX-2还可以通过影响APP的代谢过程,推动淀粉样变性病的产生[4]。转录因子NF-kB是介导许多免疫和炎症反应的中心物质,同时也是细胞凋亡信号通路中一个重要的转录调节因子。NF-kB的激活与Aβ的沉积相关,有研究发现Aβ可以激活体外培养神经元中的NF-kB[5]。同时Aβ诱导iNOS表达和NO的释放是通过依赖NF-kB激活的机制来实现的,而NO是氧化应激中重要的自由基[6]。自由基能促进Aβ沉积,沉积后使其毒性增加,从而进一步损伤神经元,引起神经元退行性变。进一步的研究还发现,NF-kB活性的升高与AD患者上颞叶回中COX-2的转录呈高度相关。Aβ与细胞凋亡关系密切,Aβ引起神经细胞凋亡:一方面可能通过Caspase起作用。其中,Caspase-3与APP剪切关系最紧密,而APP的堆积可激活Caspase-3。目前认为Caspase-3引起凋亡的机制可能是裂解APP,产生碳氧段断裂的片段,这个片段有细胞毒作用,其毒性作用依赖其内含的Aβ1-20区段最终引起细胞凋亡。另一方面,Aβ对凋亡基因的表达也有影响,Bcl-2蛋白家族在细胞内凋亡信号转导中起关键作用[7]。
由此可见,以上各种指标是相互引发、共同作用于机体产生一定的多层面、多途径、多靶点的病理机理。主要通过曾加β-APP和Aβ1-40的阳性细胞表达;能够曾加iNOS过表达,激活COX-2和核因子NF-kB的活性来促进AD大鼠的脑损伤过程;能够使Caspase-3活化,并减少Bcl-2的表达量,增加Bax的表达,从而促使细胞凋亡。我们可以认为,抗异质性及多因性老年痴呆药物筛选模型的作用机理是多途径、多角度、多方面共同发挥疗效的。
Claims (2)
1、一种抗异质性及多因性老年痴呆药物筛选模型的建立,其特征是模型建立的方法为:选取若干只大鼠,分别给予50mg/kg·d的D-gal腹腔注射,造成亚急性衰老,4W后先进行双侧颈总动脉反复结扎,造成脑缺血性病灶,用水合氯醛360mg/kg腹腔注射麻醉大鼠,颈正中部常规消毒后切口,分离双侧颈总动脉,套丝线扣,拉紧丝扣,阻断血流10min,松开丝扣使血液灌注10min后,再次阻断血流10min,第2次再灌后观察5min,缝合皮肤,切口局部注射庆大霉素,各组反复结扎双侧颈总动脉阻断血流,手术完成后,将大鼠喂养3天,取未死亡的状态良好的大鼠再脑内注射用无菌生理盐水稀释成5μg/μl的Aβ1-4037℃孵育1W。
2、一种权利要求1所述的抗异质性及多因性老年痴呆药物筛选模型的应用,其特征是适用于中药、天然药物、有效部位及单体化合物分别对老年痴呆病人认知功能的短期维持治疗的药物筛选、延缓或预防老年痴呆疾病的药物筛选、治疗老年痴呆病人的行为问题的药物筛选。
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CN102058619A (zh) * | 2010-12-08 | 2011-05-18 | 山西医科大学 | 一种阿尔茨海默病复合动物模型的制备方法 |
CN106619674A (zh) * | 2016-09-26 | 2017-05-10 | 张忠立 | 栀子有效部位或有效成分在制备治疗异质性及多因性阿尔茨海默病药物或保健食品中的应用 |
CN107737138A (zh) * | 2017-11-29 | 2018-02-27 | 宁夏医科大学 | 一种环境污染物对记忆损害动物模型的建立方法 |
CN108588214A (zh) * | 2018-05-02 | 2018-09-28 | 中山大学附属第医院 | 联合Aβ和D-gal构建的AD模型鼠海马区基因表达差异谱及其测定方法和应用 |
CN110841059A (zh) * | 2019-12-03 | 2020-02-28 | 南通大学 | 老年性痴呆小鼠模型的制备方法 |
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CN102058619A (zh) * | 2010-12-08 | 2011-05-18 | 山西医科大学 | 一种阿尔茨海默病复合动物模型的制备方法 |
CN106619674A (zh) * | 2016-09-26 | 2017-05-10 | 张忠立 | 栀子有效部位或有效成分在制备治疗异质性及多因性阿尔茨海默病药物或保健食品中的应用 |
CN107737138A (zh) * | 2017-11-29 | 2018-02-27 | 宁夏医科大学 | 一种环境污染物对记忆损害动物模型的建立方法 |
CN107737138B (zh) * | 2017-11-29 | 2020-09-18 | 宁夏医科大学 | 一种环境污染物对记忆损害动物模型的建立方法 |
CN108588214A (zh) * | 2018-05-02 | 2018-09-28 | 中山大学附属第医院 | 联合Aβ和D-gal构建的AD模型鼠海马区基因表达差异谱及其测定方法和应用 |
CN110841059A (zh) * | 2019-12-03 | 2020-02-28 | 南通大学 | 老年性痴呆小鼠模型的制备方法 |
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