CN101511463B - 等温反应器 - Google Patents

等温反应器 Download PDF

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CN101511463B
CN101511463B CN2007800336487A CN200780033648A CN101511463B CN 101511463 B CN101511463 B CN 101511463B CN 2007800336487 A CN2007800336487 A CN 2007800336487A CN 200780033648 A CN200780033648 A CN 200780033648A CN 101511463 B CN101511463 B CN 101511463B
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catalytic bed
heat
heat exchanger
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isothermal reactor
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CN101511463A (zh
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艾曼诺·菲利普
恩瑞克·里奇
麦克·塔罗奇
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Casale SA
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Methanol Casale SA
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于放热或吸热非均相反应的等温反应器(1)，包括：具有纵向轴线(X)的基本上圆筒形的外壳(2)；在外壳(2)内延伸的至少一个催化床(6)，其包括分别用于反应物气体流入口和包括反应产物的气体流出口的对置的穿孔侧壁(7，8)，及浸于所述至少一个催化床(6)中有热交换流体通过的热交换单元(12)；其特征在于所述热交换单元(12)包括至少一系列的热交换器(13)，所述热交换器基本上相互平行排列，且基本上平行于至少有一个被所述反应物的气体流通过的催化床所处的方向。

Description

等温反应器
技术领域
本发明在其最通常的方面涉及一种用于实现放热或吸热非均相反应的等温反应器，包括：
具有纵向轴的基本上圆筒形的外壳；
在外壳内延伸的至少一个催化床，该催化床包括对置的分别用于反应物气体流入口和用于包括反应产物的气体流出口的穿孔侧壁；
浸于所述催化床中的热交换单元，该热交换单元中有热交换流体通过。
这样的反应器专门用于在基本上等温条件下实现放热或吸热反应，所述等温条件即这样的条件：反应温度被控制在一个预先设定的值附近的相当有限的数值范围内。
在下述说明书部分和随后的权利要求中，上述类型的反应器用以下术语表示：伪等温反应器，或更简短的：等温反应器。
众所周知，在实现放热或吸热非均相反应合成的领域，具有高容量的等温反应器的需求增加，该等温反应器一方面要易于制作，可靠且要求低成本和维修费用，另一方面要求操作具有低负载损耗，低能耗且在反应物和热交换流体之间具有高热量交换率。
背景技术
为了满足上述要求，现有技术提供了一种具有放射状催化床的等温反应器，包括：用于供热或去热的热交换单元，放射状排列的多个平板状或管状热交换器，其以反应器外壳的轴线作为参考，位于一个或多个同轴行上。
尽管上述设置具有一些优势，但是上述具有放射状配置的等温反应器具有一系列缺点，其缺点包括该等温反应器在热交换器之间由于其放射状排列而具有非均质催化区域。
结果表面，经过催化床的气体流和热交换器中热交换流体之间的热交换并不是一直最优，特别是催化床中邻近交换器之间距离更大的区域，以及所述气体流通过催化床的非均匀通过速度，因为后者受到依据于用于穿过所述催化床较小的或各自较大部分的各速度的作用。
此外，在所知的等温反应器中，热交换器的放射状配置在构建和组装时非常复杂。
发明内容
本发明的技术问题是提供一种等温反应器，该等温反应器用于实现放热或吸热非均相反应，克服了使用所公开的具有放射状配置的等温反应器的上述缺陷。
解决上述技术问题的用于实现放热或吸热非均相反应的等温反应器包括：
具有纵向轴线的基本上圆筒形的外壳；
在外壳内延伸的至少一个催化床，其包括分别用于反应物气体流入口和包括反应产物的气体流出口的对置的穿孔侧壁；及
浸于所述催化床中的热交换单元，该热交换单元中有热交换流体通过；
其特征在于所述热交换单元包括至少一系列的热交换器，所述热交换器基本上相互平行排列，及所述热交换器且基本上平行于至少有一个被所述反应物的气体流通过的催化床所处的方向。
优选地，所述至少一系列的热交换器的每个交换器沿着基本上平行于所述外壳的轴线的方向在所述至少一个催化床中延伸。
根据本发明的一个方面，所述热交换器具有基本上为盒式的结构，具有基本上拉伸和扁平的矩形配置，其长对边平行于外壳的轴线且短对边垂直于轴线，所述交换器还包括用于通过热交换工作流体的内腔。
根据本发明的另一方面，所述热交换器中的每一个具有基本上为筒状的结构，每一个筒体在基本上垂直于外壳的轴线方向上延伸。
由于本发明，更有利于简单并有效地制造具有高热量交换效率的等温反应器，对转化率和能量消耗更有优势。
确实，不同于现有技术中等温反应器的放射状配置，本发明中的热交换器基本上相互平行排列，这意味着可以在邻近交换器之间可以获得均匀的催化区域(即基本上恒温部位)，所述邻近交换器中在垂直于外壳轴线方向上有包括反应物和反应产物的流动气体通过，所述邻近交换器部位基本上相互平行。
本发明还涉及包括反应物和反应产物的气体流各部分能够与相关热交换器进行有效的热量交换，该相关热交换器沿着通过催化床的整体各自催化部分，这样，可以在催化床内获得最优的温度分布甚至高效的放热或吸热反应，对其内部转化率和相对能耗有很大的优势。
应当指出，用平行排列代替热交换器的放射状排列，对上述气体流以实际均匀速度通过催化床部分更有利。
而且，由所述包括反应物和反应产物的气体流通过催化床的部位可以制作的比那些类似放射状配置的部位更小。结果表面，为此所述通过的气体流以更快的速度通过催化床并且具有更小的负载损耗，这样可以减少催化床的数量和/尺寸，同现有的放射状等温反应器相比本发明的等温反应器的结构和组装更简单且维修费用也低。
这样，以生产氨水为例，由于本发明，能够仅使用一个催化床却没有反应气体通过催化床的速度太低的问题，而现有的放射状配置的等温反应器有必要配置许多重叠的催化床来避免反应气体通过催化床的速度太低及反应气体和热交换器之间的热交换效率太低。因此，根据本发明的用于生产氨水的等温反应器，由于能够考虑到减少对以相通方式布置各种催化床及在浸于所述催化床各种热交换器中分布热交换流体所必要的连接，同现有类似等温反应器相比，其具有基本上简单的结构。
下面将参考附图以非限定性实例的方式，通过某些本发明所述反应器的实施方案对本发明的特征和优点进行进一步清楚地描述。
附图说明
图1出了根据本发明的一个实施例中用于实现放热或吸热非均相反应的等温反应器的纵向部分示意图；
图2示出了根据图1线条II-II的等温反应器的纵向部分示意图；
图3示出了根据图1线条III-III的等温反应器的横截面示意图。
具体实施方式
参考上述附图，参考数字1完全示出了根据本发明用于化学物质尤其是氨水的合成的伪等温化学反应器。
所述反应器1包括：圆筒形的外壳2，具有纵向轴线X，由下底部3和上底部4在相对两端确定。在图中所示的实施例中，纵向轴线X是垂直的。
圆筒形外壳2内部通常用6表示的催化床，以常规方式装入并支撑在其内，催化床6被对置的穿孔侧壁7和8横向分隔，穿孔侧壁7和8分别用于反应物气体流入口和用于包括反应物和反应产物的气体流出口。催化床6的顶部开口，但不代表它们是常规的，即催化床装有用来包含可渗透气体的催化剂的网格。由催化剂(未示出)填充的催化床6的填筑层一般用32表示。
在反应器1内可以预见到，外壳2和穿孔侧壁7之间的第一空隙9用于催化床6内反应物的分布，及圆筒形的外壳2和穿孔侧壁8之间的第二空隙10作为用于对从反应床出来的反应物/反应产物混合物的收集器。第二空隙10与出口管25及在上底部4预见的用于来自反应器1的所述反应物/反应产物混合的适当通道(开口26)进行流体沟通。
根据本发明的实施方案，在反应床6内部可预见热交换单元，一般由12示出，热交换单元包括分布在三个连续系列上的多个热交换器13，每个系列的热交换器基本上相互平行且基本上平行于所述催化床6中所述反应物的气体流通过的方向。
更具体地，根据本发明的实施例，热交换器13具有基本上为盒式的结构，具有基本上拉伸和扁平的矩形配置(板形)，其长对边13a平行于外壳的轴线X，且相对分别位于顶部和底部的短对边13b和13c垂直于所述轴线X。
显然，即使没有示出，为满足特定需求，可以使用具有筒状结构的热交换器13替代上述的板形结构。
在这种情况下，构成热交换器13的每个筒体优选在垂直于外壳2的轴线X的方向上延伸。
此外，热交换器13系列的数量可以根据特定的需求而按期望进行改变。
回到上述板形结构的热交换器13，应该说每个热交换器包括供热交换工作流体通过的内腔，以及所述热交换工作流体的入口部件15和出口部件16，所述入口部件和出口部件在本实施例的图中，位于所述热交换器13的相同短边上(上部短边13b)。
最接近用于到催化床6进口的穿孔侧壁7的系列的热交换器13，通过所述进口部件15与热交换流体的分配管19进行流体沟通，且通过所述出口部件16与热交换流体的收集分配管20进行流体沟通。最接近用于从催化床6出口的穿孔侧壁8的系列的热交换器13，通过所述进口部件15与热交换流体的收集分配管20进行流体沟通，且通过所述出口部件16与热交换流体的收集管21进行流体沟通，中间系列的热交换器13分别通过进口部件15和出口部件16依次与所述收集分配管20进行流体沟通。
更具体地，每个收集分配管20通过各自的出口部件16收集来自该系列热交换器13的热交换流体，然后通过各自的入口部件15将其注入到连续序列的热交换器13中。
上述分配管19、收集分配管20和收集管21中分别依次与管道22、23和24进行流体沟通，以通过在上底部4预见的合适通道(分别为开口27、28和29)向它们输送反应器1内部引进的反应气体流。此外，收集管21通过出口部件30与催化床6进行流体沟通。
本实施例中反应气体的这种流动具有热交换器13内部热交换工作流体的功能。
根据本发明的替代实施方式，部件15、16和各自的管19、20和21可以交替排列在热交换器13的不同边上，未示出，以使它们中通过的热交换工作流体逆流于与催化床6内反应气体的流动，或对于一部分热交换器为等流(如图所示)且对于其它热交换器为逆流。此外，能够预见热交换器13中交换工作流体的多个独立输送，这样其输送相互平行。
应该指出，本发明的实施方式将催化床6中没有热交换器13的部分区分区域26，所述区域26邻近用于反应气体入口的穿孔壁7。没有热交换的绝热区域26邻近穿孔壁7的存在，其中反应气体之间的反应当它们完全进入催化床6时基本上触发，在某种情况下是很重要的，例如开始在催化床内反应的反应气体之间的热交换和在热交换器中的热交换流体能够在开始反应时时获得良好的进展。
反应器内部的气体流动的流向由图1～3中的箭头fg示出。
至于等温反应器1的操作如下，通过上底部4的开口27将反应气体流连续输送到反应器1中，且从此处反应气体流通过输送管22输送到最靠近催化床6的穿孔入口壁7系列的热交换器13、所述热交换器13的分配管19和部件15中。
所述反应气体在其管道内连续流动并通过最靠近催化床6的穿孔入口壁7系列的热交换器13，此处它可作为用于进入催化床6中反应气体流的热交换流体，然后通过所述热交换器13的部件16将其收集到收集分配管20中。
在上述的收集分配20中，通过最靠近穿孔入口壁7系列的热交换器13收集的反应气体流与来自输送管23的新反应气体流混合，通过上底部4上的开口28将所述新反应气体流连续输送到反应器1中。
通过各自的部件15将混合得到的反应气体输送到连续系列(中间系列)的热交换器13中用于热交换，且使用上述相同的方式将反应气体输送到最后系列的热交换器13，即最靠近催化床6的穿孔出口壁8的系列的热交换器。
从图1所示的实施例可以看出，在从一系列的热交换器13到下一系列的热交换器的每个通道，从一系列的热交换器13流出的反应气体流优选地在各自的收集分配管20中与通过输送管23供应到所述管20的新反应气体流进行混合(在放热反应时进行冷却或在吸热反应时进行加热)。
将通过各自的部件16从最后系列的热交换器13流出的反应气体流收集在收集管21中并在此处与来自输送管24的更新反应气体流混合，所述更新反应气体流通过在上底部4所预见的开口29输送到反应器1中。
所获得的混合气从收集管21通过出口管30(箭头fg)流出，且将该混合气输入到反应器1内横卧在催化床6上的空间31中，从空间31处混合气直接扩散(少数部分)进入催化床6或沿着空隙9下降(大半部分)并且通过穿孔墙7流通而扩散到催化6中。对此，根据图示的实施例，催化床6顶部开口且穿孔侧壁7和8具有不透气的上部以使反应气体以基本上轴径向运动通过催化床6。
根据本发明，由于各自系列的热交换器13并行排列，通过催化床6的反应气体的气体流的方向垂直于外壳2的纵向轴线X且部分基本上相互平行。对此，参看图1和图3所示的催化床6内部的反应气体的气体流通道。
更具体地，反应气体的气体流的每一平行部分，在反应气体的气体流在基本上绝缘条件下通过反应的触发区域26后，随着其在催化床6中沿着均匀催化区域或各自系列的邻近交换器部分的通道流动，这样可以获得与热交换器13内部的热交换流体(反应气体流)的高热量交换率并且没有过多的负载损耗，对获得反应产物中的所述反应物的更好转化率及减少相对能耗更有优势。
因此，所获得的包括反应物和反应产物的混合气体通过穿孔壁8从催化床6流出，由具有收集器功能的空隙10收集，并从此处通过出口管25和上底部4上的相对开口26输送到反应器1的外部。
本发明还因此可以包含所有在本领域技术人员的能力范围之内的，落入本发明保护范围内的如通过权利要求书所限定的各种变化和改变。

Claims (4)

1.用于放热或吸热非均相反应的等温反应器(1)，包括：
具有纵向轴线(X)的基本上圆筒形的外壳(2)；
至少一个在外壳(2)内延伸的催化床(6)，其包括分别用于反应物气体流入口和包括反应产物的气体流出口的对置的穿孔侧壁(7，8)，及
浸于所述至少一个催化床(6)中有热交换流体通过的热交换单元(12)；
其特征在于，所述热交换单元(12)包括至少一系列的热交换器(13)，所述热交换器基本上相互平行排列，且基本上平行于至少有一个被所述反应物的气体流通过的催化床所处的方向。
2.根据权利要求1所述的等温反应器(1)，其特征在于，所述至少系列热交换器(13)中的每一交换器(13)沿着基本上平行于所述外壳的轴线(X)的方向在所述至少一个催化床(6)中延伸。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的等温反应器，其特征在于，所述热交换器(13)具有基本上为盒式的结构，具有基本上拉伸和扁平的矩形配置，其长对边(13a)平行于外壳的轴线(X)且短对边(13b，13c)垂直于所述轴线，所述交换器(13)还包括用于通过热交换工作流体的内腔。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的等温反应器，其特征在于，所述热交换器(13)中各自具有基本上为筒状的结构，每一个筒体在基本上垂直于外壳的轴线(X)方向上延伸。
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