CN101491724A - 一种加快氰化尾渣的植物降解氰络合物方法 - Google Patents
一种加快氰化尾渣的植物降解氰络合物方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种加快氰化尾渣的植物降解氰络合物方法。利用蜈蚣草的喜钙特性直接在氰化尾砂上进行种植,通过其生长吸收破坏氰化时形成的过氧化钙薄膜(CaO2),通过植物根系的生长和根系分泌物使氰络离子分解成碳、氮等养分,随着植物吸收营养的同时使尾砂中的氰得以降解。本发明利用蜈蚣草喜钙、耐碱、生物量大、生长期较短且破坏氰络离子的特性,通过收割地上部还可以去除尾矿中残留的砷等有害元素。可以广泛用于氰化尾渣的植物降解氰,还可以防治水土流失、美化景观环境。
Description
一、技术领域
本发明涉及一种加快氰化尾渣的植物降解氰络合物方法。一种利用植物生长和吸收加速氰化尾渣氰降解的方法。
二、背景技术
尾矿是黄金选厂的主要固体废弃物,随着金矿开采程度的加深,难选金矿的产量越来越大,利用传统的氰化法提金,会产生大量金含量高的黄金冶炼尾渣。用于从矿石中提取黄金的氰化钠溶液浓度一般为0.05%-0.1%,使金矿成为环境氰化物污染的主要来源之一。尽管已有许多比较成熟的氰化物处理技术,但由于种种原因,中国大多数金矿排放的废弃物中仍含有相当浓度的氰化物。
目前有两种不同的氰化工艺,氰化锌粉置换沉淀工艺(CCD)和炭浆工艺(CEP)。两种工艺都产生含有大量氰化物的废水,一般处理1t金精矿要外排4m3左右的氰化废水,其中氰化物的浓度在50-500rng/L,,有的甚至更高。由于氰化物是剧毒的,因此,氰化提金废水在排放之前应当脱出有毒的氰化物,使其达到规定的排放标准,否则,就会严重污染环境,影响农、牧、渔业的生产。目前,对金矿含氰废水的处理有多种方法,其中已在工业实践中获得应用的有化学处理法、自然降解法和生物降解法等。
在氰化尾矿中残留着大量的碱和盐类,如Ca(OH)2、CaO2、Fe(OH)3、Mem(CN)n、Ca(OCl)2、FeSO4、Na2S、Na2SO4、Na2CO3等等,这些盐类的大量存在,导致植物生长受到一定制约作用,需要进行一定的基质改良。为此研究植物除氰方法去除的氰化尾渣中的氰络合物,即可以满足环境保护的要求,又有利于后续有用因素的回收。该方法是在尾渣上种植耐碱喜钙植物,利用不同的调控方法促进其生长,以加快氰络合物的降解。该方法同时适用于含砷较高的氰化尾渣的治理,且能够达到砷、氰同时去除的效果。
植物修复已成为学术界研究的热点,根据植物的修复作用可以分为植物降解、植物提取、植物挥发、根际固定和根际过滤五种类型。目前,对于超积累植物的应用主要集中在用于进行土壤、水体和大气的重金属污染的治理方面,而植物降解则主要集中在治理有机污染方面,如石油污染、炸药废物、燃料泄露、氯代溶剂、填埋渗滤液及农药有机物污染土壤的治理。植物降解环境中有机污染物的机制较为复杂,归纳起来大致有以下机制:1)植物对有机物的直接吸收和新陈代谢;2)植物根部释放降解土壤有机污染物的特殊酶;3)植物根际微生物群落的降解作用。据报道,水稻幼苗可通过根系吸收14C标记的甲烷,而玉米幼苗可通过根和叶吸收同位素标记的甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、戊烷。早在20世纪70年代初期,人们就已经发现植物具有新陈代谢多氯联苯的功能,并鉴定出植物的新陈代谢产物,羟基氯联苯等等。植物根部释放降解土壤有机污染物的特殊酶。如腈水解酶、消化酶和漆酶、去卤代酶,它们分别降解4-氯苯腈、三硝基甲苯(TNT)、氯代溶剂(如三氯乙烯)。
CN200610048663.6中涉及一种治理铅污染土壤的植物修复方法,该方法通过将密蒙花以直接移栽或播种方式种植到受铅污染的土壤中,使其成活生长,并向上运输及转运到地上部,当植株生长到100~120cm或密蒙花地上部分Pb含量达到1400mg/kg时收割地上部并将其移走,则可从土壤中带走大量的铅,从而达到快速治理铅污染土壤的目的。该方法要调控土壤酸碱度为中性或偏酸性,并且按照2~4m的株距种植密蒙花。
CN01120519.9涉及一种治理砷污染土壤的方法,本方法涉及以蜈蚣草修复和治理砷污染土壤(包括湿地)的方法,该方法通过蜈蚣草的根系大量吸收环境中的砷,并向上输送和转运到地上部。当植物生长到50~80cm高度时或生长5~6个月后收割地上部(留茬5~10cm高)并将其移走,则可从土壤中带走大量砷,从而达到快速清除砷污染的目的。对于酸性土壤,则通过施用石灰或碱性肥料等方法提高污染土壤的酸碱度pH。
CN200710066021.3本发明涉及一种降低含高砷难处理金矿选冶成本的植物提砷预处理方法。即把蜈蚣草或大叶井口边草单独或套种在含砷金矿基质上,通过蜈蚣草或大叶井口边草的根系大量吸收金矿中的砷,并向上输送和转运到地上部。当植物生长到30~50cm高度时收割地上部(留茬3~5cm高)并将其移走,则可从金矿中带走大量砷,从而达到快速清除砷的目的。
利用植物加速氰化尾渣氰降解的方法是利用某些特定植物生长过程中能够较快地吸收富集金尾矿中的钙、砷,破坏氰络合物,同时能够破坏铁氰络合物从而达到加速氰降解的目的。适用于经过生物氧化、高压氧化和焙烧预处理的各种氰化含砷尾渣。该方法的投资和维护成本低,工程量小,运行管理简单,不破坏金尾矿理化性质,不产生二次污染,而且对尾矿库的水土保持和美化景观具有良好的效果,是一种环境友好型方法,对于含砷、硫、钙较高的氰化金尾矿的也可以应用。植物加速氰降解方法是利用某些自然生长或人工选育植物降低尾渣中的氰含量的一种生物修复方法,其实质是借助于某些植物根系的特殊分泌物和共生微生物的吸收代谢功能,使氰根迅速破坏分解为碳和氮等营养元素,并且被植物吸收利用。
该方法是将蜈蚣草通过直接移栽或孢子繁育手段长成幼苗后移栽到含砷较高的氰化尾矿基质中,通过蜈蚣草的加快降解基质中的氰,当植物生长到40~70cm高度时,留茬3-5cm左右,将其移走,则可从金尾矿中带走大量钙并且降解氰络合物,如果尾矿中砷含量较高,同时还有除砷的过年,从而达到快速脱除金尾矿氰的目的。
三、发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种加快氰化尾渣的植物降解氰络合物方法。利用蜈蚣草的喜钙特性直接在氰化尾砂上进行种植,通过其生长吸收破坏氰化时形成的过氧化钙薄膜(CaO2),通过植物根系的生长和根系分泌物使氰络离子发生分解成碳、氮等养分,随着植物吸收营养的同时使尾砂中的氰得以降解。
结合农业生态手段进行调控,其调控措施包括农业生态调控法,如调节其酸碱度pH值、深翻、水分、氧化-还原电位(Eh)、选择合适形态的化肥等。农业生态法其机理主要是促进植物生长代谢过年的发挥,加快植物对氰的降解速度,同时能够破坏铁氰络合物。
本发明通过以下步骤完成
1)把氰化尾渣从尾矿坝中取出经预处理,平铺30~50cm的厚度,施加柠檬酸、草酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、稀盐酸、稀硝酸和/或稀硫酸,调整氰化尾渣的pH为7.0~8.0(中性至弱碱性);
2)在预处理好的氰化尾渣上按照每隔15~40cm直接移栽或孢子培育方式种一株蜈蚣草,或以30~60株/m2间距种一株蜈蚣草
3)种植的蜈蚣草通过加入肥料包括腐殖酸、氮肥、磷肥和/或钾肥或接种部分菌根生物,以加快蜈蚣草自身的生长速度及其根系对尾矿砂中氰的降解速率;
4)至蜈蚣草生长3~6个月时首次收割;或当尾渣中的氰浓度降到1.0mg/L时进行收割;或当蜈蚣草生长到40~70cm时首次收割,以后每当蜈蚣草生长到40~70cm时收割一次。收割蜈蚣草地上部时留茬2~5cm,促进其根部发新枝,从而能够维持继续生长的能力。
另外,可以引入微生物制剂提高真菌浸染的成功率,促进菌根真菌与植物根系的共生,从而增强植物修复的效率。施加植物生长调节剂促进植物生长和砷积累量。
与公知技术相比本发明具有的优点及积极效果
本发明利用蜈蚣草喜钙、耐碱、生物量较大、生长期较短并且破坏氰络离子的特性,通过收割地上部还可以去除尾矿中残留的砷等有害元素。可以广泛用于氰化尾渣的植物降解氰,还可以防治水土流失、美化景观环境。
四、具体实施方式
下面通过实施例进一步说明本发明
实施例1:氰化废水含氰为80mg/L。把氰化尾渣从尾矿坝中取出,在相对防渗区域(如土工布上)平铺30~50cm的厚度,通过翻耕、整平和晒田4~8天后,在该尾矿砂上以每隔20cm种植一株蜈蚣草。辅助浇灌叶面微肥,其主要成分是硝酸铵和磷酸二氢铵兑水组成的液体肥料,促进其成活、加强光合作用,并且可以通过延长叶片寿命,来增加植物生物量。同时在金尾矿中浇灌稀柠檬酸、稀苹果酸等溶液,随时按需浇水。4个月后,首次收割其地上部,收割应留茬2~5cm。经分析测定,尾渣浸出液中氰的浓度由原来的80mg/L,降低到20mg/L,相当于使尾矿中的氰含量减少了75%。以后每生长3个月收割一次,金尾矿中的氰含量则不断减少,最终通过4次收割后金尾矿基质浸出液的氰降至0.5mg/L,达到了危险废物毒性浸出标准的限值,在其他有害元素浸出不超标的情况下尾渣可作为一般废物处理,进行复垦或复耕。这样就比较经济有效地达到了植物将节氰的目的。收割物送废物填埋场安全填埋或进行焚烧处理。
实施例2:某含砷金矿的氰化尾渣平均含砷0.7%,其浸出液氰含量为60mg/L,把氰化尾渣从尾矿坝中取出,在粘土层上平铺25~40cm的厚度,每天深翻一次,5天后,在该尾矿砂上以60株/m2间距种植蜈蚣草,在种植期间每隔半个月进行一次基质的疏松,并且引入蚯蚓进行基质的疏松。每隔一个月进行施肥,按需浇水灌溉。在种植6个月后,收割地上部,收割后留茬2~5cm。经分析测定,种植蜈蚣草前后,金矿石中的砷含量从7562mg/kg降低到1036mg/kg,蜈蚣草对金矿砷的浸提效率达到86.29%,而浸出液氰浓度从60mg/L降到0.8mg/L,达到标准限值的要求。收割物因砷含量高须送废物填埋场安全填埋。
实施例3:某尾矿库的氰化废水含氰为100mg/L。把氰化尾渣从尾矿坝中取出,把板结的尾矿砂破碎成0.05~0.5mm、1~1.5mm和2~2.5mm的粒径,并且三种粒径以1∶1∶1的比例组合后平铺40cm厚度,每天深翻2次,3天后在该金尾矿砂上以每隔30cm种植一株蜈蚣草。并且在发芽后向金矿基质中每隔一个月均匀喷洒0.1mmol/L的乙二铵四乙酸二钠盐(EDTA)、稀酒石酸、稀苹果酸和/或稀苹果酸,按需浇水灌溉。并且引入微生物制剂,假单胞菌、亚消化杆菌和消化杆菌提高尾渣基质中氰根的降解速度和硝酸根的生成速度,4个月后,首次收割其地上部分,再生长4个月再收割,通过2次收割后尾渣浸出液中氰含量减少。经分析测定,氰化尾渣浸出液中氰浓度小于0.6mg/L,收割物送废物填埋场安全填埋。
Claims (4)
1、一种加快氰化尾渣的植物降解氰络合物方法,其特征在于:其通过以下步骤完成,
1)、把氰化尾渣从尾矿坝中取出经预处理,平铺30~50cm的厚度,调整氰化尾渣的pH至中性或弱硷性;
2)、在氰化尾渣上按照每隔15~40cm直接移栽或孢子培育方式种一株蜈蚣草,或以30~60株/m2间距种一株蜈蚣草;
3)、施加肥料,包括腐殖酸、氮肥、磷肥和/或钾肥或接种部分菌根生物;
4)、至蜈蚣草生长3~6个月时首次收割,或当尾渣浸出液中的氰浓度降到1.0mg/L时进行收割,或当蜈蚣草生长到40~70cm时首次收割,以后每当蜈蚣草生长到40~70cm时收割一次,收割蜈蚣草地上部时,应留茬2~5cm。
2、根据权利要求1所述的加快氰化尾渣的植物降解氰络合物方法,其特征在于:所述预处理是经翻耕、整平和晒田4~8天后,或每天深翻一次,连翻5天,或把板结的尾矿砂破碎成0.05~0.5mm、1~1.5mm和2~2.5mm的粒径,三种粒径以1∶1∶1的比例组合。
3、根据权利要求1或2所述的加快氰化尾渣的植物降解氰络合物方法,其特征在于:施加柠檬酸、草酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、稀盐酸、稀硝酸和/或稀硫酸调节氰化尾渣至中性或弱硷性。
4、根据权利要求1所述的加快氰化尾渣的植物降解氰络合物方法,其特征在于:种植蜈蚣草后施加叶面微肥,包括硝酸铵和磷酸二氢铵兑水组成的液体肥料,同时在金尾矿中浇灌稀柠檬酸或稀苹果酸溶液,或每隔半个月引入蚯蚓进行一次基质的疏松,每隔一个月进行施肥,或在发芽后向金矿基质中每隔一个月均匀喷洒0.1mmol/L的乙二铵四乙酸二钠盐、稀酒石酸、稀苹果酸和/或稀苹果酸。
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