CN101479887A - Integrated waveguide antenna and array - Google Patents
Integrated waveguide antenna and array Download PDFInfo
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- CN101479887A CN101479887A CNA2007800237937A CN200780023793A CN101479887A CN 101479887 A CN101479887 A CN 101479887A CN A2007800237937 A CNA2007800237937 A CN A2007800237937A CN 200780023793 A CN200780023793 A CN 200780023793A CN 101479887 A CN101479887 A CN 101479887A
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Abstract
The invention relates to an antenna, comprising a structure extending from surface of a wave-guide tube and having at least one opened end part. The structure can have a cross section having a plurality of shapes. Wall of the structure can be movable. And the antenna structure can be rotated. The antenna can be combined with a plurality of wave-feeding appliances and can provide dimensional wave beam control.
Description
Technical field
Main field of the present invention relates to a kind of electromagnetic type construction unit of uniqueness, and it can be used for radiation and non-radiative electromagnetic equipment.Embodiments of the invention relate generally to antenna structure, and more particularly, relate to having the antenna structure that is integrated into the radiant element on the waveguide, and relate to and have the antenna that is integrated into the radiating element arraying on the waveguide.
Background technology
The various antennas that are used to receive and transmit electromagnetic radiation known in the state of the art.Physically, antenna is made up of the radiant element that utilizes conductor to make, and the electric field that described conductor response applies produces the electromagnetic field of radiation with corresponding magnetic field.This process is two-way, that is, in the time of in being placed into electromagnetic field, magnetic field will be responded to the generation alternating current and will produce voltage between the end of antenna in antenna.Feedback () line or transmission line transmission signals between antenna and transceiver (wireless set).Feeder line can comprise the antenna with network and/or waveguide coupling.Antenna array refers to be coupled so that produce two or many strip antennas of directional radiation with common source or common load.Spatial relationship between each antenna influences the directivity of antenna.
Although antenna disclosed herein is general and applicable in many application, a kind of specific application that can benefit from antenna of the present invention largely is the reception of satellite television (direct broadcasting satellite or " DBS ") static and that be provided with movably.For fixing DBS, utilize the directional antenna of aiming geostationary satellite to finish reception.In mobile DBS, antenna is positioned on the mobile delivery vehicle (land, sea or aerial).Under described situation, when delivery vehicle moved, antenna needed constantly to satelloid.During satellite motion, utilize various mechanisms to make antenna tracking satellite, for example application of motorization mechanism and/or phase displacement antenna battle array.For example at United States Patent (USP) 6,529, can find other general informations in 706 about mobile DBS, the document is incorporated herein by reference.
A kind of known two-dimentional beam controlling antenna uses the phased array design, and wherein each element of antenna array has phase shifter and the amplifier that is connected thereto.Micro-band technique or slotted waveguide technology (referring to for example United States Patent (USP) 5,579,019) are used in the typical antenna battle array design that is used for planar array antenna.Utilize micro-band technique, the efficient of antenna is along with the size of antenna increases and reduces greatly.Utilize slotted waveguide technology, system comprises complicated parts and bend pipe and very narrow groove, must strictly control their size and geometry in manufacture process.Phase shifter and amplifier are used to provide the hemisphere covering domain of two dimension.Yet phase shifter is very expensive, and especially, if phased array comprises many elements, the cost of entire antenna can be quite high.In addition, phase shifter needs independent, complicated control circuit, and it brings irrational cost and system complexity.
The technology that is called as GBS (global broadcast service) of a kind of DBS of being similar to uses commercial ready-made technology to come to provide wideband data and real-time video for the various user groups relevant with U.S. government via satellite.GBS system by the space technology branch exploitation of the space of electronic communication headquarter of U.S. army and ground communication management board uses the leaky wave antenna that has the mechanization tracking system.Although it is said that described antenna has low profile-extend to " only's " 14 inches height and do not have radome (radome)-its size to can be Military Application and accept, and can not accept for consumer applications (for example, private car).For consumer applications, the profile of antenna should be hanged down and be made it can not influence the aesthetic property of delivery vehicle and do not enlarge markedly its resistance coefficient.
Current mobile system is expensive and complicated.In the consumer products of reality, size and cost are principal elements, and to make size and cost reduce significantly be difficult.Except cost, the phase shifter of known system has increased the loss (for example 3 decibels or higher decay) of corresponding system inherently, thereby in order to compensate the size that described loss need increase considerably antenna.Under specific situation, for example in the DBS antenna system, size can reach 4 feet and take advantage of 4 feet, and this is unpractical for consumer applications.
As from can recognizing the above-mentioned argumentation,, must solve following problem at least: reducing on the signals collecting efficient of raising, the size, and the reduction on the price in order to develop mobile DBS or the GBS system that is used to consume.Current antenna system is relatively too big for commercial use, has the problem of collecting efficiency, and price is thousands of and even tens thousand of dollar, thereby has exceeded the consuming capacity of ordinary consumer.In general, the efficient discussed of this place is meant that antenna receives radiofrequency signal and gathered antenna efficiency for the signal of telecommunication.Described problem all is common to any antenna system, and no matter is any antenna system of static or mobile any application concerning being used for, and solution provided herein has all solved the problems referred to above.
Summary of the invention
For the basic understanding to aspects more of the present invention and feature is provided, provide following summary content of the present invention.Described summary content is not an extensive overview of the present invention, and similarly, it is not to be intended to particularly point out key of the present invention or vitals, is not to be intended to describe scope of the present invention yet.Its unique purpose is to propose notions more of the present invention with the form of simplifying, with the guide's part as following more detailed explanation of being stated.
According to certain aspects of the invention, provide a kind of novel radiant element, it provides high conversion efficiency, and is simultaneously little, simple and can make at low cost.
According to certain aspects of the invention, provide a kind of new antenna with radiant element, described radiant element provides high conversion efficiency, and is simultaneously little, simple and can make at low cost.
According to certain aspects of the invention, provide a kind of new antenna with radiating element arraying, described radiating element arraying provides high conversion efficiency, and is simultaneously little, simple and can make at low cost.
According to other aspects of the invention, wave energy is finished under the situation without any intermediary element of being coupling between waveguide and the radiant element.Especially, transmission method is implemented by following steps: the surface at a cavity produces plane electromagnetic wave from transmit port; Propagate described ripple along the direction of propagation at cavity inside; By redirecting at least a portion of described ripple, propagating, thereby energy is coupled on the radiant element from described propagating wave at the direction upper edge radiant element that is being orthogonal to the direction of propagation; And from radiant element radiation wave energy.Described coupling element and therefore the direction of propagation all can be designed as and be any angle of 0-90 °, therefore can be positioned at other angles except that the right angle.The method of receiver radiation energy is symmetrical fully by opposite order.That is to say that this method is implemented by following steps: wave energy is coupled on the radiant element; Radiant element is propagated described ripple in upper edge, the direction of propagation; By redirecting described ripple, propagating, thereby energy is coupled on the cavity from described propagating wave at the direction upper edge cavity that is being orthogonal to the direction of propagation; And gather wave energy at the receiving port place.Utilize energy coupling process of the present invention, can under the situation of the waveguide network that does not need to use in the prior art, construct array antenna.
According to some embodiment, provide a kind of to current antenna system improved antenna system in addition.Innovation aspect about (but being not limited to) antenna structure, low noise block (providing by down converter and signal amplifier), antenna receiver and location and inventive aspects is provided the antenna system of exemplary embodiment described herein.
According to certain aspects of the invention, provide antenna, having comprised: waveguide and at least one radiant element that stretches out from the surface of described waveguide, described element comprises sidewall, described sidewall forms the spaced distal openings with waveguide.Radiant element can comprise at least one extruding part that has near-end and far-end and also comprise the wall part from described proximal extension to described far-end, and wherein said extruding part is formed on the pipe that near-end and far-end have opening.Described radiant element can present polygonal cross section, cross-section curves, trapezoidal cross-section, square cross section, rectangular cross section, cross-like cross-section or other shape of cross sections (for example having the medially square-section of the ridge of location).Described radiant element can be tubular, cylindrical, taper shape etc.Described element can have first and second portion, and described first comprises at least one wall perpendicular to the surface of waveguide, and described second portion comprises at least one wall on the surface that is not orthogonal to waveguide.Described radiant element can comprise vertical component and flared part.Described waveguide can comprise that at least one is open-ended, and wherein said waveguide is suitable at least one open-ended place's reception excitation (exciting) ripple.Described antenna also can comprise wave source.The described sidewall of described radiant element can form cylindrical cross section and comprise at least two grooves that are formed at wherein.The described sidewall of described radiant element can have cone shape.Described waveguide can have the polygon cross section.Described waveguide can have circular cross section.
According to other aspects of the invention, the method for making antenna comprises and forms waveguide with at least one opening and a plurality of holes, forms a plurality of radiant elements, is coupled with waveguide above each radiant element corresponding in described a plurality of holes.
Description of drawings
Be incorporated in this specification and constitute its a part of accompanying drawing and for example understand embodiments of the invention, and be used from explanation and principle of the present invention is shown with specification one.Described accompanying drawing is used for illustrating by the mode of summary the principal character of exemplary embodiment.Described accompanying drawing is not each feature that is used to illustrate practical embodiments, be not yet be used to illustrate shown in the relative size of element, and it is drawn in proportion.
Figure 1A and 1B show an example of the antenna of one embodiment of the present of invention.
Fig. 2 shows the cross section of antenna of the embodiment of Figure 1A and 1B.
Fig. 3 A shows an embodiment of the antenna that can be used for two kinds of cross polarizations of transmission (polarization) ripple.
Fig. 3 B shows the cross section that is similar to Fig. 2, is that described layout can realize that two kinds of vertical polarizations encourage from similar face.
Fig. 4 shows the antenna of an alternative embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 5 shows another embodiment of antenna of the present invention.
Fig. 6 shows and is used for an embodiment being optimized in the operation under two kinds of different polarization situations under two kinds of different frequencies and alternatively.
Fig. 7 shows one embodiment of the present of invention of using the radiant element with flared sidewalls.
Fig. 8 A shows an embodiment of the antenna of optimizing into circularly polarized radiation.
Fig. 8 B is the vertical view of the embodiment of Fig. 8 A.
Fig. 8 C shows another embodiment of the antenna of optimizing into circularly polarized radiation.
Fig. 8 D shows the vertical view of square circularly polarized radiation element, and Fig. 8 E shows the vertical view of cross circularly polarized radiation element.
Fig. 9 shows the linearly disposed antenna array of one embodiment of the present of invention.
Figure 10 provides the cross section of the embodiment of Fig. 9.
Figure 11 shows one embodiment of the present of invention by carry out the linearly disposed antenna array of feed as the sectoral horn in source.
Figure 12 A shows an example of the two-dimensional array of one embodiment of the present of invention.
Figure 12 B shows the two-dimensional array of an alternative embodiment of the invention that is configured to utilize two sources operations.
Figure 12 C is the vertical view of the array shown in Figure 12 B.
Figure 13 shows an example of the circular array of one embodiment of the present of invention.
Figure 14 is the vertical view of another embodiment of circular array of the present invention.
Embodiment
The system that each embodiment of the present invention is primarily aimed at radiant element and antenna structure and comprises described radiant element.For example, each embodiment described herein can be connected with static and/or mobile platform.Certainly, various antenna described herein and technology (method) can have other application of clearly not mentioning herein.For example, movable application can comprise mobile DBS or the VSAT that is integrated in land, ocean or the aviation delivery vehicle.Various technology also can be used in two-way communication and/or other application that only receives.
According to one embodiment of present invention, disclose and a kind ofly be used for single or become to form in array the radiant element of antenna.Irradiation structure can present difformity, and described shape is selected with being used for according to the specific purpose of using antenna.The shape of radiant element or element arrays can be designed as phase place and the amplitude of being convenient to control signal, and the shape of radiation/received beam and direction.In addition, shape can be used for changing the gain of antenna.Disclosed radiant element is easy to make and require loose relatively manufacturing tolerance; Yet they provide high-gain and wide bandwidth.According to disclosed different embodiment, straight line or circular polarization can be designed in the radiant element.In addition, by different feed mechanisms, direction that can control antenna makes that thus antenna can be according to using by starting the multi-beam operation, thereby from the movable platform satellite tracking or be used to a plurality of satellites or target.
According to one embodiment of present invention, provide a kind of antenna structure.Described antenna structure can be described to planar-fed, open waveguide antenna usually.Antenna can use single radiant element or be configured to the array element of linear array, two-dimensional array, circular array etc.Antenna uses the radiant element of unique open wave expansion (extension) as array.Described expansion radiant element is constructed to make the direct wave energy from waveguide of its coupling.
Described element can stretch out from the top of multimode waveguide, and can use plane wave excitation (exciting) to be fed in the common planar waveguide part of sealing.Described one or more element can stretch out from a side of planar waveguide.Radiant element can have any in the multiple geometry that includes, but not limited to cross, rectangle, taper shape, cylindrical or other shapes.
Figure 1A and 1B show an example of the antenna 100 of one embodiment of the invention.Figure 1A shows perspective view, and Figure 1B shows vertical view.Antenna 100 comprises the single radiant element 105 with waveguide 110 couplings (connection).Radiant element 105 and waveguide 110 have formed antenna 100 together, and this antenna has roughly hemispheric beam shape, but described shape also can control by the geometry of radiant element 105, as will be following the describing.Waveguide can be any traditional waveguide, and is shown as in this example and has the parallel-plate cavity, and described cavity uses the simple rectangular geometries that has as the single opening 115 of ripple port/excitation port, and wave energy 120 is by described port transmission.
In order more to be expressly understood, waveguide is shown as and is superimposed upon Cartesian coordinate and fastens, and wherein the wave energy of waveguide inside is propagated on the Y direction, and is propagated on the Z direction usually by radiant element 105 emissions or the energy that receives.The height h of waveguide
wUsually limit by frequency, and can be set between 0.1 λ and 0.5 λ.For best result, the height h of waveguide
wUsually be set in 0.33 λ in the scope of 0.25 λ.The width W of waveguide
wCan be independent of frequency and select, and consider that usually the restriction of physical size and the demand of gain select.Increase width and will cause increasing gain, but use for some, the consideration on the size can require to reduce the overall size of antenna, and it will require Max. Clearance _M..The length L of waveguide
wAlso be independent of frequency and select, and also select based on the consideration of size and gain.Yet in the embodiment of rear side 125 sealing, it is as the border of cavity, and from cavity boundary 125 to element the length L at 105 center
yShould select with respect to frequency.That is to say that under the situation of rear side 125 sealings, if some part of propagating wave 120 continues to propagate through element 105, then remainder will be from rear side 125 reflections.Therefore, should preseting length L
y, so that guarantee reflection and propagating wave homophase.
Pay close attention to the design of radiant element 105 now.In this particular example, radiant element is coniform, but also can use other shapes, as other embodiment of back are described.Be coupled with the waveguide direct physical above the hole 140 of radiant element in waveguide.Hole 140 is as the coupling aperture of the wave energy between coupled wave conduit and the radiant element.The upper opening 145 of radiant element is referred to herein as radiating aperture.The height h of radiant element 105
eInfluence the phase place of energy of the upper surface 130 of percussion wave conduit 110.In order to make the reflected wave homophase, be set at about 0.25 λ highly usually
0The bottom radius r of radiant element influences coupling efficiency, and gross area π r
2Limit the gain of antenna.On the other hand, angle θ (with corresponding radius R) limits the shape of wave beam and may be 90 ° or littler.When angle θ is set to less than 90 °, that is, R〉during r, the shape of wave beam narrows down, thus provide more directivity for antenna 100.
Fig. 2 shows the cross section of antenna of the embodiment of Figure 1A and 1B.The cross section of Fig. 2 is to can be used for helping the reader to understand the schematic diagram of the work of antenna 200.As shown in FIG., waveguide 210 has ripple port 215, by this port transmission radiated wave.Radiant element 205 is arranged on the top of the coupling port 240 of waveguide 210, and has top radiation port 245.To be given in the explanation of the work of antenna under the situation of transmission signals now, but obviously, carry out just the opposite work at the signal reception period.
In Fig. 2, wave surface is shown schematically as arrow 250, and it enters by ripple port 215 and propagates on direction Vt.When ripple arrived coupling port 240, at least a portion of its energy was coupled in the radiant element 205 by showing as the quadrature direction of propagation, as by curved arrow 255 schematically illustrated.Then, the energy that is coupled is propagated along radiant element 205, shown in arrow 260, and last with the directivity radiation shown in dotted line 270.Energy remaining if also have, continues propagation and collides cavity boundary 225 up to it.Then, it presses reflection shown in the arrow Vr and reverse.Therefore, distance L
yShould be set to guarantee the reflected wave and the propagating wave homophase that return.
Utilize principle of the present invention, the transmission of wave energy is implemented by following steps: the surface at waveguide cavity produces plane electromagnetic wave from transmit port; On the direction of propagation, propagate this electromagnetic wave at described cavity inside; Propagate with quadrature (or becoming other angles) direction upper edge radiant element by redirecting a part of at least electromagnetic wave, thereby the energy from propagating wave is coupled on the radiant element in the direction of propagation; And wave energy is radiated free space from radiant element.The method of receiver radiation energy is symmetrical fully by backward.That is, this method is by the following steps method: wave energy is coupled on the radiant element; At upper edge, direction of propagation radiant element propagating wave; By redirecting described ripple propagating at the orthogonal direction upper edge of direction of propagation cavity, thereby the energy of self propagation ripple is coupled on the cavity in the future; And gather wave energy at the receiving port place.
The antenna of Figure 1A, 1B and 2 embodiment can be used for transmission and receives linearity or circularly polarized wave.On the other hand, Fig. 3 A shows an embodiment of the antenna that can be used for two kinds of cross polarization ripples of transmission.Especially, in the embodiment of Fig. 3 A, two excitation port 315 and 315 ' be arranged on the waveguide.First ripple 320 of first polarization enters in the waveguide cavity by port 315, and another ripple 320 of another polarization ' and by port 315 ' enter in the waveguide cavity.Two kinds of ripples are kept their cross-polarization simultaneously all by radiating aperture 345 radiation.
On the other hand, the embodiment of Figure 1A and 1B can also be used for two kinds of ripples of transmission cross polarization.This illustrates with reference to Fig. 3 B.Fig. 3 B shows the cross section that is similar to Fig. 2, but the height h of waveguide wherein
wBe set at about λ/2.In this case, if initial ripple has vertical polarization, as shown in Figure 2, then radiated wave will be subjected to horizontal polarization, as shown in Figure 2.On the other hand, if initial ripple has horizontal polarization, as shown in Figure 3,305 couplings of then described ripple and radiant element, and the horizontal polarization of utilization and ripple quadrature shown in Figure 2 and by radiation.Like this, can carry out feed, so that obtain required any polarization for one or two ripple.The phase place and the amplitude that should be appreciated that wave source that can be by adjusting two kinds of active antennas are combined into any polarization with two kinds of polarizations.
Fig. 4 shows the antenna of an alternative embodiment of the invention.In Fig. 4, antenna 400 is included in the radiant element 405 of coupling port 440 tops and waveguide 410 couplings.In this embodiment, radiant element 405 has roughly polygonal cross section.The height h of element 405
eCan select as above-mentioned embodiment, for example be 0.25 λ.The bottom width w of element
LDetermined the coupling efficiency of element, and bottom lengths L
LDefine low-limit frequency, antenna can be worked under described low-limit frequency.The area of radiating aperture 445, i.e. w
u* L
uDefine the gain of antenna.As the foregoing description, angle θ defines the shape of wave beam and can be 90 ° or littler.In an illustrated embodiment, the ripple 420 with first polarization enters by single excitation port 415.Yet the above-mentioned discussion as at other embodiment can be provided with another excitation port, for example in order to replace cavity boundary 415 '.Under described situation, second ripple with vertical polarization can be coupled with ripple 420.
Fig. 5 shows another embodiment of antenna of the present invention.The embodiment of Fig. 5 is in two operations under the cross-polarization to optimize.Radiant element 505 has by two superimpose rectangles and is formed criss-cross cross section.By this mode, a rectangle is that radiated wave 520 is optimized, and another rectangle is radiated wave 520 ' optimization.Ripple 520 and 520 ' have orthogonal linear polarisation.In the embodiment of Fig. 5, the rectangle that forms criss-cross two stacks has identical length, the ripple of cross polarization so that move two kinds of similar frequencies.On the other hand, Fig. 6 shows an embodiment who optimizes for the operation that is under two kinds of different frequencies and the optional two kinds of different polarization.As can be seen, the main distinction between Fig. 5 and 6 the embodiment is that the radiant element of Fig. 6 has by the formed criss-cross cross section of the superimpose rectangles of different length.That is to say that length L 1 is optimized for the operation under the frequency that is in ripple 620, and ripple L2 be in ripple 620 ' frequency under operation optimize.Ripple 620 and 620 ' can be by cross polarization.Can also utilize the ridge (ridge) of medially locating in each waveguide to construct and form criss-cross crossing waveguide, the spatial parameter of ridge shown in it is all optimised together with L1 and L2, so that the operation of wideband frequency to be provided.
Fig. 7 shows one embodiment of the present of invention of using the radiant element 705 with flared sidewalls.Each element comprises lower vertical part and top flared part.The side 702 of vertical component defines and the perpendicular plane of the upper surface 730 of waveguide 710, is provided with the coupling aperture (not shown) at this place.The side 704 of flared part defines the plane with non-perpendicular angular deflection, the plane that limited with respect to the upper surface 730 by waveguide 710.The element 705 of Fig. 7 is similar to the element shown in Fig. 5 and 6, and it is to optimize for the operation that utilizes two kinds of ripples, and described two kinds of ripples have similar or different frequencies, and are under the cross polarization alternatively.Yet by introduce enlarging on sidewall, the structure of coupling aperture is made in the design that can be independent of radiating aperture.The situation shown in the embodiment wherein was provided with sidewall with the angle θ less than 90 ° before this was similar to.
According to a feature of the present invention, can provide broadband ability by broadband XPD (cross polarization discriminating), circular polarization element.A difficulty that produces circularly polarized wave is for using hybrid circuit or element being carried out the demand of the complicated feed network of feed from two orthogonal points.Another kind of possibility is to use angle feedback or groove element.Use the current techniques of described method to influence unfriendly for the required frequency bandwidth of good cross-polarization performance and the cost and the complexity of system.Usually the replacement scheme that is applied in the radiating guide (for example box horn) requires to use the external polarizer (for example metal or dielectric) that is integrated in the cavity.In the past, this only applies in the single box horn.Thereby, needing firm broadband circular polarization generating device, it can be installed in the bigger array antenna, and keeps the easy installation of polarizer and integrated in the manufacture process of antenna.
Fig. 8 A has described an embodiment of the antenna of optimizing for circularly polarized radiation 800.That is to say that when plane wave 820 is fed on the waveguide 810, along with being coupled with radiant element 805, groove 890 will be introduced phase shift to plane wave, so that introduce circular polarization, thereby make that radiated wave will be by circular polarization.As shown in the figure, by groove 890 is set at 45ly with excitation port 815.Therefore, if via port 815 ' introducing second plane wave 820 ', then radiant element 805 will produce the ripple of two orthogonal circular polarizations.
Fig. 8 B is the vertical view of the embodiment of Fig. 8 A.Shown in Fig. 8 B,, provide following Polarization Control scheme in order to produce the circular polarization field.Shown in arrow Vt, produce plane wave and it is propagated in the cavity of waveguide.Field by disturbance (perturbation) cone element and between two orthogonal field components E (for example be parallel to the component of groove and perpendicular to component Vx, the Vy of groove), introduce 90 degree phase shifts, thus circular polarization is introduced in the plane wave.This has produced the circular polarization field.This finishes under the situation of the operation that does not influence array, and the circular polarization combination of elements is in described array.Should be noted that in this example, disturbance becomes 45 relations of spending with respect to polarization field, transmission below described the described element of next-door neighbour in cavity.
When forming described groove, should consider following aspect.The thickness of groove should be enough big, so that cause disturbance in ripple.Suggestion is about 0.05-0.1 λ.The size of groove and the regional A (with dashed lines marks) that limits between them should make that the effective dielectric constant that is produced is higher than the effective dielectric constant of the remaining area of radiant element, so that component Vy is with than the transmission of the slower speed of component Vx, thereby provide the circularly polarized wave of Vx+jVy.Alternatively, the dielectric constant that can obtain to increase by other modes is to reach similar effects.For example, Fig. 8 C shows another embodiment of the antenna of optimizing for circularly polarized radiation.In Fig. 8 C, radiant element 805 is the circular cones that are similar to the radiant element among the embodiment of Figure 1A.Yet, in order to produce circular polarization, permittivity ratio air height, be one and for example be inserted into, to occupy the zone of the regional A that is similar to zone that described groove occupies and Fig. 8 B for the delayer (damper) 891 of the form of polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) material.
The circularly polarized radiation element of the foregoing description can also be configured to any other shape.For example, Fig. 8 D shows the vertical view of square circularly polarized radiation element, and Fig. 8 E shows the vertical view of cross circularly polarized radiation element.
Some advantages of described feature can include, but are not limited to: the polarizer that (1) is integrated; (2) greater than the cross polarization taste (XPD) of 30 decibels (dB); (3) to the adaptability of the antenna of relatively flat; (4) very low cost; (5) simple control; (6) broadband operation; And (6) can be energized to produce the ability of synchronous dual-polarization.Some adaptability of described feature include, but are not limited to: (1) need to be used to the technology platform of any plane antenna of circular polarization wideband field; (2) fixed and portable DBS antenna; (3) VSAT antenna system; And (4) fixing point-to-point and single-point being connected to multiple spot.
Fig. 9 shows the linearly disposed antenna array of one embodiment of the present of invention.Usually, linearly disposed antenna array has 1 * m radiant element, wherein shows 1 * 3 array in this example.In Fig. 9, radiant element 905
1, 905
2With 905
3Be arranged on the single waveguide 910.Use the radiant element of taper in this embodiment, yet can use Any shape, comprise above-mentioned disclosed Any shape.Figure 10 has provided the cross section of the embodiment of Fig. 9.Go out as shown in Figure 10, ripple 1020 is being propagated in the cavity of waveguide 1010 on the direction Vt, and its part energy is as above stated such and each radiant element coupling among the embodiment.As above about discrete component illustrated, can control size with the energy of each radiant element coupling by geometry.Similarly, as described above, from the cavity back to array the distance L y of last element can be set so that reflected wave, if any, will in phase be reflected with the row ripple.If the abundant energy of each radiant element coupling, so that remaining energy reflects from the back of cavity, then the structure that is produced provides capable ripple.On the other hand, if remain some energy and its, then produce standing wave in phase from the back reflection of cavity.
The selection of interval Sp between the described element makes it possible to inclination is incorporated in the radiation beam.That is to say that if be chosen as about 0.9-1.0 λ at interval, then beam direction is on the guidance axis (optical axis).Yet, can make beam tilt by the interval that changes between the element.For example,, then help by being set to the constant tilt that about 0.5 λ introduces 45 °, so that the effective scanning of feed is limited to 25 ° of each side at center described if by using scanning feed scanning beam between 20 ° to 70 °.In addition, by carrying out described inclination, the loss that is caused by scanning reduces.That is to say, according to θ
0=Sqrt (θ
x 2+ θ
y 2) relation, effective angle of incidence can be bigger than the inclination angle in x and the y component.
Figure 11 shows the linear array 1100 that passes through according to one embodiment of present invention as sectoral horn 1190 feeds in source.In an illustrated embodiment, use the radiant element 1105 of rectangle, though also can use other shapes.Similarly, use the sectoral horn 1190 of H face (H-plan) that feed is provided, present yet also can use other devices to be used for ripple.As previously described, Sp can be used for constant tilt is incorporated in the wave beam at interval.
Such as can be from Fig. 9,10 and 11 embodiment understanding, can use to be combined with and disclosed herein for example construct linear array for the radiant element of the Any shape of taper shape, rectangle, cross etc.According to the radiation mode of required polarization characteristic, frequency and antenna, can select the shape of array element at least in part.Can select the quantity, distribution of element and at interval, have the array of particular characteristics, as will be following the further specifying with formation.
Figure 12 A shows an example of the two-dimensional array 1200 of one embodiment of the present of invention.The array of Figure 12 A constitutes by the waveguide 1210 with n * m radiant element 1205.Be made as at n or m under 1 the situation, the gained array is a linear array.As for linear array, radiant element can be to be designed to make it that Any shape of desired properties is provided.The array of Figure 12 A can be used for polarized radiation, and can be from two orthogonal direction feeds, and is so that cross-polarization to be provided, as discussed above.Similarly,, can realize the generation of wave beam control and a plurality of beams simultaneouslies by suitable feed is provided, such as will be described below.
The example of the cone antenna battle array 1200 of the rectangle shown in Figure 12 A is based on the use of cone element 1205 as the basic element of character of array.Described antenna 1200 is encouraged by plane wave source 1208, and described plane wave source can form slotted waveguide array, little band or any other loop, and has feed coupler 1295 (for example coaxial connector).In this example, slotted waveguide array feed is used, and the groove (not shown) on the loop 1208 is positioned on the broad size of waveguide 1210, thus the plane wave of excitation vertical polarization.Then, described ripple is transmitted in the cavity, and wherein on the upper surface 1230 of cavity, cone element 1205 is positioned on the rectangular mesh of the fixed intervals that set along X and Y size.As for linear array, described interval is calculated as provides guidance axis radiation or tilted radiation.The part energy of each circular cone 1205 coupling propagating wave, and the upper hole of excitation circular cone 1205, in case ripple arrives all circular cones in the array, then each circular cone promptly plays the effect of the wave source that is used for the antenna far field.In the far field of antenna, can obtain to have with array in the proportional yield value in interval between the component number, element and the radiation mode of the pencil beam relevant with phase place with their excitation amplitude.Yet unlike the prior art, wave energy need not accurate waveguide network and is coupled with array.For example, in the prior art, the array of 4 * 4 elements has needs the waveguide network that is arranged in 16 independent waveguides in the manifold that leads to port.By wave energy directly is coupled to radiant element from cavity, eliminated feeding network.
Figure 12 B shows the two-dimensional array of an alternative embodiment of the invention that is configured to utilize two wave sources operations.Figure 12 C is the vertical view of array shown in Figure 12 B.Identical among waveguide base and radiant element and Figure 12 A, but two surfaces of waveguide are equiped with wave source 1204 and 1206.In this specific example, show the novel pin radiation source (pin radiation source) that has reflector, yet also can use other wave sources.In this example, wave source 1204 radiation have the ripple of vertical polarization, shown in arrow 1214.In the time of on being coupled to radiant element 1205, described ripple is subjected to the horizontal polarization on the Y direction, shown in arrow 1218.On the other hand, wave source 1206 radiation are equally by the vertical plane wave of polarization, and are subjected to the horizontal polarization on the directions X when being coupled with radiant element.Therefore, the antenna array of Figure 12 B can move under the radiation of two cross polarizations.In addition, each source 1204 and 1206 can be moved under different frequency.
Each source 1204 and 1206 by pin source 1224 and 1226 and curved surface reflector 1234 and 1236 constitute.The curved surface of reflector is designed so that required plane wave propagation is in the cavity of waveguide.Provide focusing reflector 1254 and 1256, focusing on towards curved surface reflector 1234 and 1236 from the transmission of pin 1204 and 1206.
The foregoing description uses the linear waveguide pedestal tube.Yet that is as above mentioned is such, also can use other shapes.For example, according to feature of the present invention, circular array antenna can use the radiant element of circular waveguide tube pedestal and Any shape disclosed herein to construct.Circular array antenna can also be a feature with " plane reflector antenna ".The high antenna efficiency of two-dimensional structure also is not provided so far.High efficiency can only obtain in biasing reflector antenna (it is a three-dimensional structure) at present.Described three-dimensional structure is huge and limited beam scanning ability also can only be provided.Bigger and expensive as the other technologies of phased array or two-dimentional machinery scanning antenna, and have low reliability.
The antenna that circular array antenna described herein provides a kind of low cost, easily makes, it can realize the inherent scan capability of covering wide scope scan angle.Therefore, pass the propagation of antenna element (its cross section can be taper shape, cross, rectangle, other polygons etc.) inner air by realizing electromagnetic energy, thereby the circular cavity radiating guide with high aperture efficient is provided.Described element is positioned and is arranged on the constant phase curve of propagating wave.Under the situation of cylindrical cavity reflector, arrangements of elements is on pseudo-lonely (pseudo arcs).By control cavity back wall cross-section function (parabola shaped or other), curve can be converted to straight line, thereby realizes the arrangement of rectangular mesh.Described structure can be come feed by cylindrical needle (for example monopolar type) source that produces cylindrical wave.For instance, circular cone is at the each point place coupling energy along the constant phase curve, and radius and height by accurately controlling circular cone, can control the amount of coupling energy, changes the phase place and the amplitude of field, conical bore place.Kindred organization can be used for the element of Any shape.
Figure 13 shows an example of the circular array antenna 1300 of one embodiment of the present of invention.As shown in the figure, the pedestal of antenna is circular waveguide 1310.A plurality of radiant elements 1305 are arranged on the top of waveguide.In this example, use conical radiant element, but also can use other shapes, comprise the circular polarization sensing element.It is on the arc at center that radiant element 1305 is arranged in the central shaft.The shape of arc depends on loop and the desired characteristic of radiation.In this embodiment, antenna comes feed by omnidirectional's loop, and in this case, single metal pin 1395 is placed on the edge of plate, and it is switched on by the coaxial cable 1390 that for example is 50 Ω coaxial cables.Described loop has produced the cylindrical wave in the cavity inside transmission.Radiant element 1305 is arranged along the stationary phase arc, so that the energy of coupled wave, and it is radiated in the air.Because the ripple in the waveguide is propagated in free space and is directly coupled on the radiant element, so almost do not insert loss.Similarly, because described ripple is limited in the circular cavity, if placing element carefully, then most of energy can be used for radiation.This makes the high-gain of described antenna and high efficiency substantially exceed other flat plane antennas embodiment and biasing gain and efficient that reflector antenna obtained.
Figure 14 is the vertical view of another embodiment of circular array antenna 1400 of the present invention.This embodiment also uses circular waveguide 1410, but radiant element 1405 is arranged in about on the axisymmetric difform arc in center.Described loop also can be for being arranged on the form of the pin 1495 on the axis edge that limits guidance axis.
According to a feature of the present invention, various array antennas can carry out beam scanning.For example, in order to scan the wave beam of circular waveguide, the source can be in the position, different angle along the circular cavity circumference, thereby produces PHASE DISTRIBUTION along constant phase curve before.On each curve, on X and Y direction, linear PHASE DISTRIBUTION will be arranged, it will make wave beam tilt at θ and Φ direction.This has obtained thin, low-cost, built-in efficiently scanning antenna battle array.Arrange one group of loop that is positioned on the camber line, can realize the multi-beam antenna structure, it has been simplified beam scanning and has not been needed general phase shifter.
Some advantages of this aspect of the present invention can include, but are not limited to: the two-dimensional structure that (1) is flat and thin; (2) very low cost of Pi Liangshengchaning and extremely low mechanical tolerance; (3) built-in reflector and loop configuration, it can be realized broad beam scanning and not need expensive phase shifter or complicated feeding network; (4) can cover (changing to) any frequency; (5) can for example work under the multi-frequency operation for two-way or unidirectional application; (6) can be adapted to powerful application.Some related application can include, but are not limited to: (1) unidirectional DBS moves or fixed antenna system; (2) two-way mobile IP antenna system; (3) move, fix and/or military SATCOM application; (4) point-to-point or single-point is to the high frequency of multiple spot (can up to about 100GHz) band system; (5) be used for the antenna of cellular basestation; (6) radar system.
Figure 15 shows the process according to one embodiment of the invention array of designs.In step 1500, provide desired gain G, efficient ζ and frequency f
0Parameter as input variable and be input in the gain equation, to obtain required effective area Aeff.Then, in step 1510 and 1520, provide the desired static tilt angles (θ of wave beam along y and x direction
0X, θ
0Y) as input variable, so that determine the interval (referring to the specification part relevant) of element with Figure 10 along x and y direction.By introducing the static tilt on x and the y direction, wave beam can be statically tilted to (r, θ) any direction in the space.Use described area and at interval, can in step 1530, obtain element in the x and y direction quantity (Nx, Ny).Then, in step 1535, if selected radiant element is circular, then in step 1540, determine bottom (bottom) radius, it is the radius of coupling aperture, and use the height of in step 1545, determining (for example 0.3 λ), in step 1550, generate top radius, the i.e. radius of radiating aperture.On the other hand,, then in step 1555 and 1560, determine bottom (bottom) width and the length of element if in step 1535, select polygonal cross section for use, that is, and the area of coupling aperture.Then, in step 1565, select height based on wavelength.If wish enlarging, then can adjust upper width and length, to obtain desired appropriate characteristics.
According to the antenna of each embodiment described herein and the building method of array, the metallic waveguide of rectangle is used as the pedestal of antenna.Radiant element can form by extruding (giving prominence to) from a side of waveguide.Each radiant element can be in its open top providing radiating aperture, and at bottom opening forming coupling aperture, and the side of element comprises the metal of extruding from waveguide.The open top that the energy of advancing in waveguide inside passes the element radiation and passes element is radiated the outside of element.This manufacture method is compared with other antennas and is wanted simple, and size and dimension that can control element, to obtain desired antenna performance, for example gain, polarization and required radiation mode demand.
According to another kind of method, the structure of whole wave guide pipe radiant element is made of plastics by using any conventional plastic manufacturing technology, and is coated on metal then.Like this, simply manufacturing technology promptly provides cheaply and very light antenna.
An advantage of array design is the higher relatively efficient (in some cases can up to approximately the efficient of 80-90%) of institute's acquisition antenna.In manufacture process, do not need very high precision by free space ripple of propagating and the element of extruding.Therefore the cost of antenna is relatively low.Different with prior art constructions, radiant element of the present invention does not need resonance, thereby can relax their size and tolerance.And the waveguide component of opening can allow wider bandwidth, and antenna is applicable to the frequency of wide region.The antenna that is obtained may be particularly suitable for the high frequency operation.In addition, the antenna that is obtained has the ability that is used for the design of end-fire (axially radiation) formula, thereby can realize performance very efficiently for the beam peak at the low elevation angle.
Many wave sources can be incorporated among any embodiment of antenna of the present invention.For example, can be in conjunction with the linear phased array microstrip antenna.By this way, the phase place of the plane wave of excitation radiation array can be controlled, thereby and the orientation of the main beam of antenna can be correspondingly changed.In another example, can switch Butler matrix array antenna in conjunction with linear passive.By this way, can use the Butler Matrix Technology to construct passive linear phased array.By switching between the different input variables in being input to the Butler matrix, can produce different wave beams.In another example, can use the slab guide reflector antenna.This feed can have a plurality of distributing points of arranging near the focus of plane reflector, with the beam scanning of control antenna.Described a plurality of distributing point can be arranged as corresponding to selected satellite, is used for the reception of static or mobile DBS system.According to this example, reflector can have parabolic curve design, so that cavity confined structure to be provided.Under each described situation, realized the wave beam control (for example height) of one dimension, and if necessary, realized the control (for example orientation wave beam (azimuth beam) control) of other dimensions by the rotation of antenna.
Each antenna structure described herein can also be in conjunction with many scanning techniques.For example, antenna system can be integrated into for example in the movable platform of automobile.Because described platform be move and existing satellite system is fixed (static over the ground) with respect to the earth, so reception antenna should be followed the trail of the signal from satellite.Therefore, the wave beam controlling organization preferably is built in this system.Preferably, the wave beam control element allows to cover two dimension, hemispherical space.Can use some structures.In a kind of structure, can use one dimension electric scanning (for example phased array or switched feed) with the mechanical rotation coupling.In one embodiment, the wall of a plurality of radiant elements can be extruded mechanically rotation (for example passing through motor) in the angular range that limited of surface not had with respect to waveguide by element wall.Can obtain the rotation of certain angle scope, to obtain the elevation coverage of 360 azimuth coverages of spending and about 20-70 degree.In another structure, can be in conjunction with two-dimensional lens scan.In this structure, antenna array can be designed as with the fixed angle radiation, and lens can be orientated the interference radiation as.In one embodiment, lens position is outside from radiant element.Lens have zigzag structure.By moving forward and backward lens, can obtain to distribute along the linear phase of described direction along the direction that is parallel to the central shaft of waveguide.Therefore, can on a certain direction, control radiation beam by the motion of control lens.The stacked of another lens that is orthogonal to first lens can be realized two-dimensional scan.According to an alternative, can use erose lens (motion that is equivalent to two independent lens movements is provided), and rotate these irregular lens then, to obtain two-dimensional scan.
Advantages more of the present invention include, but are not limited to: the two-dimensional structure that (1) is flat and thin; (2) be suitable for very low cost of producing in batches and the possibility of extremely hanging down mechanical tolerance; (3) built-in reflector and loop configuration, it can carry out broad beam scanning and not need expensive phase shifter or complicated feeding network; (4) can cover any frequency; (5) in two-way or unidirectional application, be used for the ability that multi-frequency moves; (6) owing to there not being the simple low-loss structure of small gap, so have the ability that adapts to high-power applications.Some related application can include, but are not limited to: (1) unidirectional DBS moves or fixed antenna system; (2) two-way mobile IP antenna system; (3) move, fix and/or military SATCOM application; (4) point-to-point or single-point is to high frequency (up to about 100GHz) the band system of multiple spot; (5) be used for the antenna of cellular basestation; (6) radar system.
At last, should be appreciated that process described herein and technology are not certain relevant with any particular device, but can use by the combination of any suitable parts.In addition, according to instruction described herein, can use various types of fexible units.It has also proved the structure particular device to carry out the advantage of method step described herein.Invention has been described with regard to particular instance, and no matter from which point, they all are illustrative and not restrictive.The many various combinations that it will be understood by those skilled in the art that hardware, software and firmware all are suitable for putting into practice the present invention.For example, described software can be foretold with a large amount of various programmings or script and carry out, as assembler, C/C++, perl, shell, PHP, Java, HFSS, CST, EEKO etc.
Invention has been described with regard to particular instance, and no matter from which point, they all are illustrative and not restrictive.The many various combinations that those skilled in the art will appreciate that hardware, software and firmware all are suitable for putting into practice the present invention.In addition, by the specification of the present invention disclosed herein and the description of practice, those skilled in the art can draw other application of the present invention significantly.It is exemplary that specification and example only are considered to, and accurate scope and spirit of the present invention are pointed out by following claim.
Claims (21)
1. antenna comprises:
Waveguide,
At least one radiant element that stretches out from the surface of described waveguide, described element comprise the sidewall of the spaced distal openings of formation and described waveguide.
2. antenna as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, described at least one radiant element comprises the extruding part that has near-end and far-end and also comprise at least one wall part from described proximal extension to described far-end, and wherein said extruding part is formed on the pipe that described near-end and described far-end have opening.
3. antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described at least one radiant element has the polygon cross section.
4. antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described at least one radiant element has the shaped form cross section.
5. antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described at least one radiant element has trapezoidal cross-section.
6. antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described at least one radiant element has square cross section.
7. antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described at least one radiant element has rectangular cross section.
8. antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described at least one radiant element has cross-like cross-section.
9. antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that described at least one radiant element has the cross-like cross-section of the rectangular ridge that has tapering.
10. antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described at least one radiant element in a tubular form.
11. antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described at least one radiant element is cylindrical.
12. antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, it is conical that described at least one radiant element is.
13. antenna as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, described at least one element has first and second portion, described first comprises at least one wall perpendicular to the surface of described waveguide, and described second portion comprises at least one wall on the surface that is not orthogonal to described waveguide.
14. antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described at least one radiant element comprises vertical component and flared part.
15. antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described waveguide comprises that at least one is open-ended, and wherein said waveguide is suitable for receiving field wave at least one described open-ended place.
16. antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, also comprises wave source.
17. antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, the sidewall of described radiant element forms cylindrical cross section, and comprises at least two grooves that are formed at wherein.
18. antenna as claimed in claim 16 is characterized in that, the sidewall of described radiant element has cone shape.
19. antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described waveguide has the polygon cross section.
20. antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described waveguide has circular cross section.
21. a method of making antenna comprises forming waveguide with at least one opening and a plurality of holes, forming a plurality of radiant elements, on each radiant element corresponding in described a plurality of holes with described waveguide coupling.
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US80818706P | 2006-05-24 | 2006-05-24 | |
| US60/808,187 | 2006-05-24 | ||
| US60/859,799 | 2006-11-17 | ||
| US60/859,667 | 2006-11-17 | ||
| US60/890,456 | 2007-02-16 | ||
| US11/695,913 | 2007-04-03 |
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| CNA2007800237937A Pending CN101479887A (en) | 2006-05-24 | 2007-04-03 | Integrated waveguide antenna and array |
| CN2007800190184A Active CN101454941B (en) | 2006-05-24 | 2007-05-18 | Variable dielectric constant-based antenna and array |
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| CN2007800190184A Active CN101454941B (en) | 2006-05-24 | 2007-05-18 | Variable dielectric constant-based antenna and array |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
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| CN101454941A (en) | 2009-06-10 |
| CN101454941B (en) | 2013-11-20 |
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