CN101565333B - System and method for preserving nitrogen and phosphorous and reducing emission of ammonia gas during composting of livestock and poultry manure - Google Patents
System and method for preserving nitrogen and phosphorous and reducing emission of ammonia gas during composting of livestock and poultry manure Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of disposal and resourcization of solid wastes, and in particular relates to a system and a method for preserving nitrogen and phosphorous and reducing theemission of ammonia gas during the composting of livestock and poultry manure. During the composting of the livestock and poultry manure, magnesium salt is quantificationally added and forms a magnes ium salt compound with the nitrogen and the phosphorous in the livestock and poultry manure so as to reduce the emission of the ammonia gas during the composting of the livestock and poultry manure, also change the phosphorous form in the livestock and poultry manure, and synchronously preserve nitrogen and phosphorous nutrient elements in the livestock and poultry manure. After the livestock and poultry manure is treated by the system and the method, the livestock and poultry manure realizes the decontamination and stabilization, the preservation of the nitrogen and the phosphorous and the emission reduction of the ammonia gas can also be synchronously performed during the composting of the livestock and poultry manure, and the manurial effect of compost products of the livestock and poultry manure is improved.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to disposition of solid waste and resource technology field, preserve the aerobic compost System and method for of nitrogen phosphorus and reducing emission of ammonia gas in particularly a kind of livestock excrement composting process.
Background technology
China has become maximum in the world meat, egg producing country.In recent years, China's intensification livestock and poultry farm rises in a large number, and by 2002,60% of the whole industry output value was the creation of intensive culture field.According to incompletely statistics, the amount of pollutant of livestock and poultry breeding industry discharging is big, and national annual feces of livestock and poultry generation is about 17.3 hundred million tons (about 50% from intensification livestock and poultry farms), is 2.7 times of industrial solid castoff.Expect 2010, the quantity discharged of national feces of livestock and poultry will reach 4,500,000,000 tons.Very serious degree has been arrived in the environmental pollution that the livestock and poultry breeding industry that develops rapidly causes; Livestock and poultry farm has become the one of the main reasons of current rural area pollution of area source; Physical environment and residents ' health have been brought huge harm, like body eutrophication, groundwater pollution, topsoil and pathogenic bacteria harm etc.But because technology and economic reasons; Managerial in addition disappearance; The pollutant emission of intensification livestock and poultry farm is in the state of letting alone from " stream " to a great extent, and most of plant fails fowl and animal excrement is effectively handled and utilized, and feces of livestock and poultry entering water body turnover rate is up to 30%; The number of dropouts of N, P is greater than the loss of chemical fertilizer amount, and N, P quantity discharged have reached 1,597 ten thousand tons and 3,630,000 tons respectively.For example, the rate of building up of the livestock and poultry farm of China's intensification at present pollution reducing facility is less than 30%, wherein most minimum facilities that still can not be up to standard.So the pollution problem of China's intensification livestock and poultry farm needs to be resolved hurrily.Therefore, how the pollution problem that solves China's intensification livestock and poultry farm of economical and efficient ground is the technical barrier and the perspective problem of this area.
Contain nutritive ingredient and great number of organic matters such as the necessary nitrogen phosphorus of a large amount of farm crop potassium in the feces of livestock and poultry, therefore, feces of livestock and poultry is a kind of mode of widely using through being applied to the farmland after the compost treatment.Yet the main deficiency of livestock excrement composting is a large amount of nitrogens loss and the foul smell discharging that composting process takes place, and this has reduced the agricultural value of compost on the one hand, again environment has been produced secondary pollution.Existing research shows, the nitrogen loss that the livestock excrement composting process takes place is mainly from ammonia volatilization (up to 63%), the minor N in During High-Temperature Composting stage
2O overflows, and contains NH
4 +-N and NO
3 -The percolate of-N runs off.The evaporable ammonia not only has a strong impact on atmospheric environment in the composting process, and can cause serious stink.Ammonia is not only the important factor in order that causes acid rain, and is the staple of compost factory stink substance.
In addition, the inorganic phosphorus in the feces of livestock and poultry is about 60～90% of total phosphorus.Existing research shows, feces of livestock and poultry is through behind the compost, The dissolved available phosphorus wherein (dissolved reactive phosphorus, DRP) the few of variation of content.Because the nitrogen and phosphorus content in the ight soil is more or less the same; But ight soil usually is to use according to the crop nitrogen requirement, and the crop nitrogen requirement is about 6 times of its need phosphorus amount, and this will cause the excessive use of phosphorus; And cause the plain a large amount of loss of phosphorus, thereby bring huge harm to water body because of runoff washes away.The research that current relevant livestock excrement composting process is preserved nitrogen mainly is the volatilization that how to reduce ammonia; Several kinds of modes that following document 1～7 report is specifically arranged: (1) increases giving property carbon (Carbon availability) content (waste that adopts readily biodegradable is as amendment) or separates the bacterium (high-temperature resistant strain TAT105 etc.) of cultivating anti-ammonia nitrogen, improves the fixed nitrogen effect.But the former is longer the compost cycle, and the latter is not easy to operate; (2) windrow mixes or the heap body covers sorbent material (zeolite, clay, peat, the compost that becomes thoroughly decomposed etc.), is used for the ammonia of adsorbing volatilizing; (3) add chemical amendment (Tai-Ace S 150, ferric sulfate, superphosphate of lime and calcium sulfate etc.) to reduce the pH value of windrow, volatilize thereby suppress ammonia; (4) sorbent material and chemical amendment mix use (zeolite, clay mix with sal epsom).Although the volatilization of above-mentioned (2)～(a 4) measure can minimizing ammonia is influential to composting process and compost character.Document 1.Barrington S., D.Choiniere, M.Trigui, W.Knight.2002.Effect of carbon source on compostnitrogen and carbon losses.Bioresource Technology, 83:189～194.Document 2.KuradaK.; D.Hanjima; Y.Fukumoto; Et al.2004.Isolation of thermophilicammonium-tolerant bacterium and its application to reduce ammonia emissionduring composting of animal wastes.Biosci.Biotech.Bioch., 68 (2): 286～292.Document 3.Witter E.and H.Kirchmann.1989.Peat, zeolite and basalt as adsorbents ofammoniacal nitrogen during manure decomposition.Plant Soil, 115:43～52.Document 4.Al-Kanani T.; E.Akochi; A.F.MacKenzie; I.Alii and S.Barrington.1992.Organic and inorganic amendments to reduce ammonia losses from liquid hogmanure.J.Environ.Qual., 21:709～715.Document 5.Kithome M.; J.W.Paul and A.A.Bomke.1999.Reducing nitrogen losses during simulated composting of poultrymanure using adsorbents or chemical amendents.J.Environ.Qual., 28:194～201.Document 6. yellow virtuous plums, Qu Dong, Li Guoxue, 20003.The guarantor nitrogen effect of amendment in chicken manure sawdust compost.Environmental science, 24 (2): 156～160.Document 7.Delaune P.B.; P.A.Moore; T.C.Daniel etal.2004.Effect of chemical and microbial amendments on ammonia volatilizationfrom composting poultry litter.J.Environ.Qual., 33:728～734.
Livestock excrement composting mainly concentrates on how to preserve nitrogen at present, and how to preserve the plain technology of phosphorus extremely lacks.So, how in livestock excrement composting, both to have preserved nitrogen, reduce the plain ratio of water-soluble attitude phosphorus simultaneously again effectively, reduce the potential phosphorus loss, be one of difficult point of current livestock excrement composting.
Ultimate principle
Urea in the ight soil feces of livestock and poultry and organonitrogen are easy to be converted into ammonia through after the Decomposition of mikrobe, and for example the decomposition of urea is following:
NH
4 +, Mg
2+And PO
4 3-Can form co-precipitation struvite crystals (struvite is a kind of good slow-release fertilizer)
Mg
2++NH
4 ++PO
4 3-+6H
2O→MgNH
4PO
4·6H
2O (2)
Mg ion also can combine with phosphate radical, forms the trimagnesium phosphate crystal
Mg
2++PO
4 3-→Mg
3(PO
4)
2 (3)
Form in the excrement composting process after the struvite, ammonia radical ion reduces, and has reduced the volatilization of ammonia; On the one hand, the form of phosphorus becomes the phosphorus of slowly-releasing attitude, has improved the fertilizer efficiency of composting production in addition.The trimagnesium phosphate crystal that forms in the excrement composting process also can effectively reduce the giving property PO in the feces of livestock and poultry
4 3-Content.
Visible by formula (1)～(3), if in the livestock excrement composting process, add an amount of Mg
2+Can facilitate struvite to form, thereby with NH
4 +And PO
4 3-Solidify giving property of minimizing NH
4 +And PO
4 3-Content so, so both can reduce nitrogen loss, the ammonia volatilization of composting process, the nitrogen and phosphorus loss in the time of can reducing composting production again and use.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide in a kind of livestock excrement composting process the aerobic compost system that preserves nitrogen phosphorus and reducing emission of ammonia gas, can be used as the technology of organic solid castoff processing such as feces of livestock and poultry and resource utilization.
Another object of the present invention is to provide the method for preserving nitrogen phosphorus and reducing emission of ammonia gas in a kind of livestock excrement composting process.
The aerobic compost system that preserves nitrogen phosphorus and reducing emission of ammonia gas in the livestock excrement composting process of the present invention is as shown in Figure 1, comprises humiture-time control and registering instrument, centrifugal blower; Spinner-type flowmeter, vent-pipe, percolate vent pipe; Perforation plate; Temperature regulator, humidity sensor, air compartment and compost reactor etc.;
One perforation plate is divided into a container and is compost reactor, is air compartment down;
In compost reactor, there are temperature regulator and humidity sensor and the top of built-in temperature sensor to have venting port; One humiture-time control is connected with humidity sensor with temperature regulator respectively through lead with registering instrument;
Side at air compartment is equipped with vent-pipe, and the inlet mouth of vent-pipe is communicated with the air outlet of spinner-type flowmeter through pipeline, and the inlet mouth of spinner-type flowmeter is connected with the air outlet of centrifugal blower through pipeline; The percolate vent pipe is arranged at the bottom of the air compartment below vent-pipe;
Described perforation plate is mounted on the prop on the wall of container.The porosity of described perforation plate is 3～6%, and the aperture is 5～8mm.
Described humiture-time control is connected with the power pack of centrifugal blower through lead with registering instrument.
Preserve the method for nitrogen phosphorus and reducing emission of ammonia gas in the livestock excrement composting process of the present invention:
The magnesium salts kind and the dosage thereof that in the livestock excrement composting process, add according to economy and being easy to get property principle, are selected suitable magnesium salts kind (like magnesium chloride, sal epsom or Marinco H etc.); And, confirm the suitable dosage of magnesium salts, and be made into certain density solution according to the nitrogen in the feces of livestock and poultry, phosphorus content and water ratio.
After mixing with feces of livestock and poultry with through the amendment of pulverizing; Pack in the compost reactor of aerobic compost system through material-transporting system; Utilize the heat that produces voluntarily in the composting process to carry out During High-Temperature Composting; Wherein at feces of livestock and poultry and amendment mix stages, or after the feces of livestock and poultry that mixes and amendment are packed in the compost reactor of aerobic compost system, add magnesium salt solution, and the magnesium salt solution that adds and feces of livestock and poultry and amendment are mixed; The control centrifugal blower is continuous or intermittent aeration mode; Make the air that gets into air compartment evenly the windrow of orifice plate that wears long, reduce ventilation resistance simultaneously, be placed with temperature regulator (built-in 2～3 TPs) in the described windrow through forming by feces of livestock and poultry and amendment and magnesium salt solution; In order to make feces of livestock and poultry reach innoxious hygienic requirements; The predefined temperature of temperature regulator is 60 ℃, and the described windrow sky is placed with humidity sensor, and the overhead humidity of monitoring windrow changes.
When described control centrifugal blower was the continuous ventilating mode, centrifugal blower was controlled by temperature regulator; When described control centrifugal blower was the intermittent aeration mode, centrifugal blower was jointly controlled by temperature regulator and time controller.
The blending ratio of described feces of livestock and poultry and amendment needs to confirm that according to the water ratio (55～65%) of windrow and the characteristic of feces of livestock and poultry and amendment the volume ratio of feces of livestock and poultry and amendment is 1: 1～3; The dosage of magnesium salts confirms according to nitrogen and phosphorus content in the feces of livestock and poultry, the dosage of magnesium salts be in the feces of livestock and poultry nitrogen or phosphorus mass content 5～30%, the concentration of magnesium salt solution is 0.5～2.0mol/L.
Described feces of livestock and poultry is pig manure, chicken manure, cow dung, sheep excrement or their mixture etc.
Described amendment is agricultural crop straw, rice husk, corn cob, wood chip, litter or their mixture etc.
The present invention is in the livestock excrement composting process; Through quantitatively adding magnesium salts; Make it with feces of livestock and poultry in nitrogen, phosphorus form magnesium salt compound; Both reduce the ammonia emission of livestock excrement composting process, changed the plain form of the phosphorus in the feces of livestock and poultry again, can preserve nitrogen in the feces of livestock and poultry, phosphorus nutrition element simultaneously.After System and method for processing of the present invention, feces of livestock and poultry has not only reached innoxious and stabilization, and can in the livestock excrement composting process, preserve nitrogen phosphorus and reducing emission of ammonia gas simultaneously, has improved the fertilizer efficiency of livestock excrement composting product.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1. preserve the system schematic of nitrogen phosphorus and reducing emission of ammonia gas in the livestock excrement composting process of the present invention.
Fig. 2. hot stage windrow NH in the pig manure process of the embodiment of the invention
4 +-N, NH
3Variation with TN.
Fig. 3. the variation of hot stage windrow classification phosphorus in the pig manure process of the embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 4. form the crystalline digital pictures in the pig manure process of the embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 5. form crystalline SEM picture in the pig manure process of the embodiment of the invention.
Reference numeral
1. humiture-time control and registering instrument 2. centrifugal blowers 3. spinner-type flowmeters
4. vent-pipe 5. percolate vent pipes 6. perforation plates
7. prop 8. temperature regulators 9. venting ports
10. humidity sensor 11. compost reactors 12. air compartments
A. TP
Embodiment
See also Fig. 1.The aerobic compost system that preserves nitrogen phosphorus and reducing emission of ammonia gas in the livestock excrement composting process comprises humiture-time control and registering instrument 1, centrifugal blower 2, spinner-type flowmeter 3; Vent-pipe 4, percolate vent pipe 5, perforation plate 6; Prop 7; Temperature regulator 8, humidity sensor 10, compost reactor 11 and air compartment 12 etc.;
One perforation plate 6 is divided into a cylinder bodily form (height * diameter=50cm * 30cm, useful volume 21.20L) container and is compost reactor 11, is air compartment 12 down; Tubular surface to volume ratio is 20m
-1
The temperature regulator 8 that built-in temperature sensor a (JWB/P/C) is arranged in compost reactor 11; Control of humidity sensor 10 (JSL-6ATD) and humiture-time and registering instrument 1 (KSL/D-04RP2V0B1) (the Kunlun, Beijing seashore company) are used for measuring the windrow temperature and the windrow sky humidity that are formed by feces of livestock and poultry and amendment and magnesium salt solution; Be provided with sealing cover and have venting port 9 at the top of compost reactor 11; The control of one temperature is connected with temperature regulator 8 through lead with registering instrument 1;
Side at air compartment 12 is equipped with vent-pipe 4, and the inlet mouth of vent-pipe 4 is communicated with the air outlet of spinner-type flowmeter 3 through pipeline, and the inlet mouth of spinner-type flowmeter 3 connects through the air outlet of pipeline and centrifugal blower 2 (ACO308, Guangdong Hai Li group); Percolate vent pipe 5 is arranged at the bottom of the air compartment 12 below vent-pipe 4;
Described perforation plate 6 is mounted on the prop 7 on the wall of container.The porosity of described perforation plate 6 is 3～6%, and the aperture is 5～8mm.
Described temperature control is connected with the terminal box of centrifugal blower through lead with registering instrument.
Adopt thermohygrometer monitoring of environmental temperature and humidity, write down every day 3 times.For the ease of comparing and calculating ammonia (NH
3) quantity discharged, the pig manure During High-Temperature Composting stage is adopted the method for continuous ventilating.According to the result of study in early stage, (document 8 and 9 is disclosed based on temperature controlled ventilation Calculation Method.Document 8.Rynk R, Kamp M, Willson G B, et al..On Farm Composting Handbook [M] .Cooperative Extension Service; North Regional Agricultural Engineering Service, Ithaca, NY; USA, 1992. document 9.Lau A K, Lo K V; Liao P H, et al..Aerationexperiments for swine waste composting [J] .Bioresource Technology, 1992; 41,145～152.), the required ventilation of pilot system is set at 0.32m
3/ h.
The used pig manure of compost is from the Beijing suburb pig farm, and amendment adopts the wood chip of Beijing suburb wood-working factory.With being divided into 2 heaps after wood chip and the pig manure mixing (volume ratio of pig manure and wood chip is 1: 1～3) evenly, every heap weight in wet base is 15.32kg.Wherein 1 windrow does not add magnesium salts as contrast; Magnesium chloride (the MgCl that other 1 windrow is 0.5～2.0mol/L according to a certain amount of interpolation concentration
2.6H
2O) (dosage of magnesium salts be in the feces of livestock and poultry nitrogen or phosphorus mass content 5～30%).The water ratio that mixes back 2 windrows is 61.8%.Mixed 2 windrows are delivered to two same composting test devices respectively; In windrow, be placed with temperature regulator (built-in 2 TPs); The predefined temperature of temperature regulator is 60 ℃, at the overhead humidity sensor of placing of windrow, opens centrifugal blower; Carry out continuous ventilating, begin to carry out During High-Temperature Composting.
Result of study shows, after the During High-Temperature Composting stage finishes, compares (the nitrogen loss amount of ammonia form is 56.60g) with the contrast windrow, and the windrow (the nitrogen loss amount of ammonia form is 24.25g) that adds magnesium salts has reduced by 58% ammonia emission amount; And total nitrogen (TN) content that windrow is shone in the windrow comparison of adding magnesium salts exceeds 18%.The result of study of classification phosphorus shows; Although it is approaching with total phosphorus (TP) concentration of contrast windrow to add the windrow of magnesium salts, wherein magnesium salts windrow TP is 14.2g/kg, and contrast windrow TP is 12g/kg; But add magnesium salts and help to preserve the phosphorus element in the pig manure; Wherein contrast in the windrow and to be prone to ratio that dissolved phosphorus accounts for total phosphorus and to bring up to 65% from 30%, and the windrow that adds magnesium salts is prone to the ratio of dissolved phosphorus and changes not quite, remains on 30%.And generated the mixed crystal that contains trimagnesium phosphate in the windrow of interpolation magnesium salts, the result sees Fig. 2～5.
Claims (6)
1. preserve the aerobic compost system of nitrogen phosphorus and reducing emission of ammonia gas in the livestock excrement composting process, comprise that humiture-time controls and registering instrument centrifugal blower, spinner-type flowmeter; Vent-pipe, percolate vent pipe, perforation plate; Temperature regulator, humidity sensor, air compartment and compost reactor;
Perforation plate is divided into a container and is compost reactor, is air compartment down;
In compost reactor, there are temperature regulator and humidity sensor and the top of built-in temperature sensor to have venting port; Humiture-time control is connected with humidity sensor with temperature regulator respectively through lead with registering instrument;
Side at air compartment is equipped with vent-pipe, and the inlet mouth of vent-pipe is communicated with the air outlet of spinner-type flowmeter through pipeline, and the inlet mouth of spinner-type flowmeter is connected with the air outlet of centrifugal blower through pipeline; The percolate vent pipe is arranged at the bottom of the air compartment below vent-pipe.
2. system according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described perforation plate is mounted on the prop on the wall of container.
3. system according to claim 1 and 2 is characterized in that: the porosity of described perforation plate is 3～6%, and the aperture is 5～8mm.
4. system according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described humiture-time control is connected with the power pack of centrifugal blower through lead with registering instrument.
5. a system according to claim 1 is used for the method that the livestock excrement composting process is preserved nitrogen phosphorus and reducing emission of ammonia gas, it is characterized in that:
In the compost reactor of the aerobic compost system of packing into after mixing with feces of livestock and poultry with through the amendment of pulverizing; Utilize the heat that produces voluntarily in the composting process to carry out During High-Temperature Composting; Wherein at feces of livestock and poultry and amendment mix stages; Or after the feces of livestock and poultry that mixes and amendment are packed in the compost reactor of aerobic compost system, add magnesium salt solution, and the magnesium salt solution that adds and feces of livestock and poultry and amendment are mixed; The control centrifugal blower is continuous or intermittent aeration mode; Make the air that gets into air compartment evenly the windrow of orifice plate that wears long through forming by feces of livestock and poultry and amendment and magnesium salt solution; Be placed with temperature regulator in the described windrow; The predefined temperature of temperature regulator is 60 ℃, and the described windrow sky is placed with humidity sensor, and the overhead humidity of monitoring windrow changes;
The water ratio of described windrow is controlled at 55～65%, and the volume ratio of feces of livestock and poultry and amendment is 1: 1～3; The dosage of magnesium salts be in the feces of livestock and poultry nitrogen or phosphorus mass content 5～30%;
The concentration of described magnesium salt solution is 0.5～2.0mol/L;
Described feces of livestock and poultry is pig manure, chicken manure, cow dung, sheep excrement or their mixture; Described amendment is agricultural crop straw, rice husk, corn cob, wood chip, litter or their mixture;
Described magnesium salts is magnesium chloride, sal epsom or Marinco H.
6. method according to claim 5 is characterized in that: when described control centrifugal blower was the continuous ventilating mode, centrifugal blower was controlled by temperature regulator; When described control centrifugal blower was the intermittent aeration mode, centrifugal blower was jointly controlled by temperature regulator and time controller.
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| CN101830745B (en) * | 2010-05-10 | 2012-10-03 | 中国农业大学 | Device and method for simulating aerobic composting process |
| CN102276322A (en) * | 2010-06-11 | 2011-12-14 | 中国科学院生态环境研究中心 | Controlled composting system and method for removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon residues from soils |
| CN102060421B (en) * | 2010-09-14 | 2012-07-11 | 蒋为民 | Fecal treatment device and system and application of organic residues to fecal solid liquid treatment |
| CN102757271A (en) * | 2011-04-29 | 2012-10-31 | 中国科学院生态环境研究中心 | Forced-aeration composting system and method for synchronously storing nitrogen and phosphorous in livestock manure compost and reducing emission of greenhouse gas N2O |
| CN103102194B (en) * | 2011-11-11 | 2015-04-29 | 深圳市焱明商贸有限公司 | Compositing material reactor |
| CN102617193A (en) * | 2012-04-18 | 2012-08-01 | 前郭尔罗斯蒙古族自治县云权奶牛养殖场 | Harmless recycling method for cow excrement |
| CN103708868A (en) * | 2014-01-09 | 2014-04-09 | 中国科学院生态环境研究中心 | Aerobic composting device |
| CN109824393A (en) * | 2019-04-09 | 2019-05-31 | 河北省农林科学院农业资源环境研究所 | A kind of compost method reducing ammonia emission in animal waste fermentation process |
| CN110470336B (en) * | 2019-07-09 | 2021-04-27 | 生态环境部南京环境科学研究所 | Method for accounting ammonia emission of nationwide large-scale livestock farms based on temperature and humidity |
| CN111708393B (en) * | 2020-03-23 | 2021-08-24 | 中持水务股份有限公司 | Aerobic composting control method, device, controller, storage medium and system |
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| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
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