CN101600859A - 用于催化剂再生的方法和设备 - Google Patents

用于催化剂再生的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN101600859A
CN101600859A CNA2007800477682A CN200780047768A CN101600859A CN 101600859 A CN101600859 A CN 101600859A CN A2007800477682 A CNA2007800477682 A CN A2007800477682A CN 200780047768 A CN200780047768 A CN 200780047768A CN 101600859 A CN101600859 A CN 101600859A
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reactor
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CN101600859B (zh
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J·D·罗兰
E·E·L·克林滕黑姆
M·简
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General Electric Technology GmbH
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    • F01N3/0828Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
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Abstract

本发明涉及SOx脱除催化剂(14)和NOx减少催化剂(12)的再生。另外,本发明涉及减少或消除可能在再生程序期间发生或在再生程序之后发生的从SOx脱除催化剂(14)向NOx减少催化剂(12)漏出的硫。

Description

用于催化剂再生的方法和设备
技术领域
【0001】本发明涉及用于再生氮的氧化物(NOx)减少催化剂和硫的氧化物(SOx)脱除催化剂的方法和系统。更具体地,本发明涉及再生NOx减少催化剂和SOx脱除催化剂的方法,同时额外地防止NOx减少催化剂的硫中毒。
背景技术
【0002】用于将污染物例如NOx从柴油发动机、燃气轮机等等的废气中除去而不使用氨的方法自从二十世纪九十年代中叶已开始发展。一种这样的方法公知为NOx减少催化剂。NOx减少催化剂为涂覆有吸附剂材料的支承结构,用于减少一氧化碳(CO)和NOx排放物。在氧化和吸附作用步骤中,NOx减少催化剂靠同时将CO氧化成CO2和将NO氧化成NO2来工作。NO2由涂覆在催化剂上的吸附剂材料吸附,吸附剂材料通常为碳酸钾。CO2从堆中排出。当碳酸钾吸附NO2时,形成亚硝酸钾和硝酸钾。
【0003】因为NOx减少催化剂能够很容易地由SOx和其它在废气中的硫化合物去活化,故另一种公知为SOx脱除催化剂的系统通常布置在NOx减少催化剂的上游,或者作为主SOx脱除单元,或者,更通常地,用于将残留量的SOx从废气中除去。SOx脱除催化剂从废气中吸附SOx,从而保护NOx减少催化剂免受硫中毒。SOx脱除催化剂为涂覆有吸附剂的支承结构,其有效地从废气中吸附SOx
【0004】如在本文所使用的,术语“吸附”,“吸附性”,“被吸附”,以及“吸附作用”等等,表示或者吸收性,或者吸附性,或者二者的结合。NOx减少催化剂能够通过吸附性、吸收性或二者的结合从废气流除去NOx。类似地,SOx脱除催化剂可通过吸附性、吸收性或二者的结合除去SOx
【0005】在利用SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂的传统系统中,一旦吸附剂材料的沉积能力耗尽,在催化剂上的吸附剂材料必须被再生。吸附剂材料的再生,传统地是通过将基底和吸附剂材料与废气流隔离并用再生气体与吸附剂材料接触而在原位完成。
【0006】在一个系统中,再生气体包含一部分分子态氢作为活性物质。剩下的气体为运载气体,由蒸汽组成并可包含少量分子态氮和二氧化碳。再生气体与在NOx减少催化剂的吸附剂材料上所吸附的亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐起反应,以形成水蒸气和氮,它们随着再生气体的排出而排放出。存在于再生气体中的任何二氧化碳与亚硝酸钾和硝酸钾起反应以形成碳酸钾。如在上文讨论的,碳酸钾为在氧化和吸附作用步骤开始之前基底表面上的吸附剂材料。积聚在SOx脱除催化剂上的SOx在再生气体中有氢的情况下转变为SO2和水。在SOx脱除催化剂再生时,在吸附的二氧化硫释放开始之前,必须还原催化剂(即,释放所吸附的氧)。
【0007】如果SOx脱除催化剂在再生结束时没有完全再生,通常会释放一“股”硫。在将废气重新引入SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂时,硫股被携带进废气并被带到NOx减少催化剂。如上文提到的,暴露于硫中对于NOx减少催化剂是有害的,因为它会破坏NOx减少催化剂的吸附能力,这无法在上文描述的再生程序中得到恢复。
【0008】因此,发生在这些过程所使用的传统再生程序中的硫股对于NOx减少催化剂是有害的。另外,在吸附作用步骤中,少量SOx也可移向NOx减少催化剂。该移向取决于若干因素,包括SOx脱除催化剂的能力以及再生和吸附作用效率。
【0009】再生程序传统上发生在无氧环境中。此外,再生程序应发生在与废气流隔离的区域中。
【0010】在公开于本领域、在高于450°F的温度下工作的设备的另一个实施例中,通过将少量带有运载气体例如蒸汽的天然气,引入到蒸汽重整催化剂,然后引入到NOx减少催化剂而再生吸附剂材料。在这个实施例中,重整催化剂开启了天然气中的甲烷向氢的转换。该转换在NOx减少催化剂上完成。
【0011】应该注意,SOx脱除催化剂利用与NOx减少催化剂相同的氧化/吸附作用步骤和再生程序。
【0012】为了允许在原位再生而不用对气体流量进行总的中断,NOx减少催化剂和SOx脱除催化剂放置在在每个入口和出口有很大的挡板的反应器腔室中。在再生期间,挡板关闭,防止废气流进入反应器腔室。再生气体随后通过分配系统用导管输送进该腔室中以再生吸附剂材料。
【0013】用于联合循环动力厂的燃气轮机等的典型NOx减少催化剂具有5个到15个可单独隔离的反应器腔室,在任一时刻,它们中的80%处于氧化/吸附作用程序中,它们中的20%处于再生程序中。再生程序通常需要不少于3分钟,氧化/吸附作用程序通常需要不少于10分钟,并且取决于各种因素,包括,但不限于:催化剂的吸附能力和再生效率。相应地,NOx脱除的效率取决于再生效率。
发明内容
【0014】本发明的一个方面涉及将氮的氧化物从废气流中除去的方法,其中废气流与SOx脱除催化剂接触,SOx脱除催化剂减少了废气流中硫的氧化物的含量,以及其中废气随后与NOx减少催化剂接触,NOx减少催化剂将氮的氧化物转化成NO2,NO2被NOx减少催化剂吸附,SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂被容纳在反应器腔室中,改进包括如下步骤:(a)将反应器腔室与废气流的流动隔离;(b)将再生气体导进隔离的反应器腔室中一段时间,以有效地再生NOx减少催化剂的吸附性;(c)在再生了NOx减少催化剂的吸附性之后,随后将再生气体导进隔离的反应器腔室中一段时间,以有效地再生SOx脱除催化剂的吸附性;以及(d)之后重新开始废气流通过反应器腔室的流动。
【0015】本发明的另一方面涉及通过利用NOx减少催化剂和SOx脱除催化剂将污染物从废气流中除去的方法,该方法包括:将废气流引入至少一个反应器腔室中,该至少一个反应器腔室包括SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂;通过将污染物吸附在SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂上从废气流中除去污染物;将至少一个反应器腔室与废气流隔离;通过将再生气体引入隔离的反应器腔室而在再生SOx脱除催化剂之前再生NOx减少催化剂,其中再生气体与NOx减少催化剂接触,并与SOx脱除催化剂接触,从而从其中除去污染物;在再生SOx脱除催化剂之后,随后将硫脱除气体引入隔离的反应器腔室,其中硫脱除气体将一定量的硫有效地从SOx脱除催化剂中除去;以及在引入硫脱除气体后,随后将废气流引入反应器腔室,由此SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂能够从废气中吸附更多的污染物。
【0016】本发明的另一个方面涉及用于再生SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂的设备,该设备包括:一对挡板,其中一个挡板平行于另一个挡板;SOx脱除催化剂,设置成与NOx减少催化剂平行,其中SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂设置在该对挡板之间;设置在一个挡板和SOx脱除催化剂之间的阀;设置在一个挡板和NOx减少催化剂之间的阀;以及控制器,其中控制器操作挡板以将SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂与废气隔离,进一步地,其中控制器操作阀以引导再生气体、硫脱除气体、或它们的混合物中的至少一个通过SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂。
【0017】本发明的这个方面以及其它方面,将在下文的具体实施方式中更详细地描述。
附图说明
【0018】为了说明本发明的目的,附图示出了本发明目前优选的形式。但是应该理解,本发明不限于示于附图中的精确布置和手段,其中:
图1为包含NOx减少催化剂和SOx脱除催化剂的反应器腔室;
图2为包含NOx减少催化剂和SOx脱除催化剂的反应器腔室;
图3为再生程序的流程图;
图4为再生程序的流程图;以及
图5为再生程序的流程图。
具体实施方式
【0019】一层或更多层SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂可用于反应器腔室中。例如,在本发明的一个实施例中,有两层SOx脱除催化剂和三层NOx减少催化剂。认识到用于NOx减少催化剂和SOx脱除催化剂的层的数目可在不同的应用中变化,因此,对于可用于本文描述的系统和过程中的催化剂的数目和层数没有限制。而且,任何对“一个”NOx减少催化剂或“一个”SOx脱除催化剂的引用并不意味着限制催化剂的数目或出现在催化剂中的层的数目。
【0020】如图1和2所示出的,反应器腔室10容纳位于SOx脱除催化剂14的下游的NOx减少催化剂12。NOx减少催化剂和SOx脱除催化剂的实例为本领域所公知,包括,例如:
Figure A20078004776800081
Figure A20078004776800082
它们都可从田纳西州、诺克斯维尔的LLC和EmeraChem买到。
【0021】反应器腔室10也包括一对挡板16和18,它们提供物理障碍,其防止废气流19在再生程序期间进入反应器腔室。
【0022】在反应器腔室10的一个实施例中,如图1所示,在再生程序期间,再生气体通过再生气体入口20进入反应器腔室。入口20通常为管子或其它管道,通过该入口再生气体能够通过并进入反应器腔室10。入口20可包括阀或其它控制装置,其可调整进入反应器腔室10的再生气体的量。入口20通常位于SOx脱除催化剂14和NOx减少催化剂12之间。但是,可以考虑到,入口20可放置在反应器腔室10的另一个位置。
【0023】再生气体可包括氢、天然气、蒸汽、其它惰性气体或它们的混合物。在一个实施例中,再生气体为在蒸汽中带有氢的混合物,其包含少量氮和一氧化碳。再生气体通常在运载气体例如蒸汽中包含2-3%的氢,但是其它惰性气体也可被用作运载气体。可使用其它在本领域中已知的再生气体以再生SOx脱除催化剂14和NOx减少催化剂12。
【0024】仍参看图1,硫脱除气体通过硫脱除气体入口22进入反应器腔室10。硫脱除气体为含氧气体。空气为硫脱除气体的一个例子,但是可使用其它含氧气体,包括纯氧。硫脱除气体在临近再生程序结束时加入以最大化SOx和其它含硫化合物的脱除。
【0025】反应器腔室10可具有若干阀,其便于再生气体和硫脱除气体的运动和从反应器腔室中脱除。反应器腔室10具有阀24,其设置在挡板16和NOx减少催化剂12之间。反应器腔室10还包括阀26,其设置在SOx脱除催化剂14和挡板18之间。可以考虑到阀24和26能够定位在反应器腔室10中的另一个位置。阀24和26通常连接到管子或其它管道,其允许再生气体和硫脱除气体从反应器腔室10排出。
【0026】入口20和22、阀24和26以及挡板16和18的打开和关闭由控制器28控制。控制器28能够为任何合适的控制机械装置。这种机械装置的实例包括分布式控制系统(DCS)和可编程序逻辑控制器(PLC)。
【0027】在反应器腔室10的另一个实施例中,如图2所示,再生气体通过阀24引入反应器腔室,并通过阀26从反应器腔室排出。硫脱除气体可由入口22或阀24引入。这个反应器腔室10的实施例不利用入口20引入再生气体。
【0028】在本发明中,NOx减少催化剂12的再生通常后跟SOx脱除催化剂14的再生。在一个实施例中,NOx减少催化剂12首先再生,后跟SOx脱除催化剂14的再生。在另一个实施例中,SOx脱除催化剂14首先再生,后跟NOx减少催化剂12的再生,随后跟随着SOx脱除催化剂14的另一次再生。在这两个实施例的任何一个中,能有效地从SOx脱除催化剂14除去过量的硫和/或SOx化合物的硫脱除气体被引入反应器腔室。含硫化合物的脱除减少或消除NOx减少催化剂12的硫中毒。
【0029】再生和引入硫脱除气体的顺序由连接到反应器腔室10的入口和阀控制,其中反应器腔室中容纳SOx脱除催化剂14和NOx减少催化剂12。
【0030】如在图3示出的,在本发明的一个实施例中,SOx脱除催化剂14仅再生一次。在步骤30,关闭挡板16和18以将反应器腔室10与废气流19隔离。
【0031】在步骤32,打开阀24。在步骤34,打开入口20以将再生气体引入反应器腔室10。打开的阀24通过抽吸再生气体使之经过NOx减少催化剂而促进了NOx减少催化剂12的再生。再生气体由阀24排出。
【0032】在步骤36,调整阀24和26以将再生气体引向SOx脱除催化剂14。具体的,关闭阀24而打开阀26。当阀26被打开,再生气体被抽向阀26并经过SOx脱除催化剂14。在步骤38,SOx脱除催化剂14由再生气体再生。再生气体由阀26排出。
【0033】在步骤40,硫脱除气体被引入反应器腔室10。这能够以至少两种方式实现:(1)关闭入口阀20以停止再生气体进入反应器腔室的流动并打开入口22以引入硫脱除气体;或(2)让入口20保持打开,并打开入口22以引入硫脱除气体。在这两个例子的任何一个中,因为阀26保持打开,硫脱除气体被抽吸经过SOx脱除催化剂14,从而从中除去SOx
【0034】在步骤42,关闭入口22,这停止了硫脱除气体向反应器腔室10的流动。在步骤44,所有保持打开的阀被关闭,包括阀26和阀20,打开挡板16和18,从而将废气流19引入反应器腔室10。
【0035】在另一个实施例中,如图4所示,SOx脱除催化剂14首先再生,后跟NOx减少催化剂12的再生和SOx脱除催化剂的第二次再生。
【0036】仍然参看图4,在步骤50,关闭挡板16和18以将反应器腔室10与废气流19隔离。在步骤52,打开阀26。在步骤54,打开入口20以将再生气体引入反应器腔室10。打开的阀26促进了SOx脱除催化剂14的再生。通过打开阀26,再生气体被抽向阀26并经过SOx脱除催化剂14。再生气体再生SOx脱除催化剂14并被阀26排出。
【0037】在步骤56,调整阀24和26以将再生气体引向NOx减少催化剂12。具体地,关闭阀26而打开阀24。当阀24打开时,再生气体被抽向阀24并经过NOx减少催化剂12。在步骤58,NOx减少催化剂12由再生气体再生,并且再生气体由阀24排出。
【0038】在步骤60,关闭阀24而打开阀26。阀26的打开再一次将再生气体抽吸经过SOx脱除催化剂14,从而第二次再生SOx脱除催化剂。在步骤62,关闭入口20以停止再生气体向反应器腔室10的流动。
【0039】在步骤64,打开入口22以将硫脱除气体引向SOx脱除催化剂14。因为阀26仍然打开,硫脱除气体被抽向打开的阀26并经过SOx脱除催化剂14。硫脱除气体除去过量的含硫化合物并防止它们移向NOx减少催化剂12。
【0040】在SOx脱除催化剂14已经暴露于硫脱除气体一段时间足以除去含硫化合物之后,在步骤66,关闭入口22,打开挡板16和18,关闭阀26,并将废气流19引入腔室10。当打开挡板16和18时,硫脱除气体和任何剩余的再生气体被除去。
【0041】在本发明的另一个实施例中,再生气体经阀24引入。这种反应器腔室示于图2,再生程序示于图5。
【0042】现在参看图5,如在步骤70所示,关闭挡板16和18,从而将反应器腔室10与废气流19隔离。在步骤72,阀24和26都被打开。在步骤74,再生气体通过阀24被引入反应器腔室10。因为阀26被打开,再生气体流经并再生NOx减少催化剂12并随后再生SOx脱除催化剂14。再生气体从阀26排出。
【0043】在步骤76,将硫脱除气体引入反应器腔室10。在一个实施例中,关闭阀24,硫脱除气体经入口22引入。可替代地,硫脱除气体可经阀24引入。当硫脱除气体经阀24引入时,阀24不关闭而是保持打开的。
【0044】因为阀26保持打开,硫脱除气体被抽吸通过SOx脱除催化剂14并从阀26排出。
【0045】在步骤78,引入硫脱除气体的阀或入口关闭,阀26关闭,挡板16和18打开,从而将废气19引入反应器腔室10。
【0046】SOx脱除催化剂14和NOx减少催化剂12暴露于再生气体一段足够再生催化剂的时间。该时间段由吸收能力和催化剂的体积确定,但是,通常催化剂暴露于再生气体3分钟或更长的时间段。
【0047】在大约5秒到大约30秒之间的时间内,硫脱除气体被添加进反应器腔室10,但是可在长达几分钟的时间内被添加,这取决于特定系统的参数。
【0048】通常,再生程序需要3到10分钟。硫脱除气体的添加大约占总再生时间的1%到15%。但是,硫脱除气体的引入将漏出硫的量减少到少于在不使用硫脱除气体的当今再生程序期间所漏出的量的1/3。
【0049】除了减少了漏出的SO2,硫脱除气体导致SOx脱除催化剂更高的工作能力,因为更多的SO2已经从其中除去。这转而导致在吸附作用过程期间,漏出SOx脱除催化剂而使NOx减少催化剂中毒的SO2较少。进一步的,现在描述的再生程序基本上或全部消除了硫“股”,而在传统的再生程序中经常释放出硫“股”。相应地,当重新将废气引入SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂时,硫股不再被携带进废气和被带到NOx减少催化剂。

Claims (20)

1.一种将氮的氧化物从废气流中除去的方法,其中废气流与SOx脱除催化剂接触,SOx脱除催化剂减少废气流中硫的氧化物的含量,以及其中废气之后与NOx减少催化剂接触,NOx减少催化剂将氮的氧化物转化为NO2,NO2被NOx减少催化剂吸附,SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂被容纳在反应器腔室中,改进之处包括如下步骤:
(a)将反应器腔室与废气流的流动隔离;
(b)将再生气体导进隔离的反应器腔室中一段时间,以有效地再生NOx减少催化剂的吸附性;
(c)在再生了NOx减少催化剂的吸附性之后,随后将再生气体导进隔离的反应器腔室中一段时间,以有效地再生SOx脱除催化剂的吸附性;以及
(d)之后重新开始废气流通过反应器腔室的流动。
2.权利要求1的方法,还包括步骤:
在步骤(a)后、但在步骤(b)之前将再生气体导进反应器腔室中以再生SOx脱除催化剂的吸附性。
3.权利要求1的方法,还包括步骤:
在步骤(c)之后、但在步骤(d)之前,将硫脱除气体引入反应器腔室中,其中硫脱除气体被引入一段时间,以有效地减少SOx脱除催化剂中一定量的硫。
4.权利要求3的方法,其中硫脱除气体包括氧。
5.权利要求3的方法,其中硫脱除气体被引入到反应器腔室一段在大约5秒到大约30秒之间的时间。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中再生气体包括以下气体中的至少一种:氢、天然气、蒸汽、其它惰性气体、或它们的混合物。
7.权利要求1的方法,其中再生气体通过位于SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂之间的入口被导入反应器腔室。
8.权利要求1的方法,其中再生气体通过位于NOx减少催化剂和下游挡板之间的阀被导入反应器腔室。
9.一种通过利用NOx减少催化剂和SOx脱除催化剂将污染物从废气流中除去的方法,该方法包括:
将废气流引入至少一个反应器腔室,该至少一个反应器腔室包括SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂;
通过将污染物吸附在SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂上,将污染物从废气流中除去;
将至少一个反应器腔室与废气流隔离;
通过将再生气体引入隔离的反应器腔室而在再生SOx脱除催化剂之前再生NOx减少催化剂,其中再生气体与NOx减少催化剂接触并与SOx脱除催化剂接触,从而从中除去污染物;
在再生SOx脱除催化剂之后,随后将硫脱除气体引入隔离的反应器腔室,其中硫脱除气体有效地从SOx脱除催化剂中除去一定量的硫;以及
在引入硫脱除气体之后,随后将废气流引入反应器腔室,由此SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂能够从废气中吸附更多的污染物。
10.权利要求9的方法,还包括步骤:
在将反应器腔室与废气流隔离之后,随后在再生NOx减少催化剂之前再生SOx脱除催化剂。
11.权利要求9的方法,其中再生气体包括氢、天然气、蒸汽、其它惰性气体或它们的混合物。
12.权利要求9的方法,其中硫脱除气体包括氧。
13.一种用于再生SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂的设备,该设备包括:
一对挡板,其中一个挡板平行于另一个挡板;
设置成平行于NOx减少催化剂的SOx脱除催化剂,其中SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂设置在这对挡板之间;
设置在一个挡板和SOx脱除催化剂之间的阀;
设置在一个挡板和NOx减少催化剂之间的阀;以及
控制器,其中控制器操作挡板以将SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂与废气隔离,进一步地,其中控制器操作阀以引导再生气体、硫脱除气体或它们的混合物中的至少一个通过SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂。
14.权利要求13的设备,还包括硫脱除气体入口,设置在NOx减少催化剂和SOx脱除催化剂之间,其中硫脱除入口阀有效地引入硫脱除气体。
15.权利要求14的设备,其中控制器操作硫脱除气体入口以引导硫脱除气体通过SOx脱除催化剂。
15.权利要求13的设备,其中设置在挡板和NOx减少催化剂之间的阀有效地将再生气体引向NOx减少催化剂和SOx脱除催化剂。
16.权利要求15的设备,其中设置在挡板和SOx脱除催化剂之间的阀有效地排出再生气体和硫脱除气体。
17.权利要求13的设备,还包括设置在SOx脱除催化剂和NOx减少催化剂之间的再生气体入口。
18.权利要求17的设备,其中控制器可操作地连接到再生气体入口。
19.权利要求17的设备,其中设置在挡板和SOx脱除催化剂之间的阀以及设置在挡板和NOx减少催化剂之间的阀有效地排出再生气体和硫脱除气体。
20.权利要求13的设备,其中设置在挡板和NOx减少催化剂之间的阀有效地将硫脱除气体引入所述反应器腔室。
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