CN101489907A - Pipe-laying machine - Google Patents
Pipe-laying machine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101489907A CN101489907A CNA2007800260882A CN200780026088A CN101489907A CN 101489907 A CN101489907 A CN 101489907A CN A2007800260882 A CNA2007800260882 A CN A2007800260882A CN 200780026088 A CN200780026088 A CN 200780026088A CN 101489907 A CN101489907 A CN 101489907A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- plate
- pipe
- laying machine
- counterweight
- lifting appliance
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract 3
- NOQGZXFMHARMLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Daminozide Chemical group CN(C)NC(=O)CCC(O)=O NOQGZXFMHARMLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
- B66C—CRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
- B66C23/00—Cranes comprising essentially a beam, boom, or triangular structure acting as a cantilever and mounted for translatory of swinging movements in vertical or horizontal planes or a combination of such movements, e.g. jib-cranes, derricks, tower cranes
- B66C23/62—Constructional features or details
- B66C23/72—Counterweights or supports for balancing lifting couples
- B66C23/74—Counterweights or supports for balancing lifting couples separate from jib
- B66C23/76—Counterweights or supports for balancing lifting couples separate from jib and movable to take account of variations of load or of variations of length of jib
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
- B66C—CRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
- B66C23/00—Cranes comprising essentially a beam, boom, or triangular structure acting as a cantilever and mounted for translatory of swinging movements in vertical or horizontal planes or a combination of such movements, e.g. jib-cranes, derricks, tower cranes
- B66C23/18—Cranes comprising essentially a beam, boom, or triangular structure acting as a cantilever and mounted for translatory of swinging movements in vertical or horizontal planes or a combination of such movements, e.g. jib-cranes, derricks, tower cranes specially adapted for use in particular purposes
- B66C23/36—Cranes comprising essentially a beam, boom, or triangular structure acting as a cantilever and mounted for translatory of swinging movements in vertical or horizontal planes or a combination of such movements, e.g. jib-cranes, derricks, tower cranes specially adapted for use in particular purposes mounted on road or rail vehicles; Manually-movable jib-cranes for use in workshops; Floating cranes
- B66C23/44—Jib-cranes adapted for attachment to standard vehicles, e.g. agricultural tractors
Abstract
This invention relates to a pipe-laying machine of the type comprising a self-propelled tracked vehicle (1), on one side of which is fitted a crane (10) designed for lifting and laying pipes, which said machine is also fitted with a counterweight constituted by a plate (19) made of a heavy material that moves between a rest position in which it retracts fully into the vehicle and an operational position in which it projects from the vehicle on the opposite side to the crane. In the machine according to the invention, engine unit (3) and control cab (4) are located at each end of chassis (1), projecting slightly from it, to leave a free space in the central part of the vehicle for the installation of all the mechanisms (6, 7) designed for the movement and control of the crane.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of improved pipe-laying machine.
Especially, the present invention relates to a kind of pipe-laying machine that comprises tracklaying vehicle, on this tracklaying vehicle, be equipped with detouchable, can riser tubing etc. and with the crane arm of pipelaying to channel bottom.
The invention is characterized in to comprise counterweight/counterweight that this counterweight need be used for the moment that balance is produced by this lifting appliance to stretch out at lifting appliance when configuration is worked.Described counterweight comprises very thick metal (for example iron) plate, this metal sheet is arranged between the crawler belt of vehicle and is subjected to making that this metal sheet moves to the effect of the device of operating position from position of rest, metal sheet is fully retracted in the pipe-laying machine at described position of rest place, stretches out the effect of the load that is promoted with the balance lifting appliance from pipe-laying machine at described operating position place metal sheet.
In pipe-laying machine according to the present invention, engine unit and control operator's compartment are positioned at each end on chassis, and stretch out slightly from the chassis so that stay clearance envelope at the middle body of vehicle, the motion and the control mechanism of all lifting appliances can be installed at this clearance envelope place.
Background technology
Underfloor duct, for example gaspipe line and petroleum pipeline, comprise big, than the heavy weight pipe sections, and use a kind of special-purpose machinery that is called pipe-laying machine to lay them.
Described pipe-laying machine is obtained through suitable improvement such as bulldozer or other earthmoving machinery commonly used by other usually, this pipe-laying machine comprises the tracked chassis by internal combustion engine drives, and the sidepiece on this chassis is equipped with the lifting appliance that is designed for promoting with movement pipeline.
Described driving engine is positioned at the middle body on chassis and in the operator's compartment back, crane arm is articulated on the vehicle frame of crawler-tread.
The visual field-this visual field that this structure that is derived from other machinery has limited the operator is partly because the existence of driving engine and limited, and overbalance-this must compensate by counterweight to a certain extent to be easy to cause described machinery.In stretching out configuration, described counterweight is installed on the articulated structure usually, and this articulated structure is positioned mechanically relative with a lifting appliance side.
When promoting the heavy weight load in stretching out configuration, they are subjected to very high moment, and this moment is easy to make their lopsidedness from riser tubing.In addition, because engine unit and operator's compartment are positioned the very high top of ground level, the center of gravity of machinery is too high, and is unfavorable to its stability.
In order to overcome this shortcoming, except using full size vehicle, must suitable counterweight be installed in a side relative of machinery with lifting appliance, described full size vehicle quality is vulnerable to the unbalanced influence of the load that promoted more greatly and not.
But this has caused other shortcoming, because these machineries are excessive, makes them not transport by road with conventional vehicles; Need have the unconventional load transport of escorting, make to operate in economy and organizational aspects is required great effort more.
Summary of the invention
In order to eliminate these problems, the invention provides a kind of improved pipe-laying machine/pipelaying machinery, this pipe-laying machine comprises tracklaying vehicle, the arm that is designed to promote with tubing etc. is housed on this pipe-laying machine, described machinery is equipped with counterweight, this counterweight comprises that this counterweight is positioned at the height place identical with crawler-tread by the metal very thick plate made of iron for example.Especially, described counterweight is in the relative side of a side of stretching out from it with lifting appliance of machinery is installed in seat portion the track-guide carriage, and be subjected to making that counterweight can move to the effect of the device of position of rest from operating position, counterweight is stretched out from machinery at the operating position place, in position of rest place counterweight is withdrawn vehicle fully.
This system makes the moment produce owing to lifting load obtain balance at the opposite side of described machinery, thereby eliminates the danger of toppling, and makes mechanical size remain on simultaneously to make it to transport by road and vehicle and/or transportation means that need not be special.
In addition, engine unit and operator's compartment are each positioned at an end on chassis.Like this, stay clearance envelope to be used for the installation of capstan winch and other lifting appliance function unit, make this machinery need not in the traffic coverage of special car thereby make mechanical width remain at middle body.
This scheme also makes has better visbility in motor-driven/manipulation and pipeline move operation process, because the operator has the visual field fully freely on three sides.
The present invention also provides a kind of improved system that is used for arm is connected in described machinery, and this system has reduced the width of described machinery when removing the lifting appliance arm for the purpose of road transport.
Description of drawings
To describe the present invention in detail by non-limiting example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings now, in the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 is the lateral plan with improved pipe-laying machine of back operator's compartment;
Fig. 2 is the front elevation with improved pipe-laying machine of back operator's compartment;
Fig. 1 a and Fig. 2 a are lateral plan and the front elevations with pipe-laying machine of preceding operator's compartment;
Fig. 3 a and Fig. 3 b illustrate the plate as counterweight, and this plate is in operating position and retracted position respectively;
Fig. 4 a and Fig. 4 b illustrate respectively from the side and watch above has body frame structure for automotive and crawler-tread as the plate of counterweight;
Fig. 5 a is four views that are designed to arm is connected in the system of track-guide carriage to Fig. 5 d.
The specific embodiment
In the accompanying drawings, pipe-laying machine according to the present invention comprise by 1 expression, by the caterpillar chassis that a pair of crawler belt 2 drives, engine unit 3 and control operator's compartment 4 are installed in the rear end and the front end on this chassis respectively, perhaps vice versa.
Therefore, it is free that central space keeps, and the capstan winch 6 and 7 that metal cord 8 and 9 are housed is arranged in the described central space, and described metal cord 8 and 9 is designed to the arm 10 of supporting and moving lifting appliance and the load that is associated.
This structure is connected in track-guide carriage 5 in its lower end by connecting portion 11, and described structure comprises two tubular units substantially in the upper end.
Each all comprises plate 12 described connecting portion, this plate 12 has lug boss 13 and welding or attaching on mechanical structures on a side, each connecting portion also comprises second plate 14 (promptly also having lug boss 15 on its surface) of shape and plate 12 complementations, be welded with a pair of alar part 16 on this second plate 14, this alar part has the hole 17 that is used to insert swivel pin.
The lower end of tubular part 10 is positioned between the alar part 16, and described parts are held in place by the pin that is inserted in the hole 17.
Thereby these pins form hinge, because the effect of capstan winch 6, arm 10 can rotate so that promote and tubing around described hinge along the axis parallel with the longitudinal axis of described machinery.
The advantage of the method for the movable arm of this connection is when described arm is removed, owing to can remove the plate 14 that has outstanding alar part 16, has reduced mechanical width in transportation.
The pulley that has suspension hook 18 is installed to the end of described arm 10, and pipeline utilizes not shown suitable strip suspension in this suspension hook.
Second capstan winch by 7 expressions makes and can promote and tubing.
As has been described, there is such problem in the machinery of prior art: just do not have the low problem of stability if assemble counterweight, if or counterweight is installed then size is bigger.
In order to eliminate described problem, the present invention uses the counterweight 19 that is made of very thick metal sheet (for example 20-40cm), and this counterweight is inserted in the seat portion 20 on the track-guide carriage, and is positioned at the mechanical opposite side of the side with the attaching arm.
Described counterweight can be in the guiding lower slider of roller 21, and be under the effect of installing such as hydraulic actuating cylinder 22, electro-motor etc., described device make counterweight can from position of rest (Fig. 3 b) across and move to operating position (Fig. 3 a), it is fully retracted in the machinery at described position of rest place, and it stretches out from the profile of vehicle at described operating position place.
The function of described counterweight be balance by the moment that load produced that on mechanical opposite side, promotes and prevent the danger of toppling, particularly under the situation that machinery be operated in slope or uneven landform-this is very common.
Except improving the stability of vehicle by the center of gravity that reduces vehicle owing to the specific position of counterweight, being also advantageous in that of this system makes that the mechanical ratio existing mechanical is littler, is designed to offset because the device of the tilting moment that lifting appliance and its load produce also is like this even they are equipped with.
Therefore, owing to adopted counterweight and new lifting appliance system of connections, can utilize trailer transportation this improved pipe-laying machine and need not to escort, because its overall dimensions can be above the size of stipulating in the traffic law.
All four wheels (23) that other improvements provided by the invention are to operate crawler-tread all are drive wheels.
This scheme is very useful, at first be because the machinery of these types is normally operated on very uneven landform, for example at the edge of groove, and the method guarantees that the operator to better traction and better control of vehicle, secondly is because the size of described machinery is limited.
Four wheel drive makes that the spendable retarder retarder more required than transferring power under the situation of two-wheel drive is much smaller, and retarder greatly increases the size of machinery than conference.
In addition, although free gear can make crawler belt keep tension in similar known machinery, but in machinery according to the present invention special tightening device is installed, this tightening device comprises rocking arm 24, and this rocking arm is equipped with a pair of roller 25 and is installed in that (Fig. 4 a) on the telescopic supports 26 that is fixed on the vehicle frame.
Realized having bigger stability simultaneously thus, smaller szie and the improved pipe-laying machine of easy-to-operate advantage more.Those skilled in the art can propose various changes and modification, and all these should fall in the scope of the present invention that is defined by the following claims.
Claims (9)
1. pipe-laying machine, comprise driving carriage (1), one side of this machinery is equipped with the lifting appliance (10) that is used to promote with tubing, described machinery is characterised in that and comprises counterweight (19), this counterweight comprises the plate of being made by heavy material, and this counterweight moves between position of rest and operating position, states counterweight in described position of rest place and withdraws fully in the vehicle, states counterweight in described operating position place and stretches out vehicle at the opposite side of lifting appliance.
2. pipe-laying machine according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, the described plate of being made by heavy material (19) is positioned in the track-guide carriage (5) and is positioned between the upper chain and lower chain of crawler belt (2), this plate is subjected to the effect of actuating device (22), this actuating device is controlled the slip of described plate so that described plate is moved to described operating position from described position of rest, and vice versa.
3. pipe-laying machine according to claim 2 is characterized in that, described plate (19) is the iron plate of moving by one or more hydraulic actuating cylinders (22).
4. according to any one described pipe-laying machine in the aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that, described pipe-laying machine comprises engine unit (3) and the operator's compartment (4) that is positioned at each end of chassis (1), make to stay clearance envelope, lifting appliance actuating device (6,7) is housed in this space at middle section.
5. according to any one described pipe-laying machine in the aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that all four wheels (23) that crawler-tread is housed on it all are drive wheels.
6. pipe-laying machine according to claim 5, it is characterized in that, described pipe-laying machine comprises track takeup, this track takeup comprises rocker part (24), and this rocker part is installed in telescopic supports (26) and goes up and be equipped with one or more rollers (25) that are designed to engage crawler belt.
7. according to any one described pipe-laying machine in the aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that, the arm of lifting appliance (10) comprises tubular part, this tubular part is articulated in vehicle chassis and is connected to hawser (8) at the top at base portion, and described hawser is operated so that change the degree of dip of the arm of described lifting appliance by capstan winch (6); The connecting portion of described arm comprises first plate (12) and second plate (14), this first plate is fixed on the described mechanical structures, be welded with double-type outstanding alar part (11) on this second plate, the tubular part that constitutes the arm of lifting appliance is articulated in described alar part, and described second plate removably is connected in first plate.
8. pipe-laying machine according to claim 6 is characterized in that, the contact surface of described first plate (12) and second plate (14) has complementary shape, so that their accurately mutual location.
9. as the improved pipe-laying machine of describing and illustrating.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ITPC2006A000029 | 2006-07-12 | ||
IT000029A ITPC20060029A1 (en) | 2006-07-12 | 2006-07-12 | PERFORMED HANGING MACHINE |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN101489907A true CN101489907A (en) | 2009-07-22 |
Family
ID=38470145
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CNA2007800260882A Pending CN101489907A (en) | 2006-07-12 | 2007-05-02 | Pipe-laying machine |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7845503B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2038200A1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101489907A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2007274754A1 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0714146A2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2657362A1 (en) |
EA (1) | EA014149B1 (en) |
IT (1) | ITPC20060029A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MX2009000362A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2008010033A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN105920747A (en) * | 2016-06-17 | 2016-09-07 | 苏州雷泰医疗科技有限公司 | Accelerator therapy device |
CN107725891A (en) * | 2017-10-11 | 2018-02-23 | 深圳市奈士迪技术研发有限公司 | A kind of intelligent machine equipment with quick accurate laying function pipeline |
CN114772453A (en) * | 2022-06-16 | 2022-07-22 | 山西路桥智慧交通信息科技有限公司 | Heavy pipeline hoisting mechanism for highway engineering construction |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ITTO20080952A1 (en) * | 2008-12-18 | 2010-06-19 | New Holland Kobelco Construction Ma Chinery S P A | VEHICLE WITH LIFTING ARM |
US8783477B2 (en) * | 2009-10-08 | 2014-07-22 | Caterpillar Inc. | Lightweight high-performance pipelayer |
JP2017512283A (en) | 2014-01-29 | 2017-05-18 | ラウリーニ オフィシーネ メッカニケ エス.アール.エル. | Pipe laying machine and pipe laying method |
RU2684646C2 (en) * | 2016-04-28 | 2019-04-11 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью Инновационная фирма "МАГМА" | Universal pipe-laying module |
RU173283U1 (en) * | 2016-11-16 | 2017-08-21 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "УРАЛСПЕЦТЕХНИКА" | PIPE LAYER |
CA2974274A1 (en) | 2017-07-21 | 2019-01-21 | Brandt Equipment Solutions Ltd. | Pipelayer machine with symmetrical winches |
US11970374B2 (en) | 2021-10-04 | 2024-04-30 | Caterpillar Inc. | Pipelayer machine with rear engine configuration |
US11970375B2 (en) | 2021-10-04 | 2024-04-30 | Caterpillar Inc. | Pipelayer machine with forward towing winch configuration |
US20230103755A1 (en) * | 2021-10-04 | 2023-04-06 | Caterpillar Inc. | Pipelayer machine with operator cabin having narrow front view |
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US1139915A (en) * | 1912-12-10 | 1915-05-18 | Frans Smulders | Sluing crane. |
US1497686A (en) * | 1922-06-28 | 1924-06-17 | Allan E Johnson | Crane |
US1718434A (en) * | 1928-02-28 | 1929-06-25 | George T Ronk | Counterbalance for ditching machines |
US2674378A (en) * | 1951-12-10 | 1954-04-06 | Harnischfeger Corp | Removable counter weight for truck cranes |
US3029088A (en) * | 1958-02-15 | 1962-04-10 | Steinbock G M B H Fa | Counterweight for three wheel vehicles |
US3814265A (en) * | 1973-08-20 | 1974-06-04 | Harnischfeger Corp | Hydraulic crane control system having means for deactivating control valves when operating limit is exceeded |
NL180991C (en) * | 1975-04-24 | 1987-06-01 | Manitowoc Co | DRIVE DEVICE FOR A SELF-DRIVING TRANSPORT VEHICLE. |
US4132317A (en) * | 1977-04-12 | 1979-01-02 | Spetsialnoe Konstruktorskoe Bjuro Gazstroimashina | Pipe laying crane |
US4083459A (en) | 1977-04-21 | 1978-04-11 | Caterpillar Tractor Co. | Mounting apparatus for a counterweight assembly |
US4817746A (en) | 1987-12-22 | 1989-04-04 | Caterpillar Inc. | Suspension mechanism for a track-type vehicle |
FR2636908A1 (en) * | 1988-09-27 | 1990-03-30 | Armef | SELF-PROPELLED MACHINE WITH FLEXIBLE TRACK |
US5031373A (en) * | 1989-10-27 | 1991-07-16 | Montgomery David W | Etching machine and method |
US5332110A (en) | 1993-02-22 | 1994-07-26 | Vanguard Hydraulic Pipelayer | Tractor mounted hydraulic pipelayer with side boom |
DE50109335D1 (en) * | 2000-01-25 | 2006-05-18 | Macmoter Spa | Rohrverleger |
CA2426234A1 (en) | 2002-05-17 | 2003-11-17 | Macmoter S.P.A. | Tracked vehicle |
JP4390468B2 (en) * | 2003-03-24 | 2009-12-24 | 株式会社小松製作所 | Pipe layer |
-
2006
- 2006-07-12 IT IT000029A patent/ITPC20060029A1/en unknown
-
2007
- 2007-05-02 CN CNA2007800260882A patent/CN101489907A/en active Pending
- 2007-05-02 BR BRPI0714146-7A patent/BRPI0714146A2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-05-02 WO PCT/IB2007/001135 patent/WO2008010033A1/en active Application Filing
- 2007-05-02 EA EA200900004A patent/EA014149B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-05-02 AU AU2007274754A patent/AU2007274754A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-05-02 CA CA002657362A patent/CA2657362A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-05-02 US US12/373,095 patent/US7845503B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-05-02 MX MX2009000362A patent/MX2009000362A/en unknown
- 2007-05-02 EP EP07734452A patent/EP2038200A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN105920747A (en) * | 2016-06-17 | 2016-09-07 | 苏州雷泰医疗科技有限公司 | Accelerator therapy device |
CN105920747B (en) * | 2016-06-17 | 2019-06-18 | 苏州雷泰医疗科技有限公司 | Accelerator therapy device |
CN107725891A (en) * | 2017-10-11 | 2018-02-23 | 深圳市奈士迪技术研发有限公司 | A kind of intelligent machine equipment with quick accurate laying function pipeline |
CN107725891B (en) * | 2017-10-11 | 2019-09-17 | 马鞍山市新桥工业设计有限公司 | A kind of intelligent machine equipment with quickly accurate laying function pipeline |
CN114772453A (en) * | 2022-06-16 | 2022-07-22 | 山西路桥智慧交通信息科技有限公司 | Heavy pipeline hoisting mechanism for highway engineering construction |
CN114772453B (en) * | 2022-06-16 | 2022-09-13 | 山西路桥智慧交通信息科技有限公司 | Heavy pipeline hoisting mechanism for highway engineering construction |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20100000954A1 (en) | 2010-01-07 |
EA014149B1 (en) | 2010-10-29 |
MX2009000362A (en) | 2009-01-27 |
US7845503B2 (en) | 2010-12-07 |
WO2008010033A1 (en) | 2008-01-24 |
ITPC20060029A1 (en) | 2008-01-13 |
EP2038200A1 (en) | 2009-03-25 |
EA200900004A1 (en) | 2009-06-30 |
BRPI0714146A2 (en) | 2012-12-25 |
CA2657362A1 (en) | 2008-01-24 |
AU2007274754A1 (en) | 2008-01-24 |
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PB01 | Publication | ||
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SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
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WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |
Open date: 20090722 |